2D MoS2, a wonder material, has emerged as a highly efficient catalyst owing to its unique morphology, band structure, and reduced size. Here, hierarchical MoS2 nanoflowers with exposed petals and abundant edges are hydrothermally synthesized and evaluated for sonocatalytic dye removal. The polymorphic few-layer MoS2 nanosheets comprising metallic 1T (45%) and semiconducting 2H (55%) phases exhibit dual functionality in adsorption and piezocatalysis toward ultrafast dye removal when subjected to mechanical strain. Under ultrasonic irradiation, the 1T/2H MoS2 sonocatalyst removes 99.6% of RhB dye within 9 min, which is five times faster than the adsorption process. Other dyes, such as MB and RB, are also very rapidly removed within a few seconds by the MoS2 sonocatalyst. On application of ultrasound vibration, a built-in piezoelectric field is developed across the few-layer 1T/2H MoS2 nanosheet which drives the separation and migration of charge carriers promoting redox reactions for dye degradation. The low dimensionality, high fraction edge sites, wider bandgap (1.55 eV), and abundant sulfur vacancies of 1T/2H MoS2 collectively enhance the piezocatalyst property of the material. The photo-sonocatalytic study of the material exhibits a slower removal reaction process when the material is subjected to simultaneous ultrasound and visible light irradiation. This photo-assisted retardation phenomenon can be attributed to the depletion of piezoelectric polarization by the photo-generated carriers. Hence, this work explores the remarkable catalytic properties of the few-layer 1T/2H MoS2 nanosheet for efficient mechanical-energy-driven pollutant removal under ultrasound and visible light irradiation.

This review presents a comprehensive and futuristic analysis of perovskite-based piezocatalysis, a promising non-invasive strategy to generate reactive oxygen species for pollutant degradation, pathogen inactivation, and CO2 reduction by utilizing mechanical stimuli. This work differs from the previous reviews in that it systematically studies the fundamental mechanisms of piezocatalysis, including the energy band theory, screening charge effect, and quantization of piezoelectricity. They are related to the piezoelectric coefficient, polarization rotation, domain engineering, and phase transitions in perovskites. Particular attention has been paid to lead-free perovskites, polymer composites, double perovskites, layered Ruddlesden-Popper phases, chalcogenide and halide perovskites, and heterostructures, with a focus on their roles in improving environmental safety, scalability, and catalytic activity. Integration with photocatalysis is proposed as a promising strategy to further improve the piezocatalytic performance. Moreover, a cyclonic piezoelectric reactor is preliminarily designed as a forward-looking solution for industrial-scale applications, with enhanced mass transfer and mechanical energy coupling. In addition, this review provides a unique perspective on the complexities of the real world, including contaminant diversity, pH variability, and long-term operational stability. This work serves as a critical blueprint to accelerate piezocatalytic water purification toward sustainable and translational applications in environmental and biomedical fields via key knowledge gaps and material design strategies.

Performance of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is influenced by numerous parameters including device structure, surface charge density, and contact area of the contacting surfaces. Here, we have modified the polarization and surface porosity of a ferroelectric polymer nanocomposite and used it as a tribonegative material to tune the output performance of a vertical contact-separation TENG. 2D MoO3 nanoflakes were used as the nanofiller in the ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) polymer to enhance the β phase polarization of the novel nanocomposite film. Additionally, the facile phase inversion (PI) method is optimized to fabricate the nanoporous composite film. The success of this two-fold strategy is confirmed by Kelvin probe force microscopy and work function studies. The use of a 3 wt% MoO3/PVDF-HFP PI-composite results in ∼200% higher output voltage of the TENG (1100 V, power density ∼8.08 W m-2) than the traditional solution-cast composite film. The fabricated TENG exhibits quick charging of capacitors and powering of LEDs as practical applications. Furthermore, this high-performance TENG is used as a bending angle sensor due to the device's excellent flexibility. The device is capable of generating distinct output voltages at different bending angles and is thus found suitable for monitoring joint movements in the human body.

