Introduction & objectives: This paper explores the potential to improve the hygiene standards and eating quality of local beef in Eastern Indonesia for use as a model to develop a Beef Standards Indonesia (BSI) Scheme. Methods: An experiment was conducted using beef samples from 6 Bali bulls fed leaves from a forage tree legume (leucaena) and slaughtered in a modern abattoir. The beef food safety status and the eating quality of that beef was compared to beef samples collected from a traditional (backyard) abattoir and imported beef. The effect of wet aging was assessed on beef tenderness, water holding capacity and cooking loss. An economic analysis simulation on a different beef processing scheme was also conducted to assess the feasibility of improving beef hygiene and eating quality standards. Data from 27 abattoirs across Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) province were collected through key informant interviews to determine current business practices regarding the slaughtering capacity, beef classification, beef price, operational costs, and adoption of critical control points (CCPs) that support improved hygiene and better beef quality. Result: The results indicate that the beef from Bali bulls slaughtered in the modern abattoir with an additional aging process had lower bacterial contamination than the samples from cattle slaughtered traditionally. Tenderness levels of the wet aged Bali beef from the modern abattoir were also better than the traditionally slaughtered local beef (shear force of 3.61 +/- 0.29 kg/cm2 compared to shear force of 4.65 +/- 0.79 kg/cm2 respectively) and no different to the imported beef (3.62 +/- 0.71 kg/cm2). Conclusion: Economic analyses indicate that improvements in hygiene and beef quality standards through adoption of CCPs delivers higher Returns on Investment (54%) and stochastically dominates all other scenarios that were modelled. Slaughtering cattle in a modern abattoir and wet aging of the beef has the potential to enable the local beef to enter higher value local markets. Achieving development of a BSI scheme would require significant improvements in hygienic slaughtering and post-slaughtering facilities in all abattoirs evaluated in NTB.

The research was conducted in Lombok Island, Indonesia. Samples of forages were collected from smallholder goat farms across three regencies, i.e., East Lombok, Central Lombok, and West Lombok. The selection of respondents was carried out using a purposive sampling method, whereby locations based on their relevance to smallholder goat farming activities and the availability of diverse forage resources commonly utilized by farmers. Data obtained from chemical composition and in-vitro analysis were subjected to descriptive statistics analyses, including mean and standard deviation (mean+sd). Eight forage species, including Leucaena leucocephala, Indigofera zollingeriana, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Terminalia catappa, Jatropha curcas, Lannea coromandelica, and Native grasses, were analyzed for nutrirional composition and in-vitro analysis. Results showed significant variation among species. Leguminous forages, particularly Leucaena leucocephala and Indigofera zollingeriana, had superior nutritional profiles with high crude protein (31-40%), low neutral detergent fiber (19-35%), and high total digestible nutrients (>75%). These species also exhibited the highest in-vitro dry and organic matter digestibility (IVDMD >60%) and also produced rumen ammonia concentrations within the optimal range (9–11 mmol/L), indicating efficient microbial activity and nitrogen utilization. In contrast, non-leguminous forages and Native grasses contained higher fiber and lignin, resulting in lower digestibility (<35%) and reduced rumen ammonia levels (<6 mmol/L). In conclusion, leguminous forages, especially Leucaena leucocephala and Indigofera zollingeriana, showed the highest nutritional composition and digestibility, characterized by high crude protein, low fiber, and high in-vitro digestibility. These species also produced optimal rumen ammonia levels, indicating efficient nitrogen utilization and superior rumen fermentation Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):SDG 2: Zero HungerSDG 12: Responsible Consumption and ProductionSDG 15: Life on Land

