OBJECTIVE:The Hounsfield unit density value (HUDV) is a relative quantitative measurement of radio density used by radiologists in the interpretation of computed tomography (CT) images. Our aim is to investigate the role of HUDV in evaluating pre-epiglottic space (PES) involvement of laryngeal carcinoma. METHODS:Seventy-four patients treated for laryngeal carcinoma in our clinic between 2014 and 2019 were included in the study. The invasion status of PES was determined radiologically and pathologically. HUDV was measured with a circular selected region of interest, with a constant size of 10 mm2 for PES. The relationship between patological PES invasion, radiological PES invasion, and HUDV was evaluated. RESULTS:Measuring HUDV to determine PES invasion (74.3 %) was significantly higher than​​ conventional CT evaluation (59.5 %) (p = 0.001). The agreement coefficient (kappa value) of the conventional CT evaluation and the HUDV regarding PES involvement was 0.673, which was interpreted as 'good'. CONCLUSION:HUDV could be used as an additional tool in diagnosing pre-epiglottic space invasion in laryngeal cancer.

Objectives: Our aim in this study is to assess the effect of factors such as age, etiology, defect size, application of lumbar drainage and surgical technique on Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) fistula repair success rates. Methods: The Electronic Medical Records (EMR) system of our clinic was retrospectively reviewed for cases that were operated between 2006 and 2020 for CSF fistula originating from anterior skull base with endoscopic transnasal technique. A total of 35 patients were included in the study. Patients were grouped according to the number of layers used in repair (two, three or fourlayered reconstruction) and defect size (smaller than 5 mm, 5 to 10 mm and larger than 10mm), etiology, location of the defect and application of lumbar drainage as LD (+) and LD (-). Complications and CSF leak recurrence were compared between groups. Results: Recurrence rates in patients who had 2 layered reconstructions were significantly higher compared to patients who had 3 or 4 layered reconstructions (p=0.049). The recurrence rate in LD (+) group (41.7%) was significantly lower compared to LD (-) group (4.3%) (p=0.012). There were no significant difference in recurrence rates between groups in terms of age, defect size, defect location and etiology. Conclusion: In endoscopic transnasal repair of anterior skull base -derived bos fistulas, planning the reconstruction at least 3 times and applying lumbar CSF drainage increases the success rates.

Laryngeal heterotopic transplantation, although a technically challenging procedure, offers more scientific analysis and cost benefits compared to other animal models. Although first described by Shipchandler et al. in 2009, this technique is not widely used, possibly due to the difficulties in learning the microsurgical technique and time required to master it. This paper describes the surgical steps in detail, as well as potential pitfalls to avoid, in order to encourage effective use of this technique. In this model, the bilateral carotid arteries of the donor larynx are anastomosed to the recipient carotid artery and external jugular vein, allowing for blood flow through the graft. Blood flow can be confirmed intraoperatively by the visualization of blood filling in the graft bilateral carotid arteries, reddening of the thyroid glands of the graft, and bleeding from micro vessels in the graft. The crucial elements for success include delicate preservation of the graft vessels, making the correct size arteriotomy and venotomy, and using the appropriate number of sutures on the arterial-arterial and arterial-venous anastomoses to secure vessels without leakage and prevent occlusion. Anyone can become proficient in this model with sufficient training and perform the procedure in approximately 3 h. If performed successfully, this model allows for immunologic studies to be performed with ease and at low cost.

