Abstract The birds called towiri by the Baniwa people include three species: Psarocolius decumanus Pallas, P. bifasciatus Spix, and P. viridis Statius Muller. These are known respectively as japu, japuguaçu and japu-verde in Portuguese, and as Crested Oropendola, Olive Oropendola and Green Oropendola in English. This study investigated the use of rhizomorphs in nests constructed by the P. decumanus. Females of this species build large, pocket-shaped nests that form colonies of 7–12 nests in tall trees. We examined P. decumanus nests collected from two localities in Manaus, and Psarocolius sp. from São Gabriel da Cachoeira in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest, and conducted phylogenetic analyses based on internal transcribed spacer sequences to identify the incorporated rhizomorphs, which belonged to Marasmius neocrinis-equi R.A Koch & Aime. This is the first report of this fungal species in Brazil. In addition, we discuss the role of Psarocolius spp. in the traditions of the indigenous Baniwa people and the observation of kite string in P. decumanus nests in an urban area of Manaus, Brazil.

The cosmopolitan genus Pycnoporus P.Karst. groups together macrofungi that belong to the family Polyporaceae Fr. ex Corda, and these are identified by the dimidiate to flabelliform basidiome, coriaceous, reddish-orange, smooth pileus, hymenophore with 3-8 pores per 1 mm, trimitic hyphal system and smooth spores. During a search for poroid fungi of the genus Pycnoporus in Brazil, 37 specimens coming from herbaria and 66 recently collected were analyzed. The fungi were analyzed for their macro-and micromorphology, and the ITS, LSU and tef regions, which were sequenced and subjected to Bayesian analyses. These analyses showed which characteristics are specific to the genus and new characteristics not previously reported were evidenced. After morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we concluded that some of these specimens were very different from the existing taxa and that they represent a new species of Pycnoporus. In addition, P. puniceus (Fr.) Ryvarden is reported for the first time from the country and P. sanguineus (L.) Murrill from the state of Roraima (Brazil). Furthermore, using the molecular data obtained in this study and ITS, LSU, tef1 and rpb2 sequences from Polyporales G & auml;um. from GenBank, we sought to estimate the time of divergence of Pycnoporus and the species on the order, as a starting point for understanding its biogeographic history. According to our analyses, Pycnoporus and its sister group Trametes Fr. diverged at 36 Mya. Lastly, we discuss the taxonomic relationship between these two groups.

Rhizomorphs are hair- or wire-like melanized structures with structural differentiation analogous to plant roots that help fungi spread over an area and find food resources. Some species of multiple groups of the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota produce different types of rhizomorphs. In the Agaricales, the structures are largely found in Marasmiineae , particularly in the Omphalotaceae , Marasmiaceae , and Physalacriaceae . Many rhizomorph-forming species spread over the forest floor (ground level), while others form aerial litter-trapping rhizomorph systems that hang on living branches of the forest understorey. Here, we describe three new species that form aerial systems, two in Marasmius and one in Pusillomyces , all of which inhabit areas of the Amazon rainforest in Amazonas State, Brazil. Support for these new species is based on evidence derived from morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (nrITS) and nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU) markers. Marasmius foliauceps sp. nov. , with a pileipellis made up of Rotalis -type broom cells, is different from all other species described to date and branched along with species of the monophyletic Marasmius sect. Marasmius subsect. Marasmius , being conspecific with specimens from Guyana. Also different from all other described Marasmius species, Marasmius arachnotropus sp. nov. has a pileipellis mostly composed of Siccus -type but in transition to Rotalis -type broom cells and branched along with species of the Marasmius crinis-equi species complex. Pusillomyces cuieirasensis is morphologicallyvery similar to Pusillomyces manuripioides to which it is sister, but it has a non-umbonate pileus and smaller basidiospores. They all form aerial litter-trapping rhizomorph systems that mimic spider webs, particularly those hanging on the understorey. Whether made of mycelia or silk, such webs serve to capture food. The aerial rhizomorph-forming ‘spider fungi’ make up a guild with hidden species diversity in tropical systems.

A luminescent fungus growing on decaying leaves and sticks was collected in terra-firme forest at the upper Cuieiras river, Amazonas, Brazil. Morphological study and phylogenetic analysis (based on ITS+LSU data) confirmed it as a new species of Mycena. Mycena lamprocephala sp. nov. is characterized macroscopically by small, thin, basidiomata with an olivaceous brown pileus and glutinous stipe, and microscopically by diverticulate pleurocystidia, ramose cheilocystidia, and thin, diverticulate and branching pileipellis hyphae. The luminescence of the pileus and of the mycelium in the substrate is typically green and sometimes pulsating. This is the third luminescent species of Mycenaceae described from the Amazon Forest.

