The quick and efficient analysis of antibiotic residues in food and environmental samples is a major challenge. In the current work, a ternary rGO-Fe3O4/TiO2 nanocomposite was prepared and used as an effective electrocatalytic sensing platform to electrochemically detect chloramphenicol (CAP). The synergistic co-assembly of the conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO), redox-active Fe3O4 NPs, and semiconducting TiO2 was able to create a heterostructured interface to allow fast transfer of electrons and increase surface-active sites. The success of the hybrid nanocomposite with the uniform dispersion of metal oxides all over the rGO sheets was confirmed with the help of structural and morphological characterization. Electrochemical studies revealed a large reduction in current towards CAP as opposed to that of the single components, and this is a strong sign of electrocatalytic activity. The modified electrode was found to have high sensitivity, a large linear detection range, a low detection limit, excellent repeatability, and reasonable selectivity in the presence of possible interfering species. In particular, quantitative parameters like the limit of detection (LOD = 0.88 & micro;M), limit of quantification (LOQ = 2.95 & micro;M), sensitivity (4.01 & micro;A & micro;M-1 cm-2), linear range of detection (2-100 & micro;M), relative standard deviation (RSD = 1.79%) in reproducibility. These extensions give a more accurate picture of the sensor in terms of its analytical capabilities and usability. The findings provide a more concise emphasis on the importance, robustness, and sensitivity of the developed rGO-Fe3O4/TiO2-based electrochemical sensor to detect chloramphenicol. Moreover, the sensor was found to be stable in real sample analysis, which implies its potential use in environmental and food safety monitoring. The synergistic interactions between charge-transfer and the higher adsorption capacity of the rGO-Fe3O4/TiO2 ternary system are responsible for the enhanced sensing performance.

Hydrazine electro-oxidation (HzEO) and water oxidation reaction (WOR) offer high energy conversion efficiency and applicability in electrolysis cells and direct hydrazine fuel cells (DHFC). However, the unavailability of affordable and robust catalysts hinders the widespread commercialization of these devices. In this work, RuO2- CuO/Al2O3 ternary composites, synthesized by co-impregnation technique are presented as efficient novel electrocatalysts for HzEO and WOR. Average crystallite size of 59.2 nm, enlarged electrochemical surface area i. e., 0.87 cm2, nanosized pores and higher oxygen vacancies indicated a more facile and super-efficient catalysis phenomenon over ternary catalysts. Electrochemical analysis perceived via voltammetric cycling and impedance measurements complimented the structural modifications and produced an enhanced electrocatalytic output in alkaline environment. Higher diffusion coefficient (10.4 x 10 4 cm2 s-1), larger rate constant (6.3 x 10- 7 cm s-1), reduced Rct (5.1 k Omega), and enhanced current density (9.3 mA cm- 2) suggested a feasible and proficient catalysis mechanism over the 1.0% RuO2- CuO/Al2O3 electrode. Robust reactions occurred on the RuO2- CuO/ Al2O3 catalysts paved a pathway towards their extensive electrochemical investigations for energy conversion processes.

This study introduces the environmentally friendly synthesis of Ag2O, TiO2, and Ni-doped SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and their application in detecting and removing bromothymol blue (BTB) dye from wastewater. The unique electronic properties and quantum size effects of NPs allow them to surpass conventional materials. Characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles was conducted through spectroscopic and voltammetric techniques. TiO2 NPs, in conjunction with amine-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (NH2-fMWCNTs) enhanced the sensitivity of the transducer, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed effective charge transport through the designed sensing platform. The sensor was found to exhibit the qualities of repeatability, specificity, and reproducibility, achieving a detection limit of 0.1 nM for BTB dye. For wastewater purification from BTB, Ag2O NPs were employed as a photocatalyst and the photocatalytic degradation monitored with electronic absorption spectroscopy revealed a 92% degradation of BTB dye within 30 minutes. Furthermore, Ni-doped SnO2 NPs were utilized for the adsorptive removal of the dye, demonstrating a maximum adsorption capacity of 90.90 mg g-1. The adsorption mechanism adhered to the Langmuir model at lower BTB concentrations and the Freundlich model at higher concentrations, with kinetics aligning with the intra-particle diffusion model. This research underscores the promise of electrocatalytic and photocatalytic nanomaterials as scalable, sustainable, and eco-friendly approaches to combat water pollution.