Recent advancements in two-dimensional (2D) materials have focused on MXenes as candidate materials for future energy storage and water splitting devices owing to their outstanding electrical conductivity, hydrophilicity, tunable surface chemistry, large specific surface area, and excellent electrochemical activity. This review is devoted to summarizing a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in MXene-based materials for high-performance supercapacitors and electrocatalytic water splitting. The synthesis strategy, structural characteristics, surface functionalization approaches, and the composite formation technique are critically discussed to establish the influence of the electrochemical performance. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of MXene in promoting charge transfer, accelerating the ion diffusion, and enhancing electrochemical kinetics, leading to superior capacitance, rate capability, cyclic stability, and highly efficient HER, OER, and overall water splitting performance. This review also critically examines the major challenges limiting practical implementation, including oxidation instability, nanosheet restacking, limited large-scale synthesis, and long-term durability. Finally, the future research perspectives are proposed, focusing on scalable synthesis and surface interface engineering, defect and heterostructure engineering, and device integration to accelerate the development of efficient, stable, commercially viable MXene-based materials for sustainable energy storage and hydrogen production. By systematically correlating material design with electrochemical performance, this review provides valuable insight and practical guidelines for the rational development of advanced MXene-based energy storage and water splitting systems.

Piezoelectric materials have emerged as versatile platforms with transformative potential in biomedical research, yet their clinical translation remains limited. This mini review examines how these materials generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under mechanical stimulation to regulate biological processes, enabling antibacterial activity, wound repairing, tissue regeneration, and targeted cancer therapy through piezodynamic, chemodynamic, and photothermal pathways. Beyond treatment, piezoelectric materials facilitate controlled drug and gene delivery and function as self-powered biosensors for real-time monitoring. To this end, we also discuss key challenges hindering clinical translation, including instability, precipitation, fabrication complexity, and long-term biocompatibility, and conclude by outlining future strategies for developing flexible, biodegradable, AI-integrated platforms for precision and adaptive healthcare.

Aptamers, valued for their stability, target affinity, and modifiability, have advanced biosensing, yet key challenges hinder their translation into practical sensing platforms. This work explores the future potential of aptasensing technologies across various fields, such as clinical chemistry, quality control, protein analysis, wastewater treatment, nanomaterial characterization, forensic evidence analysis, animal health monitoring, heavy metal detection, security, machine learning, and AI in aptamer design. This review also provides a detailed discussion of their underlying molecular mechanisms, highlighting their applications and effectiveness. Herein, numerous challenges in the field and potential solutions have been proposed, which could expedite the selection of the aptasensing paradigm for future usage and aid in diversifying aptasensors. This review aims to update researchers in biomedical engineering, materials science, clinical microbiology, and food science, advancing aptasensors toward clinical application.

The food packaging industry remains heavily reliant on single-use plastics, which contribute to severe environmental pollution despite ongoing recycling efforts. To address this challenge, this study presents the successful development of ZnO-doped chitosan nanocomposite (CZ10) films as a sustainable alternative for food packaging. Structural and morphological characterizations through XRD, FTIR, and FESEM confirmed the crystalline nature, functional group interactions, and uniform surface morphology, verifying the effective incorporation of ZnO into the chitosan matrix. Antimicrobial evaluation revealed that CZ10 films achieved 81.41% bacterial mortality against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and 84.89% against Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis, demonstrating broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Biocompatibility analysis showed 96% cell viability, confirming the safety of the films for direct food contact. Furthermore, UV-vis analysis of vegetable samples demonstrated the its efficiency in preserving food quality by reducing degradation. The novelty of this work lies in establishing ZnO-doped chitosan nanocomposites as an eco-friendly, biocompatible, and antimicrobial packaging material that can significantly reduce food spoilage and provide a sustainable solution to replace conventional plastic packaging.

ABSTRACT Herein, we develop a La‐doped YFeO 3 perovskite/PVDF‐HFP polymer composites based flexible triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for insole sensor applications and wireless data monitoring. A threefold strategy involving enhancement of electric polarization, charge trapping and surface roughness of the tribonegative polymer composite is introduced to improve the triboelectric output of the TENG. The inclusion of La‐YFeO 3 (L‐YF) enhances the electric polarization and the charge trapping capacity of the polymer composite. Again, submicron sized pores (250‐400 nm) are developed at the top surface of the composite film by phase inversion technique to increase the surface roughness. These phenomena jointly enhance the output of the fabricated devices (1280 V, 13.2 Wm −2 ) by tuning the work function of the composite film. Some small electronic devices (53 LEDs, capacitor, stopwatch, calculator) are powered by the generated electrical energy as the practical applications. These high performances TENGs are used in fabrication of self‐powered insole sensors which can generate distinguishable signals for different positions of foot during walking. The signals can be categorized depending on the physical conditions of the persons. The signals are wirelessly fetched in an Android system by using a microcontroller and internet that promotes the real time monitoring and analyzing of the data from remote locations.