Many species of mushroom-forming fungi have been harvested in the wild and used for food and medicine for thousands of years. In Brazil, the knowledge of the diversity of wild edible mushrooms remains scattered and poorly studied. Based on new samples, bibliographic records revision, and searches through the GenBank, we recorded 409 species of wild edible mushrooms in Brazil, of which 350 can be safely consumed and 59 are edible but with conditions. Additionally, other 150 species represent taxa with unclear evidence of consumption or unconfirmed edibility status. A total of 86 of the 409 edible species represents consistent records in Brazil based on molecular data and/or Brazilian nomenclatural types. Other 323 names represent species that need further taxonomic investigations to confirm their identity and occurrence in the country, with 41 of them having some record of consumption by part of the Brazilian population. The remaining 282 species can represent new food resources for the country. We generated 143 DNA sequences, representing 40 species within 29 genera. Edible mushrooms are an important non-wood forest product and the knowledge about them adds value to the local biodiversity and the population, increasing the incentive to conservation allied to sustainable rural development.

Species of the genus Tulostoma are easily recognizable by the presence of a spore sac, with a mouth from which spores are released, attached to a stipe. Tulostoma is a species-diverse genus with a worldwide distribution, and some attempts were made to delimitate species and to evaluate reliable taxonomic-informative characteristics for species identification. However, there is a notable information gap regarding Neotropical species, especially for geographic distribution and DNA data, which hampers further understanding of the infrageneric diversity, evolution, and ecology of this genus. Based on morphological analysis, molecular phylogenetics and geographic distribution, we propose here two new species of Tulostoma with reticulated spores, from the two threatened Brazilian geographical areas, Atlantic Forest and "campos rupestres" (rupestrian grassland), as well as we provide notes on the taxonomic rank of Tulostoma exasperatum var. ridleyi.

Lentinula is a broadly distributed group of fungi that contains the cultivated shiitake mushroom, L. edodes. We sequenced 24 genomes representing eight described species and several unnamed lineages of Lentinula from 15 countries on four continents. Lentinula comprises four major clades that arose in the Oligocene, three in the Americas and one in Asia-Australasia. To expand sampling of shiitake mushrooms, we assembled 60 genomes of L. edodes from China that were previously published as raw Illumina reads and added them to our dataset. Lentinula edodes sensu lato (s. lat.) contains three lineages that may warrant recognition as species, one including a single isolate from Nepal that is the sister group to the rest of L. edodes s. lat., a second with 20 cultivars and 12 wild isolates from China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East, and a third with 28 wild isolates from China, Thailand, and Vietnam. Two additional lineages in China have arisen by hybridization among the second and third groups. Genes encoding cysteine sulfoxide lyase (lecsl) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (leggt), which are implicated in biosynthesis of the organosulfur flavor compound lenthionine, have diversified in Lentinula. Paralogs of both genes that are unique to Lentinula (lecsl 3 and leggt 5b) are coordinately up-regulated in fruiting bodies of L. edodes. The pangenome of L. edodes s. lat. contains 20,308 groups of orthologous genes, but only 6,438 orthogroups (32%) are shared among all strains, whereas 3,444 orthogroups (17%) are found only in wild populations, which should be targeted for conservation.