Two-dimensional materials offer considerable potential in electrocatalytic water splitting however, their inherent activity can be further enhanced by improving electronic properties of these materials with interface engineering that can play an important role in fabricating heterostructures. Herein, we fabricated a heterostructure catalyst comprising FeOCl integrated with g-C3N4 via a low-temperature thermal annealing method. The as-synthesized electrocatalyst was investigated via UV–visible, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDS and XPS analysis. Electrochemical analysis revealed that the as-prepared catalyst efficiently catalyzes both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions represented as HER and OER during water splitting. FeOCl/g-C3N4 exhibited the best HER performance, achieving an overpotential of 235 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, accompanied by a Tafel slope of 86.26 mV dec−1. The synthesized catalyst also demonstrated efficient electrocatalytic performance for OER. Chronoamperometric test revealed the stable nature of the synthesized electrocatalyst by retaining electrocatalytic activity for up to 24 h on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Additionally, the reduced charge transfer resistance and increased active surface area contributed to enhanced interfacial kinetics at the heterostructure, rendering it as an efficient water-splitting catalyst. This is the first report on the electrocatalytic role of FeOCl/g-C3N4 as a bifunctional water splitting electrocatalyst with appealing figures of merit. This advancement in high performance water splitting catalysis can drive clean energy technologies for progressing research towards no or lower carbon emissions.

Application of nanotechnology in the modern electrochemical sensing methods is among the most conspicuous concerns of the current research community. Development of nanomaterials for advanced electrochemical sensors is mainly addressed in this chapter. Electrochemical devices, fabricated with nanomaterials, lead to enhanced electrochemical conductive output, which makes them one of the most fascinating tools for upgradation of modern sensing applications; they are discussed here. The current challenges facing nanomaterials and future aspects of application of electrochemical sensors in nanotechnology are also discussed.

Direct hydrazine fuel cells (DHFC) insist on the evolved and persistent electrocatalysts for anodic hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR). Herein, PdO promoted CuO heterostructures supported on gamma-Al2O3 are depicted as efficient electrocatalysts for HzOR. gamma-Al2O3 is prepared by precipitation method while metal precursors are incorporated by co-impregnation technique. Physiochemically characterized PdO-CuO/Al2O3 mesoporous composites displayed large electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) i. e., 0.18 cm(2), high current density (j) i. e., 35.7 mA cm(-2), larger diffusion coefficient (D degrees) i. e., 29.3x10(-4) (cm(2)s(-1)), large apparent rate constant (k(app)) i. e., 13.2 cm(-1) with low charge transfer resistance (R-ct) i. e., 3.6 k Omega shown by the best catalyst i. e., 1 % PdO-CuO/Al2O3. Cyclic voltammetry indicated that the fabricated working electrodes offer high efficiency towards HzOR in alkaline medium in such a way that 1 % PdO-CuO/Al2O3 produced 600 times higher oxidation current than CuO/Al2O3 composite. Owing to stability and reproducibility, PdO modified CuO/Al2O3 would achieve a huge catalytic significance in multiple electrochemical oxidation reactions with economic and ecological benefits.

RET proto-oncogene encodes receptor tyrosine kinase. Selpercatinib and pralsetinib are the only RET-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors approved by FDA in RET-altered tumors. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, WOS, and Clinicaltrials.gov. Objective-response, complete-response, and partial-response were 60-89%, 0-11%, and 55-89%, respectively, with the use of RET-specific drugs. >= Grade 3 adverse events were seen in 28-53% of the patients, with hypertension, change in ALT, QT prolongation, neutropenia, and pneumonitis among the common side effects. Hence, selpercatinib and pralsetinib were effective and well tolerated by most of the patients with RET-altered tumors.