Objectives: Our aim is to determine prevalence, severity, duration of otorhinolaryngologic symptoms related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and correlation between the test results obtained by oronasopharyngeal swab and the symptoms of these regions by evaluating differences in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) symptoms between laboratory- confirmed COVID-19 patients and clinically and computed tomography (CT)-diagnosed COVID-19 patients. Methods: The study enrolled patients with a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test diagnosed with COVID-19 that grouped as PCR (+), and those with repeated negative PCR tests but COVID-19 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS) chest CT findings with high (CO-RADS 5) or very high (CO-RADS 6) similarity to COVID-19 that grouped as PCR(-)/CT(+). Demographic features, general symptoms, and otorhinolaryngological symptoms and severity of disease were evaluated and compared. Results: The most common ENT symptoms in the PCR(+) group were loss of taste (n=77), loss of smell, and sore throat with respective frequencies of 34.5%, 31.8%, 26.0%, and in PCR(-) CT (+) group loss of taste, loss of smell, and sore throat with respective frequencies 24.6%, 21.1%, and 18.4%. ENT symptom rates were found higher in PCR (+) group (65.0%) according to PCR(-)/CT(+) group (49.1%) with statistically significant difference (p=0.008). Loss of smell rates were found higher in PCR (+) group according to PCR(-)/CT(+) group with statistically significant difference (p=0.037). Conclusion: Loss of smell and taste were most common ENT symptoms in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases. The presence of COVID-19 should definitely be considered in patients presenting with sudden loss of smell or taste. In addition, loss of smell and otolaryngologic symptoms were more common in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 according to clinically and computed tomograpy diagnosed COVID-19 cases. There can be a correlation between positive sample region and symptom region. Location of symptoms must be considered for decision of sampling location.

Objectives:The objective of this study was to determine prevalance, severity, course, and long-term findings of smell and taste disorders of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in mild-moderate and severe-critical disease spectrum.Methods:All adult patients conducted in our hospital with positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 between March and April 2020 were surveyed during disease course and those with olfactory and taste loss were re-surveyed to determine the course and progress of these symptoms after at least 12-month follow-up. Demographic features and clinical findings were evaluated as well as disease severity.Results:A total of 77 patients with smell and/or taste loss symptoms were included in the study. At diagnosis, 58 (75.3%) patients had loss of smell and 75 (97.4%) had loss of taste. After a follow-up period of 12-14 months, 12 (15.6%) patients had ongoing loss of smell and six (8%) patients had ongoing loss of taste. Three (3.9%) patients complained of cacosmia and 5 (6.5%) complained of parosmia at follow-up. The presence of ongoing visual analog scale scores of smell and/or taste was not statistically significant between male and female patients. When presence and severity of symptoms were compared by disease severity, no statistically significant difference was found.Conclusion:Smell and taste loss seem to be among the presenting symptoms of COVID-19. The prognosis and the treatment of the smell loss and taste loss in COVID-19 patients remains unclear. To improve and accelerate recovery, the pathophysiology and the treatment options must be validated.

The objective of the study was to determine whether Hounsfield Unit density would differentiate between cholesteatoma and other causes of opacification, such as granulation tissue in previously operated ears. Temporal bone computer tomography (CT) scans of 47 patients, who had revision mastoid surgeries, were evaluated retrospectively. A circular 5 mm2 region of interest (ROI) was placed at aditus ad antrum to measure Hounsfield Unit (HU) density. There was no statistically significant difference between cholesteatoma and non-cholesteatoma groups in terms of HU densities. Intraclass correlation coefficient test showed an intraclass correlation of 0.41 between measurements done by radiologists and otorhinolaryngologists, which showed poor reliability. Contrary to previous studies in unoperated ears, in operated ears HU density at aditus level cannot be a reliable diagnostic adjunct. Moreover, when it is considered that interrater reliability was poor between radiologists' and otolaryngologists' measurements, a need for further studies arise to solidify findings in this study. Key Words: Cholesteatoma diagnostic imaging, Middle ear surgery, Revision mastoidectomy.

We present a case of Giant Cell-Rich Solitary Fibrous Tumor also known as Giant cell angiofibroma, occuring in sublingual region, to our knowledge, which has never been reported before. Forty-nine years old female who presented with painless, slowly growing mass in the sublingual region underwent excisional surgery and was diagnosed with giant cell-rich solitary fibrous tumor previously referred to as giant cell angiofibroma. In our report, we aimed to report the unusual localization of this rare tumor, examine the new nomenclature and classification of giant cell-rich solitary sibrous tumor or giant cell angiofibroma and review the literature regarding head and neck localization of this tumor.