Lentinula (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) includes the most widely cultivated mushroom in the world, Lentinula edodes, also known as shiitake (Japanese) or xiang-gu (Chinese). At present, nine species are recognized in the genus, based on morphology, mating criteria, and geographic distribution. However, analyses of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of ribosomal RNA genes have suggested that there are cryptic lineages. We analyzed a global-scale phylogenetic dataset from 325 Lentinula individuals from 24 countries in Asia-Australasia and the Americas plus Madagascar, with 325 sequences of ITS, 80 LSU sequences, and 111 sequences of translation elongation factor (tef1-alpha) genes. We recovered 15 independent lineages (Groups 1-15) that may correspond to species. Lineages in Asia-Australasia (Groups 1-5) and the Americas plus Madagascar (Groups 6-15) formed sister clades. Four lineages are represented only by sequences from single individuals and require further molecular sampling, including L. aff. raphanica (Group 7), L. ixodes (Group 8), L. boryana (Group 12), and L. aff. aciculospora (Group 14). Groups 1 and 5 are here referred to L. edodes and L. aff. edodes, respectively. However, these groups most likely represent the same species and are only recognized as (unsupported) monophyletic lineages by maximum likelihood analyses of ITS alone. Other putative species resolved here include L. lateritia (Group 2), L. novae-zelandieae (Group 3), L. aff. lateritia (Group 4), L. raphanica (Group 6), L. aff. detonsa (Group 9), L. detonsa (Group 10), L. guzmanii sp. nov. (Group 11), L. aciculospora (Group 13), andL. madagasikarensis (Group 15). Groups 9-12 represent the "L. boryana complex ". Molecular clock and historical biogeographic analyses suggest that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Lentinula can be placed in the middle Oligocene, ca. 30 million years ago (Ma), and had a likely presence in neotropical America. The MRCA of Lentinula in the Americas and Madagascar lived ca. 22 Ma in the Neotropics and the MRCA of Lentinula in Asia-Australasia lived ca. 6 Ma in Oceania. Given the current knowledge about plate tectonics and paleoclimatic models of the last 30 Myr, our phylogenetic hypothesis suggests that the extant distribution of Lentinula is likely to have arisen, in large part, due to long-distance dispersal. Lentinula collections include at least four dubious taxa that need further taxonomic studies: L. reticeps from the USA (Ohio); L. guarapiensis from Paraguay; Lentinus puiggarii from Brazil (Sa & SIM;o Paulo); and "L. platinedodes " from Vietnam. Approximately ten of the fifteen Groups are reported on Fagaceae, which appears to be the ancestral substrate of Lentinula.

In the search for new strains of edible mushrooms in the Brazilian Amazon Forest, we found Lentinula specimens different from Lentinula raphanica. These were described morphologically and evaluated phylogenetically within the Lentinula clade. The mating system was determined, and interbreeding compatibility with L. raphanica was verified. The basidiomata have a cinnamon or deep orange to fulvous brown, moist to dry pileus, occasionally with whitish scales; crowded whitish cream lamellae; and an eccentric to lateral stipe. The typical, predominant basidiospores are 4.4-7.2 µm in length. Endogenous, elongate (7.8-14 µm) basidiospores were also found in some specimens. The long spores seem rare and occasional, but nonetheless a novelty for the group. Basidia are homogeneous in size, cheilocystidia are pyriform or bulboid, and caulocystidia are long and spheropedunculate. The hyphae of the pileipellis are pigment-encrusted. The characteristics match those of Agaricus ixodes originally described from Guyana, currently a synonym of Lentinula boryana. In the phylogenetic trees, such taxon appears distinct from L. boryana and sister to L. raphanica with strong support. This unique lineage was confirmed to be reproductively isolated from sympatric L. raphanica strains. Lentinula ixodes comb. nov. is the second species of the genus reported in the Amazon Forest.

A new luminescent lignicolous fungal species, Mycena cristinae sp. nov., is proposed from the Central Amazon forest. This is unique and supported by morphological evaluation along with LSU- and ITS-based phylogenetic analyses. The basidiomata have mostly fuscous olivaceous brown pileus, adnate to subdecurrent and distant lamellae, and stipe with slightly bulbous base (basal mycelium absent). It also has inamyloid and/or weakly amyloid basidiospores, ramose cheilocystidia and a pileipellis composed of an aerated tangle of slender, diverticulate hyphae forming a coralloid pellicle overlaying the hypodermium. The luminescence is evident in the basidiomata (especially the stipe) and in the mycelium on the substrate. The LSU phylogenetic trees reveal that M. cristinae is sister to M. coralliformis within the Mycenaceae clade. In the ITS trees, it forms a unique lineage grouping with undetermined Mycena taxa. Morphological data support M. cristinae as a different species compared to previously described taxa.

Contribuir para el debate y reflexión sobre el tema: producción, mercado y comercialización solidaria es el motivo que impulsa la realización del presente estudio. Partimos de la idea de que el mercado es frecuentemente visto como “un mecanismo autorregulado mediante los precios y de la relación entre la oferta y la demanda”, lo que a nuestro juicio constituye una mera abstracción. En ese sentido, el estudio se vincula a la defensa de la idea de acortar las distancias entre producción y el consumo y sus consecuentes impactos sobre el sistema agroalimentario en el Estado de Amazonas. En el caso brasilero la matriz hegemónica de las acciones económicas volcadas para la producción, especialmente la de alimentos y demás productos originarios del sector agropecuario, sin duda alguna es ampliamente vinculada al agronegocio y para las grandes cadenas de comercialización y distribución de productos y servicios. Así es que en el contexto actual “las nuevas posibilidades de inserción de la agricultura familiar en los mercados agroalimentarios, con base en estrategias autónomas, requieren una óptica de ‘construcción de mercados’ adecuados a la realidad de los agentes económicos de pequeño porte.