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feed supplementation on the body condition of cows suffering from foot and mouth disease (FMD) and the birth weight of their calves. Materials and Methods:The study involved 30 pregnant cows (6-7 months gestation), divided into five groups of six cows each. Groups A, B, C, D, and group E were supplemented with concentrates at levels of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% of body weight, respectively. The concentrates comprised cassava peels (60%), corn mill (40%), urea (3% of total feed needed), and minerals (25% of total feed needed). Variables:Following the onset of FMD symptoms, observations were made on the duration of hypersalivation, nasal discharge, snout and nose erosion, tongue and lip erosion, foot swelling, refusal to eat, and return to normal feed consumption. Results:The results showed that feed supplementation accelerated recovery such as time from hypersalivation, nasal discharge, muzzle erosion, and tongue (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference in interdigital wounds and duration of reluctance to eat due to FMD. Providing nutrient-rich feed also increases the body condition scores after FMD infection and the calf birth weight (p < 0.05) of Bali cattle. Conclusion:It was concluded that nutrient-rich feed supplementation accelerates cow recovery from FMD, maintains body condition, and increases the calf birth weight of Bali cattle.

The research objective was to study the effect of different doses of MA-11 inoculants on improving the quality of ammoniated corn husks. The materials used were corn husks, urea, and the MA-11 inoculant. The research was conducted using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and three replications. The four treatments were T0: Ammoniated corn husks + 0% MA-11 (control), T1: Ammoniated corn husks + 0.5% MA-11, T2: Ammoniated corn husks + 1% MA-11, and T3: Ammoniated corn husks + 1.5% MA-11. The observed variables were chemical composition (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, and TDN), fiber components (NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), and in-vitro digestibility (dry matter and organic matter digestibility). The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance and further tested by Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that the treatments had significantly different effects (P0.05) on chemical composition, fiber fractions, and digestibility. The 0.5% (T1) dosage rate yielded the best results for CP (7.25%), and TDN (56.88%); and achieved the greatest reduction in CF (28.57%) and ADF (42.90%) content. Conversely, the 1.5% (T3) dosage rate was optimal for EE (1.16%), DMD (43.23%), and OMD (43.90%). While all inoculation levels (0.5% to 1.5%) were also effective in reducing the NDF, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin fractions, whereas the highest (P0.05) Dry Matter and Organic Matter content was observed in the control (T0). It was concluded that different doses of the MA-11 inoculant had varied and specific effects on the nutritional parameters of ammoniated corn husk.

Objective:The study was conducted to determine the effect of Leucaena at different proportions and doses of molasses on the nutritional quality, silage fermentation characteristic, and in vitro digestibility of corn stover silage. Materials and Methods:The study was designed in a completely randomized factorial design 3*3 pattern. The first factor was the proportion addition of Leucaena, i.e., L0 (0%), L15 (15%), L30 (30%), and L45 (45%) of inclusion of Leucaena on the dry matter (DM) basis of corn stover. The second factor was the dose of inclusion of molasses, i.e., M2 (2%), M4 (4%), and M6 (6%) on the fed basis of silage. Each treatment had five replications. The variables observed included chemical composition [DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), hemicellulose, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber], silage fermentation characteristics (pH and NH3-N), DM digestibility (DMD), and OM digestibility (OMD) under in vitro conditions. Results:The result shows that the inclusion of Leucaena in the proportion of 30%-45% is very effective in increasing and improving the chemical composition of corn stover silage, significantly suppresses the content of CF, and increases the CP content of the silage. Likewise, the inclusion of molasses at a dose of 4% also positively contributed to the quality of the resulting silage, especially its effect in suppressing the buffer capacity of proteins resulting in low pH values and NH3-N concentrations in silage. Conclusions:It was concluded that the inclusion of Leucaena in 30%-45% and the inclusion of molasses at a dose of 4% is very effective in increasing and improving the chemical composition, silage fermentability characteristics, and rumen degradation of corn stover silage.

