The study was conducted in Uttara Kannada district which comes under the jurisdiction of UAS, Dharwad during the year 2022-2023, to study the adoption of arecanut based cropping system technologies of UAS Dharwad by employing ex-post facto research design and using simple random sampling technique in Uttar Kannada districts of Karnataka constituting a total sample size of 120 farmers. Majority (69.16 %) of them adopted Sirsi local variety, cent per cent of them planted 12-18 months old seedlings, majority (69.16 %) of them plantedseedlings in may-august, large majority of them followed a spacing of 2.7x 2.7, More than half (55.83 %) of them adopted 90x90x90 cm pit size, 39.17 per cent of them followed square and triangle layout of plantation, 36.66 per cent of them followed multiple cropping with banana, large majority (81.66 %) of applied recommended dosage of FYM, more than two fifth (45.00 %) of them followed ring method of fertilizer application, large majority (79.16 %) of them adopted sprinkler drip irrigation,more than half (51.66 %) followed recommended depth of drainage, more than half (57.50 %) of them used Bordeaux mixture spray for bud spot control, more than two fifth (44.20 %) of them dug trenches for foot rot disease control, large majority of them (96.67 %) used phorate granules for spindle bug control, 30.00 per cent of them used dimethoate for mites’ control,tender nuts during July-December by majority, ripen nuts were harvested during Dec-March by 49.17 %. Large majority (89.16 %) of them manually harvested the areca nuts. Majority (68.33 %) of them of them adopted kalipak method of harvesting. More than two fifth (41.66 %) of them belonged to medium adoption level category, 30.84 per cent of them belonged to low and 27.50 per cent of them belonged to high adoption level category respectively.

The present study explored the profile characteristics of pomegranate growers regarding their knowledge and adoption of recommended pomegranate production practices.The present study was conducted in Vijayapura and Bagalkot districts of Karnataka state during 2022-23. “Ex-post facto” research design was employed for the study. The required data on profile characteristics of pomegranate growing farmers was collected by using simple random sampling technique in Vijayapura and Bagalkot districts, constituting a total sample size of 120 farmers.Statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to categorize the profile characteristics. It was observed that majority (65.00 %) of the pomegranate farmers belonged to middle age group, 33.33 per cent of them were illiterates, large majority (86.66 %) of them had medium family size, 32.50 per cent of them were semi-medium farmers, more than half (59.17 %) of them had less than 2.50 acres under pomegranate cultivation, majority (70.84 %) of them had pomegranate farming experience of about 1 to 5 years, 35.83 per cent of them had medium extension participation, more than half (54.17 %) of them had low extension contact, two fifth (40.00 %) of them had low mass media exposure, more than two fifth (45.83 %) of them had low social media utilization, two fifth (40.83 %) of them had medium level of innovativeness, 37.50 per cent of them had medium level of economic motivation and 35.83 per cent of them had medium level of market orientation.

The study was conducted in Uttara Kannada district which comes under the jurisdiction of UAS, Dharwad during the year 2021-2022. To make comparative analysis of arecanut based cropping system by employing “Ex-post facto” research design and by using simple random sampling technique in Uttara Kannada district constituting a total sample size of 120 farmers. It was revealed that, 77.50 per cent of sole crop and 65.00 per cent of multiple cropping growers adopted Sirsi local variety, 77.50 per cent of sole crop growers done planting during May-August and 65.00 per cent of multiple cropping growers done planting during August-September, 95.00 per cent of multiple cropping growers adopted 2.7×2.7m spacing, 47.50 per cent of multiple cropping growers adopted square system of layout, 47.50 per cent of sole crop growers adopted covering of stem, 52.50 per cent of sole crop growers adopted method of fertilizer application, 67.50 per cent of sole crop growers adopted depth of drainage, 75.00 per cent of sole crop growers adopted mulching, both sole and multiple cropping growers adopted manual method of harvesting and 92.50 per cent of sole crop growers go for rashi type of processing to get maximum profit. There is enough scope to encourage adoption of arecanut based cropping system by using mass contact methods and concerned transfer of technology centers. Thus, the efforts should be made to conduct training programmes and demonstrations.So, it is another vital thing that needs to be given priority to adoption of production technology.