A solvothermal method was used to synthesize the mesoporous TiO2, (1-3w %) Cu-doped mesoporous TiO2 membrane with the help of a bioreactor. To understand the physicochemical composition of all synthesized nanomaterials, the structure, morphology and crystallinity of the materials were studied using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Under artificial light source (500 W mercury bulb) irradiations, the nano catalysts' catalytic effectiveness was examined for the azo dyes, namely Congo red. Cu-doping causes a shift in the light absorption of mTiO2 from the ultraviolet to the visible region. The 3w% Cu-doped mTiO2 photocatalyst exhibits lower band gap energy (2.6eV) than TiO2 which is 3.2 eV to efficiently utilize solar energy. As a result, the light absorption was shifted towards the visible spectrum. The recommended mTiO2 and (1, 2, 3) w% Cu-doped mTiO2 photocatalysts were used to photodegrade Congo red and methylene blue. For the degradation of CR, the mTiO2 photocatalyst exhibited 61% and 3w% Cu-doped mTiO2 demonstrated 99% photocatalytic performance after 50 min. A variety of scavengers were also utilized to distinguish the active species by catching the radicals and holes created during the process of photocatalytic degradation. CV indicates the presence of Cu2+ and Cu1+ in Cu-doped mTiO2. Oxygen vacancies and the electronegative surface of Cu1+ seem to perform the photocatalytic reduction of CR.

Chromium oxide (Cr2O3) has been considered as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, it is accompanied by a large volumetric expansion which compromises battery performance by damaging internal structure of the material. In this study, dual modification is achieved by developing Cr2O3 nanocomposite with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by inexpensive and reproducible coprecipitation method which reduces volume changes by enhancing electronic conductivity and mechanical strength. Meanwhile, polyaniline (PANI) coating was employed by in-situ polymerization of aniline monomer that promotes lithium-ion conductivity and facilitates high electron transportation, thus resulting in excellent stability. This research mainly signifies the effect of PANI coating, where PANI offers conductive contact between active material and electrolyte. The homogenous nanocomposite of Cr2O3-MWCNTs and PANI exhibit good electrochemical performance. A discharge capacity of Cr2O3-MWCNTs(12%)-PANI is found to be 815 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 with coulombic efficiency of 97.5 %. Moreover, the nanocomposite exhibits good rate capability and cyclic stability.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been explored to meet the current energy demands; however, the development of satisfactory anode materials is a bottleneck for the enhancement of the electrochemical performance of LIBs. Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity of 1117 mAhg−1 along with low toxicity and cost; however, it suffers from low conductivity and volume expansion, which limits its implementation as the anode. These problems can be overcome by adopting several strategies such as carbon nanomaterial incorporation and polyaniline (PANI) coating. Co-precipitation method was used to synthesize α-MoO3, and multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) were introduced into the active material. Moreover, these materials were uniformly coated with PANI using in situ chemical polymerization. The electrochemical performance was evaluated by galvanostatic charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). XRD analysis revealed the presence of orthorhombic crystal phase in all the synthesized samples. MWCNTs enhanced the conductivity of the active material, reduced volume changes and increased contact area. MoO3-(CNT)12% exhibited high discharge capacities of 1382 mAhg−1 and 961 mAhg−1 at current densities of 50 mAg−1 and 100 mAg−1, respectively. Moreover, PANI coating enhanced cyclic stability, prevented side reactions and increased electronic/ionic transport. The good capacities due to MWCNTS and the good cyclic stability due to PANI make these materials appropriate for application as the anode in LIBs.

Progress in Petrochemical Science A Mini Review on Progress of Nanostructured Anode Materials for Sodium Ion Battery Laraib Kirana1, Muhammad Imran Shahzad3, Muhammad Kamran Khan2, Uzair Naeem3 and Syed Sakhawat Shah1* 1Chemistry Department, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan 2Physics Department, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan 3Nanosciences and Technology Department (NS&TD), National Centre for Physics (NCP), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan *Corresponding author:Syed Sakhawat Shah, Chemistry Department, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan Submission: October 27, 2023;Published: November 20, 2023 DOI: 10.31031/PPS.2023.05.000625 ISSN 2637-8035Volume5 Issue5