Suatu penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui kandungan mineral hijauan pakan yang umum diberikan kepada sapi Bali di Kabupaten Lombok Timur, Lombok Tengah, Lombok Barat dan Lombok Utara. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama tujuh bulan, mulai dari bulan Mei sampai bulan Desember 2013. Analisis kandungan mineral dilakukan di Laboratorium Kimia Analitik Fakultas MIPA Universitas Mataram. Analisis kandungan mineral Ca, K, Mg, Na dan Zn ditentukan dengan AAS, sedangkan mineral P ditentukan dengan Spektrofotometer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rataan kandungan mineral hijauan pakan di Kabupaten Lombok Timur, adalah: Ca 0,46%; P 0,13%; K 2,75%; Mg 0,29%; Na 0,28% dan Zn 38,14 ppm. Lombok Tengah: Ca 1,57%; P 0,20%; K 2,90; Mg 0,318%; Na 0,26% dan Zn 37,71 ppm. Lombok Barat: Ca 1,23 %; P 0,20%; K 3,16%; Mg 0,33%; Na 0,11% dan Zn 55,29 ppm. Lombok Utara: Ca 1,03 %; P 0,17%; K 2,48%; Mg 0,26%; Na 0,14% dan Zn 30,62 ppm. Secara keseluruhan kandungan mineral hijauan pakan yang diberikan kepada Sapi Bali di Pulau Lombok ada pada kisaran batas nilai normal untuk mineral Ca, P, K dan Zn; mineral Na berada di bawah kisaran batas nilai normal; dan mineral Mg ada di atas batas kisaran nilai normal.

Counseling on “Utilization of Corn Tumpi Fermentation as an Alternative for Availability of Livestock Feed in Keli Village, Woha Sub-district, was held in September involving farmers, especially those who raise cattle and goats in Keli Village, Woha District, Bima Regency. Another target is the general public who want to know and need knowledge in the fermentation of corn tumpi in animal feed. This activity was carried out through counseling and discussion as well as short training through demonstrations and practices on the manufacture of fermented corn tumpi. This counseling involved more than 29 participants from the planned 20 participants and also involved 6 final semester students. The results of the extension showed that the extension participants were very enthusiastic about the training material, which could be seen from their active participation in all activities, especially during discussion and practice sessions and increasing understanding of the benefits and technology of corn tumpi fermentation as animal feed

The study evaluated the variety and digestibility of forages fed to sacrificial-goats in Mataram. The study was carried out by direct observation method. A total of 20 points vendors selling sacrificial goats were used as sampling locations. From all stall selling point, all types of forage as feed were collected. The collected feed samples were identified and tested for digestibility. The results showed that Turi (Sesbania glandiflora) leaves had the highest Dry Matter Digestibility (DMD), which was 65.54%, compared to the DMD of other forage samples, while the lowest DMD was obtained of Gayam (Inocarpus fagifer) leaves, which was 24.86% (P<0.05). As with the DMD value, the highest organic matter digestibility (OMD) was by Turi (61.08%) and the lowest OMD obtain by Gayam which had an OMD value of 11.85% (P<0.05). The OMD of Waru leaves (48.68%) was not different but does not show any difference of Ketapang (Terminalia catappa) leaves (44.73%). It was concluded that among the ten forages offered by vendor to sacrificial-goats; by order of their digestibility, Turi (Sesbania glandiflora), Waru, (Hibiscus tiliaceus), and Ketapang (Terminalia catappa) leaves produced the highest DMD and OMD.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi keberhasilan Inseminasi Buatan (IB) pada pembibitan sapi potong lokal dengan menggunakan berbagai bangsa pejantan berdasarkan Service Per Conception (S/C), Non-Return Rate (NRR), dan Conception Rate (CR) di Kabupaten Lombok Barat. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode survei dan observasi terhadap 270 ekor sapi dengan masing-masing sebanyak 90 ekor akseptor IB per kecamatan dengan pejantan sapi Bali, Simmental, Limousin, Brahman, dan Angus. Peternak yang menjadi sampel ditentukan secara quota sampling dari 3 kecamatan di Kabupaten Lombok Barat. Data yang diperoleh ditabulasi dan dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk mendapatkan persentase S/C, NRR, dan CR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan IB terbaik berdasarkan S/C adalah dengan menggunakan semen sapi Bali, Simental, dan Limousin (1,15, 1,16, dan 1,25), sedangkan untuk sapi Angus dan Brahman 1,30 dan 1,33. Semen sapi Bali, Simental, dan Limousin menghasilkan NRR (84,55; 78,84; 75,0%), sedangkan Angus 66,66%. Nilai CR untuk semen sapi Bali, Simental, Limousin, Brahman, dan Angus masing-masing adalah 79,41; 71,15; 72,5; 66,66; dan 69,69%. Sapi jantan Bali, Simental, dan Limousin merupakan pejantan terbaik untuk keberhasilan IB, sedangkan sapi jantan Brahman dan Angus kurang diminati (12,22 dan 3,30%). Disimpulkan bahwa tingkat keberhasilan Inseminasi Buatan yang paling tinggi ditunjukkan pada penggunaan semen sapi Bali dibandingkan dengan penggunaan semen sapi Simental, Limousin, Brahman, dan Angus.