A self-powered and wearable EPMTNG device transmits human physiological signals wirelessly, designed with a micro-patterned EBTO layer and 2D MoTe2 incorporated nanofibrous trapping layer.

This work portrays a detailed depiction of degrading two separate carcinogenic organic dyes (Rhodamine B and Eriochrome black T) along with the ablation of pathogenic E. coli bacteria by employing a gadolinium-doped bismuth ferrite (GBF) piezo catalyst. The piezo catalyst has been prepared by a facile two-step solvothermal route and characterized for structural, morphological, elemental, and overall polarization properties. An irregular cubic structure is found (∼15-50 nm), confirming the nano-scale nature of the synthesized samples. Notably, the synthesized nano powder exhibits high remnant polarization (0.92 μC cm−2) which is further confirmed by the density functional theory (DFT). Such tremendously high polarizability has been further exploited to eradicate both dyes. Under the soft ultrasound stimulation (15 kHz), the piezo catalyst (GBF1) shows an extraordinary degradation efficiency (97.6% for RhB and 91.3% for EBT). The reusability of the piezo catalyst has been checked for several cycles, and after the cyclic test, post-analysis of the sample has also been done which indicates the stability of the catalyst very well. Moreover, a remarkable antibacterial activity has been found for the GBF1 sample having a mortality of almost ∼ 99.33% in 30 mins. Additionally, the strong remanent magnetization of the catalyst (10.564×10−4 emu/g) makes the extraction of the catalyst possible by using a simple magnetic field. This extraction method has significant potential for rapidly cleaning waterbodies to prevent secondary pollution. Henceforth, the as-synthesized piezo catalyst (GBF1) could aid in future water treatment projects and can be translated from the bench to the bedside, if properly improvised.

Recent advancements in wireless, flexible, and self-powered sensors have opened avenues for real-time monitoring of mechanical pressure stimuli at remote locations with utmost resolution and precision. This work reports on the development of a 2-D MoO3/PVDF-HFP composite-based flexible and highly efficient piezoelectric nanogenerator (PNG). The influence of 2-D alpha-phase MoO3 (alpha-MoO3) nanoflakes on the polymorphism of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexa-fluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) was systematically investigated with the aim of maximizing the electroactive beta phase. A series of alpha-MoO3 nanoflakes-incorporated flexible, transparent, and self-standing PVDF-HFP composite films with varying loading weight percentages of 1, 1.5, and 2% (PMO1, PMO1.5, and PMO2, respectively) were prepared by the solution casting technique. PMO2 exhibited a high beta-phase fraction of 76% and was used to fabricate a facile and flexible PNG device. Gentle finger tapping onto the PNG showed an excellent open-circuit output voltage (50 V across 30 M Omega resistance) with a maximum power density of 1512 W m(-3) and a conversion efficiency of 30.4%. The PNG demonstrated a promising performance for qualitatively detecting dynamic pressure stimuli. It was able to precisely monitor and discriminate the bending motion of different fingers and fine motions of proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the index finger. A (4 x 4) sensing matrix comprising the PNG was successfully employed to detect the spatial distribution of static pressure stimuli (with a sensitivity of similar to 15.5 MPa-1), and the developed matrix was able to precisely record the shape and size of the objects placed onto it. The PNG-based sensor was also integrated with an android mobile interface through wireless technology for remote sensing applications. Hence, the fabricated PNG can be a promising device for wireless monitoring of mechanical pressure stimuli in different cutting-edge technologies such as healthcare monitoring, robotics, and wearable electronics.

This work reports solvothermal synthesized multiferroic bismuth ferrite nanoparticles (BFO) supported PVDFHFP membrane (PBF) for the degradation of organic pollutants (Rhodamine B). The bismuth ferrite NPs have been incorporated into the PVDF-HFP matrix in four different concentrations (PBF0, PBF2.5, PBF7.5, PBF11). The BFO perovskite crystals have successfully enhanced the piezoelectric activity of the PVDF-HFP membrane and have been found to be highest for PBF7.5, which further results in the generation of reactive radicals (ROS). These ROS have reacted with dye solutions and enhanced the piezocatalytic activity of the synthesized material. The catalytic efficiency of this membrane is found to be the highest (similar to 95.2 %) for PBF7.5 with promisingly rapid degradation rates (in 40 min). Furthermore, the BFO-PVDF-HFP membrane successfully extracts from the solutions which make it reusable in industries. Moreover, this multifunctional free-standing membrane could be a possible alternative for future wastewater treatment plants.