To determine prevalence, severity, duration, and time from onset to diagnosis of general and Otorhinolaryngologic symptoms related to COVID-19 in whole disease spectrum: from mild to critical patients. All adult patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA found in nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs between March 10 and April 21, 2020 were surveyed by the authors for new onset symptoms during disease course. Demographic features, general symptoms, and Otorhinolaryngological symptoms were evaluated and compared by disease severity. Of 223 included patients, 18.4% had mild, 61.4%; moderate, 14.3%; severe, and 5.8%; critical disease. Median age was 51 (range 20–93), 113 (50.7%) were male and 110 (49.3%) were female. The most common general symptoms were fatigue, cough, and fever with respective frequencies of 71.3%, 54.3%, and 50.7%. The most common Otorhinolaryngologic symptoms were taste loss, smell loss, and sore throat with respective frequencies of 34.5%, 31.8%, and 26%. Fatigue, fever, and dyspnea were more common in severe-critical patients compared to mild–moderate patients (p = 0.029, p = 0.016, and p < 0.001, respectively). Only smell loss was more common in mild–moderate group (p = 0.003). Prevalence of other symptoms did not differ between groups. Symptom durations and onset time to diagnosis varied. When compared to the previous studies, while general symptoms were less common, Otorhinolaryngologic symptoms were more common in our study population. Considering high infection risks, Otorhinolaryngologists should be aware of COVID-19 patients presenting with Otorhinolaryngologic complaints.

Objectives: For the treatment of the inferior turbinate hypertrophy that is unresponsive to medical treatment, turbinate surgery with radiofrequency is a widely used method. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of turbinate surgery with radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of turbinate hypertrophy, and compare the results of patients with allergic rhinitis and non-allergic rhinitis. Methods: A total of 59 consecutive patients aged 18-67 years (mean 37 +/- 13) who underwent radiofrequency ablation to the inferior turbinate at our tertiary care hospital from September 2017 to January 2018 were enrolled in this prospective nonrandomized clinical study. The patients with allergic rhinitis (n=23) were classed as group 1, and the patients with non-allergic rhinitis (n=36) were classed as group 2. Endoscopic nasal examination and an acoustic rhinometer were applied, and a standard 0-10 visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess nasal symptoms preoperatively and postoperatively at the third and sixth months. Results: The study found a significant reduction in nasal obstruction for both groups postoperatively. This reduction was higher in group 1. The decrease in nasal VAS scores for itching, rhinorrhea, and sneezing were statistically significant in group 1, whereas the decrease in nasal VAS scores for sneezing was significant in group 2. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that radiofrequency appears to be an effective and safe treatment option for inferior turbinate hypertrophy of patients with allergic rhinitis or non-allergic rhinitis. It also provides a better perception of all nasal symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis, and a better perception of nasal obstruction and sneezing in patients with non-allergic rhinitis.

The relationship between intermittent nocturnal hypoxia and albuminuria in pediatric patients with adenotonsillar hypertrophy was evaluated in this prospective study. Fifty children with grade 3 to 4 adenotonsillar hypertrophy scheduled for adenoidectomy and/or adenotonsillectomy were selected for study group. Fifteen patients with adenotonsillar grade 1 to 2 or adenotonsillectomized subjects in a similar range of sex, age, and body mass index scheduled for other surgeries were selected for control group. All children were monitored using finger pulse oximeter during the night before surgery. At the day of surgery, first morning urine samples were sent to the laboratory for analysis of albuminuria. Albuminuria was determined in 8 (16%) patients in study group and 1 (6.7%) patient in control group. This difference between groups was determined not to be statistically significant (P> 0.05). None of the pulse oximetry parameters was also found to be associated with albuminuria statistically (P> 0.05). However, the adenoid grade was observed to be associated with albuminuria (P = 0.011). This study revealed no relationship between albuminuria and intermittent hypoxia in children, although previous studies have reported that intermittent hypoxia causes albuminuria in adults. On the contrary, the adenoid grade was found to be in association with albuminuria. The reason seems to be unclear because of the lack of studies investigating albuminuria in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. However, inflammatory mediators arising from adenoid tissue may cause increase in renal capillary permeability and urine albumin excretion.

