Survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis, is overexpressed in human invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder. Survivin expression in canine TCC has not been defined. This study was designed to compare survivin expression between canine TCC and normal urinary bladder tissue. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed on fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed tissues, respectively. All TCC tissues (n = 6) and 11/22 normal tissues assessed by PCR were positive for survivin. This difference was not significant (P = 0.06). With regard to IHC, 28/41 TCC samples were positive for nuclear survivin, whereas 0/46 normal tissues had nuclear immunoreactivity (P < 0.001). Cytoplasmic immunoreactivity did not significantly differ between TCC (7/41) and normal tissues (17/46) (P = 0.07). We conclude that nuclear survivin is present in canine TCC, but not in normal bladder urothelium. Future studies will evaluate the role of nuclear survivin in TCC development and as a potential therapeutic target.

Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 19, Issue 3 p. 131-135 A novel location and en bloc excision of a thyroglossal duct cyst in a filly G. Kelmer, Corresponding Author G. Kelmer Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA*Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Kramer, J. Kramer Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USASearch for more papers by this authorA. M. Lacarrubba, A. M. Lacarrubba Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. E. Turnquist, S. E. Turnquist Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USASearch for more papers by this authorG. C. Johnson, G. C. Johnson Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USASearch for more papers by this authorN. T. Messer, N. T. Messer Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USASearch for more papers by this author G. Kelmer, Corresponding Author G. Kelmer Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA*Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Kramer, J. Kramer Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USASearch for more papers by this authorA. M. Lacarrubba, A. M. Lacarrubba Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. E. Turnquist, S. E. Turnquist Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USASearch for more papers by this authorG. C. Johnson, G. C. Johnson Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USASearch for more papers by this authorN. T. Messer, N. T. Messer Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.2746/095777307X187027Citations: 10 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Clark, D.M., Kostolich, M. and Mosier, D. (1989) Branchial cyst in a dog. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 194, 67–68. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Colin, H. (1973) Pharyngeal and laryngeal diseases causing airway obstruction in the dog and the horse. 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(1991) Evaluation of peroral transendoscopic contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser and snare excision of subepiglottic cysts in horses. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 198, 1631–1635. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume19, Issue3April 2007Pages 131-135 ReferencesRelatedInformation

An 11-year-old, male castrated English springer spaniel was presented for muscle weakness, lethargy and anorexia while undergoing treatment of Stage IV lymphoma. Persistent hypokalemia prompted multiple diagnostic tests. Serum aldosterone levels, surgical exploration and histopathology confirmed primary hyperaldosteronism. Hyperaldosteronism is a rarely reported endocrinopathy in the dog. This report describes a case in which immunohistochemistry was utilized to confirm the diagnosis of an aldosterone-secreting tumour.

OBJECTIVE:To address possible roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and mechanical stress in the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis (OC).METHODS:Naturally-occurring canine OC lesions (n=50) were immunohistochemically analyzed for MMP-1, -3, and -13, and normal canine articular cartilage explants (n=6) cultured under 0-, 2-, or 4-MPa compressive loads (0.1 Hz, 20 min every 8 h up to 12 days) were compared to OC samples (n=4) biochemically and molecularly.RESULTS:MMP-1 and -3 immunoreactivities were readily detected in both OC samples and control tissues obtained from age-matched dogs (n=11) whereas MMP-13 was only detectable in OC samples. MMP-13 gene expression as determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was elevated in OC samples and cartilage explants cultured without mechanical stimuli (0 MPa groups) compared to normal cartilage (day 0 controls). Glycosaminoglycan content (per weight) in cartilage explants cultured under no load was significantly (P<0.05) lower on day 12 than in the day 0 controls. Gene expression levels of aggrecan and type II collagen in OC samples were lower than those in the day 0 controls. High levels of aggrecan and collagen II expression were seen in the 2 MPa groups.CONCLUSIONS:These findings imply that impaired biochemical characteristics in OC-affected cartilage may be attributable to decreased extracellular matrix production that may stem from disruption of normal weight bearing forces.