Akhir-akhir ini sapi bali jantan lepas sapih sangat disukai oleh peternak untuk dijadikan bakalan untuk penggemukan. Harganya lebih mahal dibanding sapi bali betina untuk bobot badan, umur, dan kondisi tubuh yang sama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh sumber energi yang berbeda dalam formula pakan terhadap pertumbuhan pedet jantan sapi bali lepas sapih. Ada 3 macam formula pakan yang diuji yaitu P1= lamtoro tarramba, rumput raja, jerami padi dan dedak padi, P2= lamtoro tarramba, rumput raja, jerami padi dan konsentrat komersil, serta P3= lamtoro tarramba, rumput raja, jerami padi dan jaugung giling. Ketiga macam formula tersebut diberikan kepada 15 ekor pedet dengan kisaran bobot badan 70,5-90,0 kg (82,07±6,31 kg), dan CV=8,18%. Pakan disusun iso nitrogen dan iso kalori. Penelitian dilaksanakan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap. Data yang diperoleh kemudian ditabulasi dan dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Sidik Ragam. Apabila berbeda nyata dilanjutkan dengan Uji Jarak Berganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan nyata (P<0.05) untuk semua variabel yang diamati. Pedet yang mendapat ransum dengan sumber energi jagung giling (P3) adalah yang terbaik. Nilai peubah konsumsi pakan, kecernaan bahan kering, kecernaan bahan organik, pertumbuhan harian, dan income over feed cost berturut-turut sebesar 2,85% dari bobot badan, 55,46%, 58,64%, 0,32 g/hari, dan Rp 1.603.700 per 100 hari. Disimpulkan, formulasi pakan terbaik untuk penggemukan sapi bali jantan lepas sapih adalah ransum dengan campuran lamtoro, rumput raja, jerami padi, yang dipaduserasikan dengan jagung giling sebagai pakan sumber energinya.

Objective:The study was conducted to determine the effect of inoculants of different types and doses on the nutrient quality and in vitro digestibility of fermented rice bran.Materials and Methods:The study was designed using a completely randomized design with a 3 × 3-factorial pattern. The first factor was the type of inoculum, consisting of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), Effective Microorganism-4, and Saus Burger Pakan (SBP). The second factor is inoculum doses, which are as follows: levels 2%, 4%, and 6%. The variables measured included chemical composition, fiber fraction content, dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility.Results:The results showed that the type of inoculation treatment and the doses of inoculation did not affect the dry matter (DM) content of fermented bran, and the organic matter content of fermented bran was only affected by the inoculation dose factor (p < 0.05). The highest crude protein and Extract Ether (EE) were obtained in the SBP inoculants, which increased linearly with increasing inoculation doses (p < 0.05). While a significant decrease (p < 0.05) occurred in crude fiber content. The cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) fractions were significantly lower in the SBP treatment as the dose increased. The SBP inoculant type produced the highest DMD (p < 0.05) but showed a response that was not different from the SC inoculant treatment for OMD. Increasing inoculation doses of 2%, 4%, and 6% linearly increased the DMD and OMD of fermented bran (p < 0.05). Overall, inoculant application on fermented bran showed an interaction effect except for the components of DM, EE, ADF, NDF, and DMD of fermented bran.Conclusions:It was concluded that the SBP at 6% and their combination resulted in the best chemical quality and digestibility of rice bran.