Ammonia is an ideal alternative of hydrogen with high hydrogen content and environmental safety but production of hydrogen from ammonia is deterred by developing active and affordable catalysts. Herein, we report PdO and RuO2 promoted ZnO/Al2O3 ternary materials as efficient and robust electrocatalysts towards AEO. Little weight percentages of PdO and RuO2 i.e., 0.1 %, 0.5 % and 1 % are added into 20 % ZnO/Al2O3 via coimpregnation method followed by rotatory ball milling to achieve uniform morphology. Prepared metal oxide catalysts exhibited nanocrystallite sizes and mesoporous structure thereby enhancing the electronic and catalytic properties. Adsorption-desorption isotherms and BJH diagrams revealed mesoporous structure of the catalysts with nanosized pores endorsing high surface area. Electroanalytical techniques applied to study AEO using 1 M NH3 showed that the developed materials effectively electro-catalyzed the reaction observed in alkaline medium i.e. 0.1 M KOH. Varying scan rate indicated it as a diffusion controlled process offering high diffusion coefficient. Ternary metal oxides gave the promoted and improved catalytic output displaying high current density "j" (307 mu A cm-2 and 742 mu A cm- 2 at 10 mV s- 1) and low charge transfer resistance "Rct" (24.1 and 9.7 kO) with RuO2ZnO/Al2O3 and PdO-ZnO/Al2O3, respectively. These electrochemical possessions are attributed to half-filled dorbitals of Pd and Ru. In this way, PdO and RuO2 promoted ZnO mixed metal oxide electrocatalysts reported for the first time could be employed to accelerate high-performance efficient energy generating technologies.

Direct hydrazine liquid fuel cell (DHFC) is perceived as effectual energy generating mean owing to high con-version efficiency and energy density. However, the development of well-designed, cost effective and high performance electrocatalysts is the paramount to establish DHFCs as efficient energy generating technology. Herein, gamma alumina supported copper oxide nanocatalysts (CuO/Al2O3) are synthesized via impregnation method and investigated for their electrocatalytic potential towards hydrazine oxidation reaction. CuO with different weight percentages i.e., 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20% are impregnated on gamma alumina support. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the cubic crystal structure and nanosized particles of the prepared metal oxides. Transmission electron microscopy also referred to the cubic morphology and nanoparticle formation. Electro-chemical oxidation potential of the CuO/Al2O3 nanoparticles is explored via cyclic voltammetry as the analytical tool. Optimization of conditions and electrocatalytic studies shown that 16% CuO/Al2O3 presented the best electronic properties towards N2H2 oxidation reaction. BET analysis ascertained the high surface area (131.2546 m2 g1) and large pore diameter (0.279605 cm3 g-1) for 16% CuO/Al2O3. Nanoparticle formation, high porosity and enlarged surface area of the proposed catalysts resulted in significant oxidation current output (600 mu A), high current density (8.2 mA cm-2) and low charge transfer resistance (3.7 k Omega). Electrooxidation of hydrazine on such an affordable and novel electrocatalyst opens a gateway to further explore the metal oxide impregnated alumina materials for different electrochemical applications.

Lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnPO4) and a series of chromium-doped lithium manganese phosphate with variation in Cr content LiCrxMn1-xPO4 (x = 0.03, 0.06, 0.1) were prepared via conventional sol-gel method and their dielectric properties have been explored as a function of frequency. The structure and morphology were investigated by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The influence of frequency upon electrical conductivity as well as di-electric properties of the as-synthesized LiCrxMn1-xPO4 materials have been analyzed by dielectric parameters and AC conductivity using impedance analyzer. It was observed that dielectric constant increased with frequency at lower chromium concentration while at higher chromium contents, the dielectric constant was decreased with increasing frequency. Hence, the composition with highest Cr content (ie, x = 0.1) is proved as best material for various applications owing to its lowest AC-conductivity and lowest dielectric loss. Therefore, it is revealed that chromium doping is quite advantageous for performance of LiMnPO4 in device applications as Cr doped LiMnPO4 unveiled improved dielectric loss.

This manuscript describes the preparation and characterization of silica-nickel oxide (SiO2-NiO) xerogel nanocomposite and its catalytic application in the hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol. Hydrochloric acid and ammonium hydroxide were used as the acid and base catalyst, respectively during the synthesis of SiO2-NiO. The Fourier Transformation Infra-Red spectroscopic results supported the formation of the silica xerogel skeleton structure with corresponding characteristic peaks of siloxane linkage. The surface of SiO2-NiO xerogel nanocomposite was observed to be porous along with some irregular cracks. The X-Ray diffraction analysis showed that the SiO2-NiO xerogel nanocomposite was amorphous in nature. The synthesized xerogel nanocomposite was employed as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol with sodium borohydride in water. The rate of hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol was observed to be increased with the increased amount of catalyst as well as the temperature. The maximum reduction rate of p-nitrophenol was found as high as 0.26 min-1.