Journal of Veterinary Internal MedicineVolume 17, Issue 2 p. 242-244 Open Access West Nile Virus Encephalomyelitis in a Sheep Jeff W. Tyler, Corresponding Author Jeff W. Tyler Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Medicine and Surgery, CVM, University of Missouri, 379 E Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211; e-mail: tylerj@missouri.edu.Search for more papers by this authorSusan E. Turnquist, Susan E. Turnquist Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.Search for more papers by this authorAndrew T. David, Andrew T. David Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.Search for more papers by this authorSteven B. Kleiboeker, Steven B. Kleiboeker Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.Search for more papers by this authorJohn R. Middleton, John R. Middleton Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.Search for more papers by this author Jeff W. Tyler, Corresponding Author Jeff W. Tyler Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Medicine and Surgery, CVM, University of Missouri, 379 E Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211; e-mail: tylerj@missouri.edu.Search for more papers by this authorSusan E. Turnquist, Susan E. Turnquist Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.Search for more papers by this authorAndrew T. David, Andrew T. David Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.Search for more papers by this authorSteven B. Kleiboeker, Steven B. Kleiboeker Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.Search for more papers by this authorJohn R. Middleton, John R. Middleton Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.Search for more papers by this author First published: 28 June 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02442.xCitations: 17AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume17, Issue2March 2003Pages 242-244 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Thirteen uterine tumors were diagnosed in 13 cats and accounted for 0.29% of all feline neoplasms received during a 9.6-year period. Age at diagnosis ranged from 3 to 16 years; median 9 years. Six were Domestic Shorthair cats, and 7 were purebred cats of 5 different breeds. Eight adenocarcinomas and 1 mixed Müllerian tumor (adenosarcoma) comprised the endometrial tumors. Myometrial tumors included 3 leiomyomas and 1 leiomyosarcoma. One of the adenocarcinomas developed in the uterine stump of an ovariohysterectomized cat; the other cats were sexually intact. Concurrent mammary adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 1 cat with uterine adenocarcinoma and in another with uterine leiomyoma. Tumors were discovered during elective ovariohysterectomy in 2 cats, but at least 3 others had experienced reproductive problems (infertility or pyometra). Five cats presented for abdominal or pelvic masses. Endometrial adenocarcinomas were positive immunohistochemically for cytokeratins and negative for smooth muscle actin (SMA): 1 of 6 cats was positive for vimentin and 4 of 8 were positive for estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha). Adenosarcoma stromal cells were positive for vimentin and ER alpha but negative for cytokeratins and SMA. Smooth muscle tumors were positive for vimentin and SMA and negative for cytokeratins. Leiomyomas, but not the leiomyosarcomas, were positive for ER alpha. Adenocarcinomas in 4 cats had metastasized by the time of ovariohysterectomy. Two other cats were euthanized 5 months after ovariohysterectomy; at least one of these cats had developed an abdominal mass that was not examined histologically. Only 2 cats with endometrial adenocarcinoma had disease-free intervals longer than 5 months after surgery. Metastasis was not detected in any mesenchymal tumor; however, these cats were either euthanized on discovery of the tumor or the tumor was first detected at necropsy.

Over a period of 6 years, antemortem and postmortem examinations were performed on a number of donkeys suffering from respiratory disease. For many cases, initial diagnostic efforts failed to identify an etiology consistent with the pathologic findings. However, retrospective examination of these cases using consensus primer polymerase chain reaction, designed to recognize herpesviruses from all 3 subfamilies of the Herpesviridae, amplified a fragment of the highly conserved herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene from a number of these animals. Two novel herpesviruses, herein designated asinine herpesvirus 4 (AHV4) and asinine herpesvirus 5 (AHV5), were consistently detected in lung tissue from donkeys in which the histopathology was characterized by interstitial pneumonia and marked syncytial cell formation but not in lung tissue from donkeys with evidence of bacterial or verminous pneumonia. Nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analysis places these new viruses within the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily and indicates that they are most closely related to the recently identified zebra herpesvirus and wildass herpesvirus as well as equine herpesviruses 2 and 5.