This work explores a MWCNT incorporated natural rock-based (hematite) multifunctional piezo-responsive nanocomposite for the simultaneous degradation of carcinogenic dyes and generation of non-invasive energy. The enhanced polar phases of the...

This work reports a flexible and wearable nanocomposite made of nitrogen doped carbon dot (N-CD) modified PVDF (PCD) nanocomposite assisted piezoelectric device (PPNCD) that can harvest different forms of mechanical energy and convert them into electrical energy. The efficacy of this device is dependent upon its 'sandwiched' structure made of PCD nanocomposite wrapped with aluminum electrodes on both sides. Herein, N-doped CD has been incorporated into PVDF matrix for obtaining maximum beta-crystalline phase (F(beta) -80.4%), which is confirmed by XRD, FTIR and DSC analysis. The polarizability of the PCD nanocomposite has a great contribution to the total output performance of the device. The polarizability of the film has been measured by using a standard density functional approach. The piezoelectric coefficient (d(33)) has also been calculated, which is found to be 29 pC/N. Such augmented electrical parameters and enhanced piezoelectric coefficient are further utilized to fabricate the PPNCD device, which is capable to detect human body movements efficiently and can act as a weight sensor with a sensitivity of 10.2 V/kPa (up to 0.5 kPa). Moreover, this device provides a power density of 1979.87 mu Wcm(-3) and exhibits an exceptional output performance (V-OC similar to 80V) under periodic finger imparta-tions in comparison to other carbon based piezoelectric nanogenerators. The PPNCD device can illuminate 15 blue/white LEDs and charge a 2.2 mu F capacitor within a few seconds under continuous finger impartations. Such a multifunctional device could be a promising candidate for both healthcare monitoring systems and their power supplies.

With the increasing demand of environmental friendly and unlimited power supplies, the use of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) also increases due to its high mechanical energy to electrical energy conversion ability. Herein, an arch shaped, self-powered, and wearable piezoelectric thin film with bismuth selenide based triboelectric nanogenerator, named as PBTNG, is fabricated with the help of nanoporous bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) incorporated poly(vinyldene fluoride) (PVDF) composite piezoelectric thin film (PBi). The mechanism of the PBTNG device is induced by piezo-tribo coupling effect. Furthermore, the surface area and distribution of pore size of Bi2Se3 have been measured from Brunnauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis and also described by basal spacing, which helps in increment of β-crystalline phase of the thin film. The density functional theory (DFT) has been performed to find out the electrical band gap and density of states of Bi2Se3 nanoparticles. The interaction of nanoparticle with PVDF monomer and electrical properties of β-phase has been investigated with DFT calculations as well. The fabricated triboelectric device exhibits outstanding output performance with a maximum power density of 2.03 Wm−2 under continuous finger impartation and can illuminate light-emitting diodes (LEDs) under heel pressing and periodic finger tapping. Additionally, the wearable PBTNG device traps the biomechanical energy from different body movements like heel pressing, feet tapping, blood flow, single finger tapping, etc., and converts them into electrical energy easily. Furthermore, single electrode bismuth selenide based triboelectric nanogenerator, named as SBTNG exhibits high sensitivity value (20.2 V/kPa) at low pressure region (< 0.5 kPa) which helps in electricity generation from small scale mechanical energies such as writing on the device, mouse clicking, keyboard striking, external CD drive running, etc. Thus, self-powered and wearable energy harvester can be used in daily life as a substitute of batteries. Excellent output performance of PBTNG has been achieved from biomechanical and small scale mechanical energy, elevated by piezo-tribo coupling effect.