Cattle fattening using Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) as the source or the main component of the cattle’s diets is one of the proven innovations that can provide financial benefit to cattle farmers. The objective of this study is to evaluate the adoption of Leucaena-based cattle fattening and identify the factors contributing to the adoption and diffusion of these improved practices. A mixed method approach was used to understand the adoption of Leucaena and cattle management by local farmers who participated in the early stage (2017) and those who participated in the later stages of the project (2018–2020). The study showed that male Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) that were fed Leucaena-based diets grew two times faster than cattle fattened on grasses. This increased live weight gain and, subsequently, faster sales and increased profits. This may account for the rapid adoption and diffusion of Leucaena-based cattle fattening in Dompu through farmer-to-farmer learning, effective facilitation, demonstration trials, and linking farmers to end markets. To sustain the practice change, the project facilitated the development of an agribusiness support center (ASC). Sustaining the ASC requires further efforts that include internalization of the project outcome into the local government program.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kombinasi optimal pemberian lamtoro dan jerami jagung fermentasi pada tingkat pemberian kulit ubi kayu yang tetap dalam ransum sapi Bali jantan. Sebanyak 20 ekor sapi Bali jantan berusia 1,5-1,8 tahun (190 ± 12,34 kg) dibagi menjadi empat kelompok perlakuan. Pada setiap kelompok perlakuan, sapi jantan diberi pakan empat tingkat jerami jagung fermentasi (10%, 30%, 40% dan 60%) dengan tingkat penurunan lamtoro yang sesuai (70%, 50%, 40% dan 20%) dan tingkat kulit singkong yang tetap (20%). Pemberian jerami jagung fermentasi sebanyak 10% dengan 70% lamtoro memberikan pertambahan bobot hidup tertinggi (Pertambahan bobot badan; 0,41 kg/hari). Terdapat hubungan linier dan kuadrat antara pertambahan bobot badan terhadap pemberian jerami jagung fermentasi. Pertambahan bobot badan kemungkinan besar terkait dengan tingkat konsumsi bahan kering (20 – 21 g/kg BB) dan ketersediaan protein dalam ransum. Hubungan antara konsumsi jerami jagung fermantasi dan pertambahan bobot badan dapat digunakan untuk menentukan kombinasi optimal antara pemberian lamtoro dengan jerami jagung fermentasi dan kulit singkong dalam ransum. Peningkatan penambahan pemberian jerami jagung fermentasi hingga 35% dan penurunan pemberian lamtoro sampai 45% dalam ransum hanya menghasilkan sedikit perubahan pertambahan bobot badan, hal ini memberikan ruang yang lebih besar terhadap penggunaan jerami jagung fermentasi pada sistem penggemukan dengan ketersediaan lamtoro yang terbatas.

The live weight gain response of Bali bulls (Bos javanicus) fed increasing levels of cassava chip or cassava pulp mixed with a leucaena based diet was measured. Forty Bali bulls with initial live weight (LW) of 112±7.1 kg and around 18 months of age were assigned into 10 treatment groups. Each treatment group was offered ad libitum leucaena mixed with either cassava chips or cassava pulp included at levels of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60% on an approximate dry matter basis. All diets included rice straw provided at 0.5% live weight/day and urea at 2% of cassava chip or cassava pulp on a dry matter basis. Including cassava chip up to 30% of the ration increased total daily dry matter intake from 24.1 g/kg LW to 29.3 g/kg LW. The dry matter intake with cassava pulp was lower than with cassava chip at all levels of inclusion. Consequently, the live weight gain was generally higher with cassava chip. The equations for the response of the live weight gain (kg/d) in relation to level of cassava chip or cassava pulp inclusion were quadratic with values higher for cassava chip inclusion. The inclusion of cassava chip resulted in a higher live weight gain response most likely due to the higher starch content. The maximum live weight gain was achieved at a level of inclusion of 47.5% for the cassava chip and 28% for cassava pulp. Feeding higher amounts than these optimal levels significantly decreased feed intake and live weight gain. Dry matter digestibility was higher with cassava chip inclusion compared with cassava pulp inclusion. Generally, the digestibility increased with increasing levels of both cassava chip and cassava pulp inclusion. Rumen ammonia concentrations declined with the increasing levels of cassava chip and cassava pulp inclusions as the crude protein levels declined. The VFA concentrations were within the normal range (82-137 mM) but there were no particular patterns of molar % related to the levels of cassava chip and cassava pulp inclusions.