Paranasal meningioma was diagnosed in a 5-year-old Appaloosa gelding. The mass occupied the right maxillary, frontal, and sphenopalatine sinuses but did not invade the calvarium. The diagnosis was based on histologic evaluation, positive immunohistochemical staining for vimentin and cytokeratin, and ultrastructural features including the presence of interdigitating spindle cells with numerous desmosomes.

OBJECTIVE:To determine immunoreactivity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -3, and -13 in cartilaginous tumors of dogs, correlate expression of MMP with histologic grade of tumors and clinical outcome of dogs, and compare MMP immunoreactivity between chondrosarcomas and chondromas.SAMPLE POPULATION:Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues obtained from samples of naturally occurring chondrosarcomas (n = 31) and chondromas (8) of dogs that were submitted to our veterinary medical diagnostic laboratory.PROCEDURE:Histologic sections from each sample were stained with H&E and monoclonal antibody to MMP-1, -3, and -13 by use of an avidin-peroxidase immunohistochemical technique. For each section, histologic grade (I, II, or III) and immunohistochemical expression (0, 1, 2, or 3) were evaluated. Clinical outcome was obtained from medical records or interviews with referring veterinarians and scored as a good outcome, moderate outcome, or poor outcome. Correlations among variables and differences between chondrosarcomas and chondromas were analyzed.RESULTS:Samples from chondrosarcomas had significantly higher immunoreactivity of MMP-1 and -13, compared with immunoreactivity in samples from chondromas. In chondrosarcomas, a significant positive correlation (r, 0.386) was found between MMP-1 and -13 immunoreactivities, and a significant negative correlation (r, -0.390) was detected between MMP-3 and -13 immunoreactivities.CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE:A significant increase in expression of collagenases (MMP-1 and -13) in chondrosarcomas, compared with expression in chondromas, suggests that collagenases may play an important role in tumor progression, and possibly metastasis, in chondrosarcomas of dogs.

Immunohistochemistry, using a monoclonal antibody to Melan A and a polyclonal antibody to S100 protein, was applied to 48 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of feline melanoma. Forty-two cutaneous, three oral, one mucocutaneous, and two metastatic melanomas comprised the tumors. Thirty-two tumors (67%) were positive for Melan A and 42 (87.5%) were positive for S100. All but one of the tumors that were positive for Melan A were also positive for S100. S100 was detected in 11 of 16 tumors that were negative for Melan A. Seventy-five percent (9 of 12) of amelanotic melanomas were negative for Melan A. Normal adrenal cortex, the cerebellum, and the skin had cells that were positive for Melan A. Sebaceous adenoma was the only nonmelanocytic tumor examined that reacted with antibody to Melan A. Although less sensitive than S100 protein, Melan A is more specific for melanoma and is useful in differentiating feline cutaneous melanoma from the more common pigmented basal cell tumor.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical and pathologic characteristics of mammary duct ectasia in dogs.DESIGNRetrospective study.ANIMALS51 dogs with mammary duct ectasia.PROCEDUREInformation regarding body condition, history, number and location of affected mammary glands, appearance of lesions, surgical treatment, nonsurgical treatment, and evidence of recurrence or development of mammary neoplasia was obtained from surveys sent to referring veterinarians. Results of information from examination of histologic sections and referring veterinarians were evaluated for all mammary duct ectasia biopsies performed between 1992 and 1999.RESULTSDuct ectasia was the primary diagnosis in 51 of 1,825 (2.8%) mammary biopsy specimens and comprised 48% of nonneoplastic mammary diseases. Affected dogs were evenly distributed over a range of 1 to 13 years of age, with a mean age at the time of diagnosis of 6.1 +/- 3.1 years. All dogs were female (31 sexually intact, 20 spayed); 10 of 26 had whelped. Duct ectasia was described as nodular (26 dogs), cystic (13), and multiglandular (11) and located in caudal (31) more often than cranial (14) or middle glands (10). Ectasia recurred in 3 dogs. One dog had a history of previously excised mammary adenocarcinoma; another subsequently developed mammary carcinoma.CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCEDuct ectasia affected mature, sexually intact and spayed female dogs over a wide age range. Certain breeds were affected more commonly than expected. Increased risk for mammary neoplasia was not evident. Duct ectasia should be considered as a cause for mammary enlargement, especially in young dogs or when its cystic nature is evident. Mastectomy is usually curative, and neoplasia should be ruled out in dogs with ectasia.