The present study was conducted with specific objective to study the knowledge level of pomegranate growers about recommended pomegranate production technologies in Vijayapura and Bagalkot districts of Karnataka, respectively. Total of 8 villages were selected for the study and 15 pomegranate growing farmers from each village were randomly selected to constitute a total sample of 120 farmers. It was noticed that almost two fifth (39.17 %) of the pomegranate farmers belonged to medium knowledge level category, 32.50 per cent of them belonged to low knowledge level category and 28.33 per cent of them belonged to high knowledge level category, respectively. Cent per cent of the pomegranate growers had knowledge about the varieties, planting material, spacing, time of planting, frequency of pruning and mode of irrigation. Large majority of them had knowledge about chemicals to control pests (90.00%), size of the pit (85.00 %), chemicals to control diseases (80.00 %) and diseases of pomegranate (78.33 %). Majority of them had knowledge about the type of soil (71.67%), frequency of fertilizer application (66.67%) and pests of pomegranate (60.00 %). More than half (59.17 %) of them had knowledge about the frequency of irrigation and Bahar treatment (55.83 %). About 45.83 per cent of them had knowledge about the pit filling process with FYM, 43.33 per cent of them had knowledge about the growth regulators used, 41.67 per cent of them had knowledge about the proportion of NPK application per tree and 39.17 per cent of them had knowledge about the rest period given during Bahar treatment. Equal percentage of them (33.33 %) had knowledge about types of Bahar treatments and average yield per tree. About 30.83 per cent of knew about the quantity of FYM application and 23.33 per cent knew about intercropping in pomegranate and 19.16 per cent of them knew about the weedicides.

The present study on adoption of sugarcane production technologies of UAS Dharwad by the farmers of North Karnataka was undertaken during 2021-22. The ex-post facto research design was employed for the study. Among sample of 160 sugarcane growers, 20 sugarcane growers were randomly selected from each village of selected two villages from talukas viz., Athani and Gokak from Belagavi district and Jamakhandi and Mudhol from Bagalkot district. Data was collected by personal interview method using structured schedule. The major findings of the study were, 38.12 per cent of sugarcane growers observed in medium category of adoption followed by high (33.75 %) and low (28.12 %) category of adoption. With respect to adoption of individual production technologies cent per cent of growers adopted soil type, earthing up (after 110 days of planting), hand weeding and harvesting of sugarcane 10-14 months after planting. Majority of growers adopted recommended varieties, 120 cm row spacing, quantity of FYM, quality of setts, quantity of setts, flood irrigation, intercropping of maize, de trashing, spraying of post emergent herbicides, harvesting of sugarcane within two months of emergence of flower and manual harvesting.

The present study was conducted in Vijayapura and Bagalkot districts of Karnataka state during 2021-22.To study the Adoption level of farmers about redgram production technologies of UAS Dharwad by employing “Ex-post facto” research design and by using simple random sampling technique in Vijayapura and Bagalkot districts constituting a total sample size of 160 farmers. It was revealed that, 40.62 per cent of the redgram growers belonged to medium adoption level category, whereas, 36.25 and 23.13 per cent were observed in low- and high-level adoption categories, respectively.Redgram growers adopted recommended time of sowing (91.87 %), seed rate (73.75 %), variety (61.87 %), seed rate for mixed or inter crop (17.50 %), seed treatment with rhizobium (11.25 %), seed treatment with Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (6.87 %), spacing (73.75 %), FYM (71.25 %), chemical fertilizer (65.62 %), application of sulphur (15.62 %), application of zinc sulphate (23.13 %), foliar application of 19:19:19 (22.50 %), spraying of (2.0 %) DAP (15.62 %), first hoeing (93.12 %), second hoeing (55.63 %), Inter-cropping (14.37 %), post emergent herbicides (11.87 %), nipping (3.75 %), recommended method of controlling pod borer (81.25 %), control of spotted pod borer (47.50 %), control of pod fly (57.50%), controlling wilt (65.00%), controlling SMD (28.75 %), controlling phytophthora blight (26.25 %), mechanical harvesting (88.75 %) and manual harvesting (11.25 %). There is enough scope to encourage improved redgram production technologies by using mass contact methods and concerned transfer of technology centers. Thus, the efforts should be made to conduct training programmes and demonstrations.So, it is another vital thing that needs to be given priority to adoption of production technology.

The study was conducted in Vijayapur and Bagalkote districts of Northern Karnataka in 2019-20, which comes under non-traditional areas of sericulture. The sample size selected was 120 and the study revealed that 40.00 per cent of sericulture farmers belonged to high technological gap category. The major contributors in technological gap of sericulture production technology were soil pH management, disease control measures and chawki silkworm rearing methods. Keeping those above constraints to consideration the suitable policy implications by the government and with the suitable extension strategies it may be reduced and helped to improve sericulture status.

