The electroinitiated polymerization has been described here. The polymerization mixture consisted of monomer dissolved in an aqueous solution of ZnCl2, and was subjected to electrolysis in a divided cell. The rates of polymerization increased linearly with increase in applied current level and monomer concentration. Polymers of high molecular weights (≍105) were obtained from intrinsic viscosity measurements that increased with monomer concentration. The cyclic voltammogram of acrylamide in H2O -ZnCl2 solution suggests that the monomer gets directly reduced at cathode and the polymerization mechanism is anoinic.

The polymerization of toluene was carried out in 1, 2-dichloroethane and nitrobenzene using BF3O(C2H5)2 as supporting electrolyte at platinum electrodes. The polymers were formed as a black mass only at the anode surface. The yield and conductivity of Poly(toluene)or poly(methyl phenylene) depend on the nature of solvents. Cyclic voltammetry measurements suggest that the polymer film is fairly stable.

Electrochemical polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole was carried out in a solution of tetramethyl ammonium chloride in dichloroethane at a constant current. The polymer yields increase with increasing concentration of monomer, impressed current level andelectrolysis time. The inhibition of polymer formation by a free radical scavenger, 2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl supports a free radical mechanism. The free radical species are generated in situ during the electrolysis of polymerizing mixture. Cyclic voltammograms demonstrate the polyvinylcarbazole formed electrochemically in a solution of (C4H5)4NSbC16 or (C4H9)4NClO4 in DCE undergoes oxidation-reduction states. The polymerization of NVCZ resulted in the formation of cross linked conductive polymers on the anode. The conductivity was found to be about 10−6 scm−1.

The redox copolymerization of acrylonitrile with acrylamide in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) containing K2S2O8 and AgNO3 was carried out. The resulting copolymers were soluble in this solution. A white floppy mass was obtained, when poltmerizing solution was poured in cold methanol. The copolymers were formed taking different feed ratios of monomers and concentrations of the initiators at 60°C. As the concentration of acrylamide increased in the feed ratio, copolymer yields consierably increased. The copolymerization was completely inhibited by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl suggesting a free radical reaction.

The electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole and aniline was carried out on some commodity metals such as Fe and Al used as anodes. The result highlights the major role played by both solvents and supporting electrolytes. The formation of insoluble polymer films occurs on the metals in aqueous and organic solvents containing nitric acid, oxalic acid, sulfosalicylic acid and p-toluene sulfonic acids as supporting electrolytes. The cyclic voltammetry studies indicate that the polymerization mechanism on Fe or Al appears to be the same as suggested for a noble metal electrode.

Cyclic voltammograms of pyrrole monomer and polypyrrole films prepared potentiostatically at 1.0 V versus an Ag/AgCl electrode have been examined. The insulating natural fibers, such as cotton, silk, and wool become electrically conducting when they are subjected to electrical treatment in the polymerizing solution of pyrrole in acetonitrile containing p-toluenesulfonic acid as a supporting electrolyte. The weight gain and the electrical conductivity of the fibers increase with the time of electrolysis and impressed current levels. The conductivities are in the range of 0.2 to 15 s/cm and dependent on the nature of the fibers. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Shellac reacts with acrylic acid to yield macromonomer which homopolymerizes and undergo graft copolymerization with styrene and methyl methacrylate in presence of a free radical initiator. High values of limiting viscosity numbers of the grafted copolymers indicate products of high molecular weight. The IR spectra suggest the formation of shellac based macromonomer and its graft copolymers.

The preparation of conducting fibers by electrochemical deposition of polypyrrole onto insulating polyester fibers in acetonitrile soultion of p-toluenesulfonic acid has been carried out. The insulating fibers became conducting on electrical treatment. The weight and electrical conductivity of the fibers increase with electrolysis time and decrease with temperature. The maximum conductivity was found to be about 16 S cm(-1). The successful polymerization of polypyrrole also fakes place at the polyester conducting fibers used as anode.

A study on the electrochemical grafting of polyaniline onto cotton, silk, and wool fibers was made. These insulating natural fibers became moderately conducting when they were subjected to electrical treatment in the polymerizing solution of aniline in aqueous HBF, medium. The weight gain of the fibers increased linearly and electrical resistance decreased with the time of electrolysis. The multiple cycled voltammograms of the solution of aniline in the aqueous solution of HBF, at the tip of conducting silk and wool fibers, which functioned as a microelectrode, were successfully recorded. The deep green polyaniline film was deposited on the fiber microelectrodes during electrolysis at +0.85 V vs. an Ag/Ag+ electrode. The IR spectra suggest the coordination between the polyaniline and fibers. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The electrochemical grafting of polyaniline onto cotton, silk and wool fibers was investigated. These insulating natural fibers were made conducting by subjecting them to electrical treatment in the electrochemically polymerizing solution of aniline in aqueous p-toluenesulfonic acid as electrolyte. The weight of the fibers increased monotonically and their electrical resistivity decreased with electrolysis time. The cyclic voltammograms of aniline in the aqueous solution of p-toluenesulfonic acid on micro-platinum-electrode and at the tip of conducting silk and wool fibers which functioned as microelectrode were recorded. The mechanism of the graft polymerization of aniline onto the fibers is suggested.