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan dan produksi Indigofera dengan interval pemotongan berbeda yang dibudidayakan di Pulau Lombok. Penelitian dirancang dengan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 3 kelompok interval pemotongan yaitu 30, 45 dan 60 hari setelah potong paksa. Pemotongan paksa dilakukan pada ketinggian 50 cm di atas tanah pada 11 minggu setelah tanam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan Indigofera 30, 45 dan 60 hari setelah pemotongan berturut-turut adalah 89,2, 120,0 dan 161,0 cm. Sedangkan laju pertumbuhan tanaman sebesar 7,96, 10,47 dan 13,89 cm/minggu. Pembentukan percabangan pada minggu pertama sebanyak 5,0 cabang/pohon dan tumbuh signifikan menjadi 25,0 cabang/pohon setelah 4 minggu. Pembentukan cabang mencapai 40 cabang pada 60 hari setelah pemotongan paksa. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa tanaman tetap tumbuh dengan cepat dan tepat meskipun tanaman ditebang. Produksi Indigofera tertinggi diperoleh pada interval pemotongan 60 hari (864,40gram/pohon) diikuti dengan peningkatan bahan kering dan bahan organik, tetapi kadar protein menurun secara signifikan. Disimpulkan bahwa Indigofera merupakan tanaman potensial yang dapat dikembangkan dan dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber pakan ternak andalan di Pulau Lombok. Kata kunci: produksi hijauan, Indigofera zollingeriana, interval pemotongan, pertumbuhan

Poster presented at the International Leucaena Conference, 1‒3 November 2018, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengetahui pertumbuhan, produksi dan nilai nutrisi 5 (lima) legum pohon yang ditanam tanpa pengairan dan dipangkas pada musim kemarau. Legum pohon telah berumur satu tahun pada saat penelitian dimulai. Legume dipotong paksa setinggi 150cm dari permukaan tanah untuk penyeragaman. Masing-masing masing legume terdiri atas 15 tanaman dengan jarak tanam 2x1 meter dan diperlakukan umur pemangkasan tanaman 1, 2 dan 3 bulan setelah potong paksa. Parameter yang diukur adalah pertumbuhan, produksi hijauan dan kualitas nutrisi berupa kandungan bahan kering, protein kasar, serat kasar, KcBK dan KcBO. Data dianalisis dengan analisis of varianberdasarkan rancangan acak kelompok dan perbedaan antar perlakuan dianalisis uji beda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanlegume pohon yang ditanam pada musim kemarau tetap dapat menghasilkan hijauan pakan yang baik dan disukai oleh ternak ruminansia. Kaliandra menunjukkan pertumbuhan kembali dan hijauan paling tinggi tetapi nilai kecernaan paling rendah. Legume pohon lainnya yang mendekati produksi Kaliandra adalah Turi dan Indigofera. Nilai kandungan protein legume menunjukkan nilai yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kandungan protein legume pohon yang tumbuh pada musim hujan. Semua legume menunjukkan palatabilitas yang baik meskipun palatabilitas rendah ditunjukkan oleh Kelor dan Kaliandra. Nilai KcBK dan KcBO cukup tinggi pada Turi, Indigofera, Kelor dan Lamtoro, tetapi rendah pada Kaliandra. Disimpulkan bahwa semua tanaman legum pohon ini berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai sumber pakan ternak sapi dimusim kemarau.