The research was conducted in Vijayapura district of Karnataka during the year 2019-20 with the sample size of 120 respondents. The findings revealed that, in case of beneficiary farmers about 41.67 per cent of the red gram farmers were found in high level of adoption category. While, In case of non-beneficiary farmers about 43.34 per cent of the red gram farmers were found in medium level of adoption level category. It is clear that, in case of beneficiary farmers about cent (100.00 %) per cent of the respondents have fully adopted red gram variety, recommended seed rate, intercultivation and weeding. Whereas, 83.33 per cent of the respondents have fully adopted recommended spacing, 76.67 per cent fully adopted pest management, 75.00 per cent fully adopted timely sowing and disease management, 73.33 per cent have fully adopted summer ploughing, 70.00 per cent fully adopted seed treatment, 66.67 per cent have fully adopted recommended dose of fertilizer, 51.67 per cent fully adopted nipping practice. It is clear that, in case of non-beneficiary farmers about cent (100.00 %) per cent of the respondents have fully adopted red gram variety and weeding. Followed by, 90.00 per cent have fully adopted recommended seed rate, 83.34 per cent have fully adopted intercultivation, 71.67 per cent have fully adopted seed treatment and recommended dose of fertilizer application, 70.00 per cent have fully adopted pest management, 68.33 per cent have fully adopted summer ploughing. Further about 56.67 per cent have fully adopted time of sowing, 55.00 per cent have adopted disease management.

The research was conducted in Vijayapura district of Karnataka during the year 2019-20 with the sample size of 120 respondents. The findings revealed that, in case of beneficiary farmers were majority (73.33 %) of the farmers expressed non-availability of labour, followed by lower price of produce at the time of harvesting (68.33 %), storage pest problem (63.33 %) and lack of storage facilities and non-availability of credit in time (61.67 %) as problems faced by them. It was also found that, 58.33 per cent of the farmers expressed non-availability of fertilizers at the peak time as the constraint, followed by lack of transportation facilities (48.33 %), high cost of fertilizers (43.33 %), lack of marketing facilities (41.67 %) and knowledge about use of weedicides (28.33 %). In order of priority in case of nonbeneficiary farmers were majority (71.67 %) of the farmers expressed lack of storage facilities, followed by lower price of produce at the time of harvesting (66.67 %), non-availability of labour and nonavailability of credit in time (61.67 %) and storage pest problem (60.00 %) as problems faced by them. It was also found that, 56.67 per cent of the farmers expressed high cost of fertilizers and lack of transportation facilities, followed by lack of marketing facilities (51.67 %) and knowledge about use of weedicides (40.00 %).

The study was conducted in Vijayapur and Bagalkote districts of Northern Karnataka, India in 2019-20, which comes under non-traditional areas ofsericulture. The sample size selected was 120 and it was reported that cent per cent of the farmers reported low price and transportation to the distant markets asthe major problems. More than 90.00 per cent of the farmers faced the difficulties in controlling uji flies and other diseases, high labour charges, high initial establishment cost and lack of information about bio-fertilizers. Keeping these constraints into consideration the suitable policy had been framed by the the government. Added to that the most suited situational extension strategies have been implemented which helped to improve sericulture status.

The research was conducted in Vijayapura district of Karnataka during the year 2019-20 with the sample size of 120 respondents. The findings revealed that, in case of beneficiary farmers about 40.00 per cent of red gram farmers were belonged to high level of knowledge. In case of nonbeneficiary farmers about 38.33 per cent of red gram farmers were belonged to medium level of knowledge. It is clear that, in case of beneficiary farmers about cent (100.00 %) per cent of the respondents had knowledge about improved red gram variety, recommended seed rate, recommended spacing, irrigation frequency, intercultivation, weeding, important pests, pest control, important diseases, harvesting and post-harvesting. In case of non-beneficiary farmers it is revealed that, cent (100.00 %) per cent of the respondents had knowledge about weeding and post-harvesting, 98.33 per cent of the red gram farmers had knowledge about inter cultivation, 90.00 per cent of the red gram farmers had knowledge about time of sowing, 86.67 per cent of the red gram farmers had knowledge about important diseases, 85.00 per cent of the red gram farmers had knowledge about disease control.

The present study was conducted in the year 2013–14 in Belgaum district of Karnataka state with a sample size of 135 farmers. Random sampling procedure was used to select the sample. The data was collected through structured interview schedule. In Belgaum district, three taluks had maximum area under vegetable cultivation (tomato, brinjal and onion) in each taluk three villages, from each selected village; a list of farmers cultivating vegetables was prepared with the help of Agricultural Assistant and Private Extension Officer. Fifteen respondents from each village were randomly selected to constitute the total sample size of 135 respondents. The findings pertaining to correlation co-efficient in respect of land holding, farming experience, innovativeness were found positively significant at five per cent level. Other variables like education, annual income, mass media participation and extension contact were found positively significant at one per cent level of significance. Whereas, age and organizational participation was found non significant relationship with management efficiency.