Energy demand is increasing exponentially nowadays, which is the primary cause of the burning of fossil fuels, creating enormous amounts of environmental degradation. To arrest this, there is an emerging need for clean and green technologies. Herein, piezoelectric materials have become a favourite choice among scientists. Previously, many groups have exploited this fascinating technology by imparting pressure from different available sources. This article deals with gadolinium (Gd)-incorporated naturally occurring hematite nanocrystals, which show an efficient piezoelectric effect when incorporated into a PVDF-HFP polymer. In reality, PVDF-HFP is capable of producing nominal piezoelectric polarization (40-60% beta-polarization), which in our case is found to be around 80.3%. Such elevated polarizability helps to generate piezoelectric power under water flow or finger tapping. This reported material is not only flexible and bendable but can also produce maxima of 16.92 V and 0.52 mu A instantaneous voltage and current, respectively, under simple finger tapping, but 8 V under flowing water. Moreover, these phenomena have been discussed and analyzed in great depth by involving various characterization tools such as XRD, FESEM, TEM, FTIR, and zeta potential. This is probably the first time that a rare-earth-incorporated natural nano-rock mineral has been used to fabricate such a multifunctional device. Piezoelectric energy generation using finger tapping and non-invasive water flow as mechanical stimuli by a Gd3+-doped natural hematite rock-based flexible free-standing PVDF membrane.

This study delves into the structural and morphological characteristics of MWCNT-doped natural kaolinite nano clays, leading to significant changes in their electrical and electrochemical properties through the doping processes. Specifically, MWCNT has been doped using two different methods, resulting in distinct physicochemical properties. In one approach, a chemical route has been employed to modify the surface of MWCNT and kaolinite, creating an alignment that forms “micro capacitors” with enhanced electrical polarizability. Conversely, the uncontrolled growth of the nanocomposite results in a random arrangement, exhibiting lower charge storage efficiency. The characterization of naturally formed kaolinite and its conjugated counterparts have been investigated via conventional characterization tools like XRD, FESEM, TEM, EDS, Zeta, etc. The XRD refinement has been adopted to investigate the microstructural evaluation of the nanocomposites by the MAUD software package. The findings indicate that natural kaolinite-MWCNT nanocomposite shows promise as a “green alternative” and has the potential to replace conventional storage materials effectively if appropriately refined.

The energy crisis and environmental pollution have been increasing day by day due to the high consumption of nonrenewable energy which insists researchers discover alternative methods to harvest energy from waste materials and resources. This work reports the construction of the energy harvesting device using a purely natural & alpha;-hematite incorporated PVDF membrane. Doping of purely natural & alpha;-hematite led to the growth of polarization forming the & beta;-phase high which has been confirmed by FTIR and other theoretical methods (DFT). The structure morphology has been characterized by using basic characterization tools i. e XRD, SEM, EDAX, and TEM. The augmentation of the polarization has been established by the increased value of the dielectric constant. Herein, we have fabricated the device using PVF5 membrane that can develop voltage 42V, power 1328 & mu;W/cm3 by finger tapping, and the device can also harvest energy even from the water flow from several sources and falling from different heights. Water pollution is another big concern in today's world along with the energy crisis. Piezocatalysis is one of the best-emerging technologies for the treatment of water pollution and this method has been employed in our study by using PVF5 membrane to degrade organic dye i. e RhB dye. 86% degradation of the dye in 40 min has been achieved due to the formation of several oxidative spices (ROS) like as & BULL;O-, & BULL;OH, e , h+, etc. Using ultrasound-assisted piezocatalysis method, and even after repetitive use of it the efficiency does not reduce significantly. Henceforth this article reports the multifunctional purely natural & alpha;-hematite mediated membrane that can concomitantly harvest energy from mechanical as well as decontaminate water by degradation of organic pollutants from water.

This work reports a solvothermal synthesis of ferromagnetic bismuth ferrite (BFO) nanoparticle and its piezo activity in the domain of catalytic degradation of carcinogenic and genotoxic rhodamine B (RhB) dye and pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria as well. After synthesis and characterization, the structural and morphological features of the catalyst were further investigated using density functional theory (DFT), which enabled us to estimate the polarizability and many other important electrical properties of the synthesized material. The DFT study reveals remarkably high polarizability and dipole moment, which were utilized to validate the generation of piezo response by the synthesized material. Interestingly, we found enhanced piezo catalytic degradation efficiency (η ∼ 99%) along with a high rate constant (k ∼ 2.259 × 10-2 min-1), indicating a fast and efficient degradation process. In the case of pathogenic bacteria E. coli, the degradation efficacy was found to be ∼94%. Moreover, the extraction of this catalyst is quite simple. Due to its high remanent magnetization (retentivity ∼0.08 emu g-1), the catalyst can be extracted from the treated water sample by using external magnetic stimulation, making it a potential candidate for sustainable wastewater treatment.