ABSTRACT The high diversity of the genus Geastrum and the difficulty of obtaining mycelial cultures impairs the study of the ecophysiology and the exploration of the biotechnological potential of the taxon. In this study, different culture media were tested to obtain mycelial cultures for G. lloydianum and G. subiculosum collected in the Brazilian Amazon. Data on spore germination, and isolation of monokaryotic cultures and in vitro sexual reproduction are presented, as well as a brief morphological description of the cultures obtained. For both species, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was the most promising of the tested culture media. The highest growth in agar culture ever recorded for this genus is reported (4.9 mm per week for G. lloydianum and 7.5 mm for G. subiculosum). In the PDA culture medium, spores germinated after 35-40 days of incubation and the isolation of monokaryotic cultures of the two species, as well as in vitro sexual crosses, were successfully performed.

Omphalotaceae is the family of widely distributed and morphologically diverse marasmioid and gymnopoid agaric genera. Phylogenetic studies have included the family in Agaricales, grouping many traditionally and recently described genera of saprotrophic or parasitic mushroom-producing fungi. However, some genera in Omphalotaceae have not reached a stable concept that reflects monophyletic groups with identifiable morphological circumscription. This is the case of Gymnopus and Marasmiellus, which have been the target of two opposing views: (1) a more inclusive Gymnopus encompassing Marasmiellus, or (2) a more restricted Gymnopus (s.str.) while Marasmiellus remains a distict genus; both genera still await a more conclusive phylogenetic hypothesis coupled with morphological recognition. Furthermore, some new genera or undefined clades need more study. In the present paper, a phylogenetic study was conducted based on nrITS and nrLSU in single and multilocus analyses including members of the Omphalotaceae, more specifically of the genera belonging to the /letinuloid clade. The resulting trees support the view of a more restricted Gymnopus and a distinct Marasmiellus based on monophyletic and strongly supported clades on which their morphological circumscriptions and taxonomic treatments are proposed herein. The results also provide evidence for the description of two new genera: Paragymnopus and Pusillomyces. Pusillomyces manuripioides sp. nov. (type species of the genus) is described with morphological description, taxonomic and ecological remarks, and illustrations.

Fernando Sarti Andriolli,a, Noemia Kazue Ishikawa,a Ruby Vargas-Isla,a Tiara Sousa Cabral,b Charissa de Bekker,c and Fabricio Beggiato Baccarod aPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia / INPA-V8, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, AM, 69067–375, Brazil, bDepartamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. Senador Salgado Filho 3000, Natal, RN, 59064–741, Brazil, cDepartment of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL 32816, USA, and dDepartamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. General Rodrigo Octávio, 6200, Manaus, AM, 69.080– 900, Brazil

No existe un conjunto de indicadores universales que puedan utilizarse para evaluar la sostenibilidad de cualquier tipo de sistema. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fueevaluar la sinergia entre cada uno de los principios aplicados por los agricultores de la Redde Agricultores Tradicional del estado de Amazonas, Brasil (REATA). En este trabajo se hautilizado el MESMIS modificado. Fueron evaluados agricultores de la REATA de los municipios seleccionados de Codajás, Manaos, Tefé y Urucará. Los indicadores fueron los trece principios que nortean la REATA. La aplicación de los trece principios como indicadores demuestra que existe sostenibilidad en las dimensiones ambiental, social y económica en los cuatro municipios evaluados. El índice de sostenibilidad general de la REATA fue 2,61 . La utilización de los indicadores nos permitió observar independencia entre las dimensiones, así como sinergia y sincronización entre los principios/indicadores de la REATA evidenciando la sostenibilidad de los agroecosistemas.

1 Doutores, Pesquisadores, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia. 2 Mestres, Colaboradores e/ou Bolsistas, INCT-CENBAM Centro de Estudos Integrados de Biodiversidade da Amazônia. 3 Doutores, Professores. Núcleo de Estudos da Biodiversidade da Amazônia Mato-grossense, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. 4 Doutor, Professor, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas. 5 Doutora, Bolsista e/ou Colaboradora, INCT-CENBAM Centro de Estudos Integrados de Biodiversidade da Amazônia. Resumo