The study was conducted in Indi Taluk of Bijapur district as it ranks first in area and production in the state. From 160 respondents the data were collected by using prestructured interview schedule. The majority of the respondents belonged to medium category of adoption. The key practices contributing to yield and quality of fruits were fully adopted by majority of the respondents. The practices like mulching and green manuring were not adopted by majority of the farmers. The importance of these practices were not convinced by the lime growers. Chemical fertilizer application was partially adopted by majority of the growers. Among 13 independent variables selected for the study, 11 variables were found to be positive having significant relationship with the adoption of recommended lime cultivation practices by lime growers

The research study was conducted in Gadag and Haveri districts of Karnataka state during the year 2007 with sample size of 180 respondents. Study revealed that higher knowledge of verrnicompost was observed in respondents of KVK, Hulakoti followed by KVK, Hanumanamatti. Mean knowledge analysis showed that respondents of KVK, Hulakoti had significantly higher knowledge than KVK, Hanumanamatti. Majority of the respondents of KVK, Hulakoti had correct knowledge about improved practices in all three areas viz., Vermicompost. Dairy Management and Mango cultivation compared to KVK, Hanumanamatti respondents. Whereas, better knowledge about practices like improved breeds (73.33% and 66.66%), artificial insemination (63.33% and 60.00%) and colostrum feeding (66.66% and 50.00%) in case of Hulakoti and Hanumanamatti KVK, respectively.

The study conducted in Bijapur and Bagalkot district of Karnataka State during the year 2007 revealed that non availability of grape experts within the district and shortage of water during summer expressed by cent per cent farmers and high cost of chemicals (92.50%), irregular and insufficient power supply (90%) were the other technical constraints. Very high rate of interest and non availability of credit in time (92.50%) and inadequate credit support for area expansion (84.00%) were the financial constraints and low price for grape domination of middleman, no scientific criteria for price fixation for grape and lack of regulated or organized market for grape (90%) were the major marketing constraints expressed by grape growers. Government intervention for creation of water source, supply of sufficient quantity of agrochemicals on subsidized rates, uninterrupted and sufficient supply of electricity were important suggestions given by the cent per cent farmers. Other important suggestions expressed by grape growers were provision of appropriate technology on pruning schedule and plant protection for quality grape production (90%) and financial support at low rate of interest for area expansion (90%), establishment of Co-operative marketing (84%) availability of information on demand supply and market information, provision for crop insurance (80%).

The research study was conducted in Gadag and Haveri districts of Karnataka during the year 2007 with sample size of 180 respondents. The findings revealed that adoption level of about vermicompost practice was over 50.00 per cent of the respondents had adopted selection of site, materials used for pit construction and raw materials used for filling of pits and harvesting time in KVK Hulakoti and while 30.00 to 50.00 per cent had adopted these practices in KVK Hanumanamatti. However, the respondents of KVK Hulakoti had adopted more number of practices fully than respondents of KVK Hanumanamatti. Adoption level of respondents about mango cultivation practices was quite encouraging. over 50.00 per cent of respondents had adopted variety, pit size, materials used for pit filling and spacing, about 50.00 per cent had partially adopted pest control, and fertilizer application. And growth regulator practice was not adopted by any one. The adoption level of dairy management practices showed that, improved breeds, fodder, artificial insemination and colostrum feedings were adopted by over 50.00 per cent of the respondents of Hulakoti KVK, while, the adoption level was in the range of 40.00 to 50.00 per cent in case of KVK Hanumanamatti. Dehorning practice was not adopted in case of both the KVKs farmers. Similarly, majority of the respondents of both the KVKs did not adopt umbilical cord treatment.

Nearly equal percentage of grape growers belonged to old age and middle age category. Majority of grape growers were in low educational level in general and same trend was found in all the three categories. The average land holdings of small, medium and big grape growers was 21, 33, and 82 acres, respectively. The land holdings of grape growers ranged between 15-113 acres. The average income of small grape holders is about Rs.1.00 lakh, while large orchard holders it is around Rs.5.00 lakhs. Majority had medium farming experience and equal per cent of grape growers had low and high grape farming experience. Majority (51%) had low mass media participation and 39 per cent had high and only 10 per cent had medium level of mass media participation. Majority of grape growers had low organizational participation almost equal per cent of farmers belonged to high (36.00%) and low (35.00%) level of extension contact while 29 per cent to medium level of extension contact. Thirty-nine percentage of farmers had high extension participation followed by medium (36%) and low (24.50%) extension participation and majority of grape growers were found in medium level of scientific orientation. As high as 69.23 per cent of medium and 43 per cent of small grape growers belonged to medium innovativeness category. Nearly equal percentage of farmers belonged to medium (43.50%) and high (42%) level of management orientation while, 14.50 per cent to low management orientation.