Twenty of 25 horses in a well-managed Missouri boarding stable were diagnosed with gingivitis/stomatitis. Gross examination of the affected horses revealed varying degrees of gingivitis ranging from mild periodontal swelling to marked swelling and erythema with ulceration and hemorrhage. Fine hair-like material was embedded within the intensely affected areas. Gingival biopsies from 4 affected horses contained pyogranulomatous inflammation with, in some cases, numerous eosinophils and several grass awns in cross and longitudinal section. Numerous foxtail seed heads were identified in hay samples. Examination of the records revealed that all of the affected horses had been fed the suspect hay, with the exception of 1 horse. Although not deliberately fed the suspect hay, this horse did have access to the hay when turned out into the exercise paddock. The lesions resolved following a change in hay source.

Veterinary RecordVolume 149, Issue 10 p. 306-307 Short Communication Primary cutaneous haemangiosarcoma in a cow J. H. Urdaz DVM, J. H. Urdaz DVM Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Columbia, MO, 65211 USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. W. Tyler DVM, PhD, J. W. Tyler DVM, PhD Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Columbia, MO, 65211 USASearch for more papers by this authorC. J. Henry DVM, MS, C. J. Henry DVM, MS Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Columbia, MO, 65211 USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. R. Turk DVM, PhD, J. R. Turk DVM, PhD Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211 USASearch for more papers by this authorS. E. Turnquist DVM,PhD, S. E. Turnquist DVM,PhD Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211 USASearch for more papers by this authorP. Gautz DVM, P. Gautz DVM Gautz Veterinary Service, Rurcel Route 3, Box 313B, Carthage, MO, 64836 USASearch for more papers by this author J. H. Urdaz DVM, J. H. Urdaz DVM Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Columbia, MO, 65211 USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. W. Tyler DVM, PhD, J. W. Tyler DVM, PhD Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Columbia, MO, 65211 USASearch for more papers by this authorC. J. Henry DVM, MS, C. J. Henry DVM, MS Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Columbia, MO, 65211 USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. R. Turk DVM, PhD, J. R. Turk DVM, PhD Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211 USASearch for more papers by this authorS. E. Turnquist DVM,PhD, S. E. Turnquist DVM,PhD Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211 USASearch for more papers by this authorP. Gautz DVM, P. Gautz DVM Gautz Veterinary Service, Rurcel Route 3, Box 313B, Carthage, MO, 64836 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 08 September 2001 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.149.10.306 Correspondence to Dr Tyler Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume149, Issue10September 2001Pages 306-307 RelatedInformation

The monoclonal antibody A103 to the melanocytic differentiation antigen Melan A stains human steroid-producing cells and their tumors. A total of 200 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine normal tissues and hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the adrenal gland, testis, and ovary were immunohistochemically tested for Melan A with antibody A103. Leydig cell tumors (23/23, 100%), Sertoli cell tumors (14/15, 93%), and adrenocortical adenomas (12/13, 92%) were consistently positive. Adrenocortical carcinomas (23/35, 65%) and granulosa cell tumors (10/17, 59%) were less frequently positive. All pheochromocytomas, seminomas, and dysgerminomas were negative. The pattern of staining was cytoplasmic, but nuclear staining was also frequently seen in normal Leydig cells and their tumors. As in human tumors, immunohistochemistry for Melan A stains many canine steroid-producing tumors and can be used to distinguish these tumors from those of nonstereidogenic cells.