OBJECTIVES: In 2011, in the context of a research project, bupropion and varenicline were distributed to smoking cessation clinics by the Ministry of Health of Turkey to be prescribed free of charge by a computer-based system. In the present study, we compared smoking cessation rates between patients who were prescribed free medications during the period of the project and those who had to pay for their medication.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Six hundred four patients who applied during the project period were given either bupropion or varenicline, which were prescribed using an algorithm-based computer system. Three hundred sixteen patients who applied after that period were prescribed medicines deemed appropriate by the attending physician but had to pay for the medication on their own. Follow-up visits were arranged for one year. Carbon monoxide (CO) levels in the expired air were used as indicators of cessation.RESULTS: A total of 537 patients began treatment, of which 438 (81.6%) applied during the first period (group 1) and 99 (18.4%) applied during the second period (group 2). The mean age and concomitant disease presence were higher in the second-period patients (p < 0.05). Advanced age, comorbidities, pathological findings in spirometry, and chest X-ray were also higher in those who paid for the cost of their treatment (p= 0.009, 0.001, 0.006, 0.001, respectively). Smoking cessation rates were found to be 14.8% and 27.3% after six months (p= 0.008) and 10.7% and 18.2% after one year (p= 0.059), respectively, for group 1 and group 2. Age, dependence score, cigarettes smoked (as pack-years), and percentage of patients who paid for the treatment were found to be significantly higher (p< 0.001, 0.021, 0.018, 0.001, respectively) for those who quit smoking at the end of six months. For the patients who quit smoking at the end of one year, age was found to be significantly higher (p= 0.008), and the number of males was higher, although the difference was not statistically significant (p= 0.05). When logistic regression analysis was applied, age, dependence score, and paid treatment were found to be independent variables (p= 0.002, 0.008, 0.012, respectively) for those who quit smoking at the end of six months. Only age was found to be an independent variable for those who quit smoking at the end of one year (p= 0.029).CONCLUSION: More smokers could receive treatment by the distribution of free drugs. However, quitting rates at the end of six months were higher when patients had to pay for their treatment. On the other hand, quitting rates at the end of one year were not affected by whether the treatment was paid for or free of charge. The most important factor increasing quitting rates at the end of six months and one year was found to be advanced age.

Intima-media thickening (IMT), which is the early finding of carotid artery atherosclerosis, has been shown to be associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). In our study, we aimed to assess prospectively the effect of severity of OSAS and snoring on carotid artery IMT.

OBJECTIVES:We monitored increases in CO 2 levels during sleep by measuring transcutaneous pCO 2 (PtcCO 2 ) to determine its relationship with polysomnographic data in normocapnic patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). MATERIAL AND METHODS:Between October 2011 and December 2012, 139 patients underwent PtcCO 2 monitoring with polysomnography.All patients were evaluated with arterial blood gas (ABG) measurements and pulmonary function tests (PFTs).We excluded 13 patients with COPD and/or daytime hypercapnia and 29 patients whose PtcCO 2 records could not be evaluated. RESULTS:The patients' mean age was 46.8±10.3years.Fifty-nine patients (60.8%) were male, and 38 (39.2%) patients were female.The mean overnight PtcCO 2 was ≤45 mm Hg in 84 (86.6%) patients and >45 mm Hg in 13 (13.4%)patients.In the group with PtcCO 2 >45 mm Hg, 10 patients had an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) >15, and 3 patients had an AHI<15, without a statistically significant difference (p=0.078).The mean apnea and apnea/interapnea periods were similar.The mean PtcCO 2 values correlated with time spent when the SpO 2 was <90% (r=0.220,p<0.031).When we grouped the patients by AHI, 60 (61.8%) patients had an AHI>15 (moderate to severe OSAS), and 37 (37.2%) had an AHI<15 (mild OSAS).Of the former group, 16.7% had a mean PtcCO 2 >45 mm Hg, whereas this ratio was 8.1% in the latter group.The difference was not statistically significant (p=0.359).In the group with an AHI>15, the highest PtcCO 2 levels were significantly higher (p<0.05). CONCLUSION:We conclude that seemingly eucapnic OSAS patients may experience hypercapnia when sleeping, and PtcCO 2 monitoring may be useful in the early diagnosis of hypercapnia.