A red, water-soluble complex of nickel with PAR can be extracted into chloroform with CTAB at pH 7.0. The system obeys Beer's law upto 0.5 μg/ml with a molar absorptivity of 45 200 L·mol−1·cm−1 at 540 nm. Job's method of continuous variations revealed that the composition of the extracting species is 1:2:2 for nickel:PAR:CTAB. Based on this extraction, a highly sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method for the determination of nickel in polymetallic sea-bed nodules and in steels, after prior separation of iron and manganese, was developed. The standard deviation was 0.04–0.127 μg for 5–25 μg of nickel.

A sensitive Spectrophotometric method for the determination of iron with tiron and a cationic surfactant, cetylpyridinium chloride, at pH 5.6 is reported. The complex is extracted into a chloroform-propan-2-ol (4∶1) mixture and shows maximum absorbance at 520 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the range 1–14 μg/ml with an average molar absorptivity of 15800 l mol−1 cm−1. The molar ratio as determined by Job's method for Fe:tiron:CPC is 1∶4∶3. Interferences by various ions are examined. Zr, Ti and Mo interfere heavily. The method is applied for the determination of iron in Al-based and Cu-based alloys, using appropriate masking agents.

The polymerization of benzene was studied in bulk and in nitrobenzene using BF3O(C2H5)2 as a supporting electrolyte at platinum electrodes to obtain poly (p-phenylene). The polymers were formed as a black thready mass on the anode and their yields were restricted to the area of the anode in the electrochemical cell. The yields of the polymers formed in the bulk and in nitrobenzene were almost equal, although electrical resistances of the polymers obtained from the bulk were relatively lower. Cyclic voltammetry measurements suggest that the polymerization of benzene took place from the species generated anodically in situ.

The cyclic voltammograms of polyaniline prepared electrochemically were examined in the range -0.2 to 1.0 V vs. SCE in the presence and absence of aniline in the aqueous solution of HBF4. Cyclic voltammetry studies show that the polymeric film suffers degradation when the potential exceeds +0.85 V, and below this potential, it is quite stable. The redox reaction of the film is reversible. The polymeric film synthesized at low temperature and high acid concentration exhibits higher electronic conductivities.

The electrolysis of shellac in the aqueous ammoniacal solution leads to formation of adherent films onto different metal anodes such as Fe, Cu, Pt, and Pb. The yield of deposited films increases with the time of electrolysis and current levels and is dependent on the nature of electrode materials. Therefore, the film thickness is well controlled by the impressed current level and electrolysis time. The addition of methylacrylamide to the shellac solution gives more adherent and smoother coatings onto the metal sheets than those obtained in the absence of the monomer. The film formation also takes place potentiodynamically. A plausible reaction mechanism of the shellac coating is suggested. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The electrochemical polymerization of acrylonitrile was carried out in the solutions of tetrabutylammonium bromide and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide in N,N-dimethylformamide in a divided electrolytic cell. The formation of polyacrylonitrile of high molecular weight (7.6 X 10(4)) took place in the cathode compartment. The kinetics of the polymerization was investigated for different initial monomer concentrations, current levels, and electrode materials. The polymerization mechanism is anionic.

The polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole initiated with NO2 and SO2 in dichloroethane has been studied. The kinetics of polymerization were followed gravimetrically. The polymerization is fast with NO2 but a relatively slow rate was obtained with SO2. The polymerization with these gases appears to be initiated by a charge transfer mechanism.

The electrolysis of N-vinylcarbazole in the solution of quaternary ammonium salts in dichloroethane leads to polymer formation in the anolyte. The effect of monomer concentrations, current levels, and nature of supporting electrolytes on the polymerization has been investigated. The polymerization is free radical with bromide salt and cationic with perchlorate or hexachloroantimonate salt. The poly(N-vinylcarbazole) gets oxidized at the anode and can be cycled between the oxidized and neutral states. The oxidized polymers at the electrode may exhibit electrical conductivity.

Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid CommunicationsVolume 9, Issue 3 p. 171-173 Article Electroinitiated graft copolymerization of cellulose with acrylonitrile Suraj N. Bhadani, Corresponding Author Suraj N. Bhadani Department of Chemistry, Ranchi University, Ranchi-834008, IndiaDepartment of Chemistry, Ranchi University, Ranchi-834008, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorQayumuddin Ansari, Qayumuddin Ansari Department of Chemistry, Ranchi University, Ranchi-834008, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author Suraj N. Bhadani, Corresponding Author Suraj N. Bhadani Department of Chemistry, Ranchi University, Ranchi-834008, IndiaDepartment of Chemistry, Ranchi University, Ranchi-834008, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorQayumuddin Ansari, Qayumuddin Ansari Department of Chemistry, Ranchi University, Ranchi-834008, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1988 https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.1988.030090310Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 S. N. Bhadani, G. Parravano, "Electrochemical Polymerization", in " Organic Electrochemistry", 2nd Ed., edited by M. M. Baizer and H. Lund, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 1983, p. 995 Google Scholar 2 B. L. Funt, " Electrochemical Initiation", in " Encyl. Polym. Sci. Eng", Vol. 5, edited by Jacqueline I Kroschwitz, Wiley, New York 1986, p. 587 Google Scholar 3 R. V. Subramaniam, Adv. Polym. Sci. 33, 33 (1979) 10.1007/3-540-09456-3_2 Google Scholar 4 Ts. B. Vllandberg, V. I. Kurlyankina, N. V. Mirolyubova, M. D. Inshakov, Polym. Sci. USSR (Engl. Transl.) 21, 3073 (1980) 10.1016/0032-3950(79)90144-8 Google Scholar 5 E. P. Koval'chuk, N. S. Tsvetkov, M. Floshin, Elektrokhimiya 12, 1558 (1976) CASGoogle Scholar 6 S. N. Bhadani, Y. K. Prasad, Makromol. Chem. 178, 1841 (1977) 10.1002/macp.1977.021780624 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume9, Issue3March 1988Pages 171-173 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters EditionVolume 23, Issue 3 p. 155-160 Article Nitric acid-initiated polymerization of acrylamide in dimethylsulfoxide Mahendra Kumar Mishra, Corresponding Author Mahendra Kumar Mishra Chemistry Division, Indian Lac Research Institute, Namkum, Ranchi - 834010, IndiaChemistry Division, Indian Lac Research Institute, Namkum, Ranchi - 834010, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorSuraj N. Bhadani, Suraj N. Bhadani Chemistry Department, Ranchi University, Ranchi-834008, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author Mahendra Kumar Mishra, Corresponding Author Mahendra Kumar Mishra Chemistry Division, Indian Lac Research Institute, Namkum, Ranchi - 834010, IndiaChemistry Division, Indian Lac Research Institute, Namkum, Ranchi - 834010, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorSuraj N. Bhadani, Suraj N. Bhadani Chemistry Department, Ranchi University, Ranchi-834008, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1985 https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1985.130230307Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 L. V. Natarajan and M. Santappa, J. Polym. Sci. A-1, 6, 3245 (1968). 2 H. Narita and S. Machida, Makromol. Chem., 97, 209 (1966). 3 S. N. Bhadani and Y. K. Prasad, Makromol. Chem., 178, 1841 (1977). 4 S. N. Bhadani and Y. K. Prasad, J. Polym. Sci., B, 17, 493 (1979). 5 S. N. Bhadani and S. Kundu, Makromol. Chem. Rapid Commun., 1, 281 (1980). 6 M. K. Mishra and S. N. Bhadani, Polym. Commun., 24, 247 (1983). 7 V. F. Gromov, N. I. Galperina, T. O. Osmanov, P. M. Khomikovskii, and A. D. Abkin, Eur. Polym. J., 16, 529 (1980). 8 V. F. Kurenkov and V. A. Myagchenkov, Eur. Polym. J., 16, 1229 (1980). 9 J. A. Pyle, A. M. Zovody, J. E. Harries, and P. H. Moffat, Nature, 305, 690 (1983). 10 M. K. Mishra and S. N. Bhadani, J. Polym. Sci., 22, 491 (1984). 11 M. K. Mishra and S. N. Bhadani, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., in press. 12 M. K. Mishra and S. N. Bhadani, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., in press. 13 P. J. Flory, Principles of Polymer Chemistry, Cornell U. P., Ithaca, NY, 1953, p. 115. 14 G. Saini, A. Leoni, and S. Franco, Makromol. Chem., 144, 235 (1971). 15 M. Okawara, Yuki Gosei Kyokaishi, 25, 1223 (1967). Citing Literature Volume23, Issue3March 1985Pages 155-160 ReferencesRelatedInformation