Non-ocular melanoma is considered to be a rare neoplasm in cats; however, more than 150 cases have been reported in the literature since 1961. The objective of this study was to characterise this tumour better by evaluating case outcome and survival data for cats with melanoma and to compare clinical and histopathological findings with those of previous reports. Twenty-three feline non-ocular melanomas were identified, the most common locations being the nose, digit and pinna. Cats with digital melanomas had survival rates similar to their canine counterparts. Histological assignation of benignity, malignancy or junctional activity was not found to be an accurate predictor of clinical behaviour. Melanoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis for cats presenting with pigmented or non-pigmented masses and histopathology is essential for definitive diagnosis, as other tumours may clinically appear quite similar. Regular follow-up examinations are recommended indefinitely for benign or malignant feline melanomas.

A search from databases of four veterinary colleges and one private referral practice between January 1992 and April 1998 provided 20 cases diagnosed with primary renal neoplasia. Review of these cases revealed 19 primary renal tumours, excluding lymphoma. Of the 20 histologically reviewed cases, the diagnosis was amended in eight. There were 13 renal carcinomas (11 tubular and two tubulopapillary), three transitional cell carcinomas, one malignant nephroblastoma, one haemangiosarcoma and one adenoma. The haemangiosarcoma is, to our knowledge, the first reported case of this tumour type as a primary renal tumour in the cat. Most cats were presented for non-specific clinical signs such as anorexia and weight loss. One cat presented with tumour-associated polycythaemia which has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously. The metastatic rate for cats with complete staging was 64%, and 100% for transitional cell carcinomas.

>> Respiratory disease due to infection with O. rhinotracheale and its associated economic losses in turkeys and chickens has been an emerging threat in the USA and elsewhere. There is presently an urgent need for a readily applicable test to detect infected birds. A flock surveillance system for monitoring turkeys and chickens for O. rhinotracheale infection would be useful. The antigen used in the present SPAT was a whole cell antigen. The test relies on the agglutination of bacteria and is biased towards detection of IgM antibodies. The SPAT can be completed in 2 minutes and uses a simple protocol for detection of O. rhinotracheale infection. Interpretation of the test is visual, and there is no difficulty in detecting positive and negative samples. This SPAT for detecting anti-O. rhinotracheale antibodies should be a valuable technique in the mass screening of flocks for O. rhinotracheale infection. Acknowledgement. We thank Dr. M. C. Kumar (E. B. Olson Farms, Willmar, MN) for providing data from commercial turkeys. Sources and manufacturers

Five adult horses presented with acute clinical signs of watery diarrhea, excessive salivation, muscle tremors, ataxia, and depression. Four died within 24 hours and the fifth was euthanatized approximately 48 hours after onset of clinical signs. Necropsy findings in two of the horses included hyperemia of gastric mucosa, intestines filled with green to black watery fluid, and multifocal to coalescing, hemorrhagic 1.0-2.0-cm-diameter ulcers of the mucosa of the cecum and large colon. Histopathologic changes in the cecum and large colon consisted of mucosal necrosis and ulceration, vascular thrombosis, necrosis of submucosal blood vessels, and infiltration by mixed mononuclear inflammatory cells and neutrophils. Arsenic toxicosis was suspected. The owner had not been feeding the horses any grain; however a mixture of grain and pink powder was found in the pasture. Liver arsenic concentrations in the two horses were 14.0 and 11.0 ppm, a sample of renal cortex contained 108 ppm arsenic, and the grain/powder mixture found in the pasture was positive for arsenic at >3,000 ppm. Kidney lead concentrations were 6.5 and 4.2 ppm. Results were consistent with lead arsenate or lead arsenite poisoning.