Introduction: Cancers are ranked among diseases with increasing prevalence and which treatment is based on cytotoxic products. The elimination of these products can be stopped by the deficiency of an enzyme which plays an important role in metabolism (DPD). This phenomenon can be the trigger of side effects. It is within this context that we decided to assay parameters (uracil, dihydrouracil) that allow us to evaluate the activity of DPD. Methods: The study was carried out in patients with cancer. All clinical signs after chemotherapy were recorded. A blood sample was taken from these patients on EFTA tube and centrifuged at 4000 revolutions per minute for 8 minutes. Uracil (U) and Dihydrouracil (UH2) parameters were determined using the HPLC method after extraction. Results: In our study population, we identified 29 patients who had not yet started chemotherapy whereas 74 had already started. Of those who started chemotherapy, 92% had side effects and only 8% were found without symptoms. In patients with U < 16 ng/ml, 45 had side effects while 20 did not. Patients with UH2/U >13; 25 had adverse effects while 12 did not. Regarding DPD status among patients without DPD deficiency, 22 had adverse effects (21.4%) and 12 did not (11.7%). Conclusion: The association between uracil concentrations and side effects showed that uracil levels above 150 ng/ml were consistently related to serious side effects, such as vomiting, diarrhea and general fatigue.

Introduction: Cancers are a real public health problem. Their prevalence varies greatly among the world population and many therapeutic strategies, such as chemotherapy, have been put in place and most chemotherapy protocols are based on products containing fluoropyrimidines. However, the use of the suggested products can cause side effects in patients who are deficient in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase enzyme, which plays an important role in the metabolism of fluoropyrimidine products. Our study was conducted in this context to determine the activity of this enzyme in a population with cancer. Methods: This is a prospective study whose sample collection took place during the months of July and August 2021. The study involved 103 cancer patients were selected following a questionnaire and a consultation of the chemotherapy protocol. Blood samples were taken on EDTA tubes and uracil (U) and dihydrouracil (UH2) were measured using HPLC. Results: In our study population, the mean age is 49.77 years ±2.46 years. And women were the most affected, representing 83% of patients and a sex ratio of 0.19. 47% of women had breast cancer, 25% had cervical cancer, 6% had ovarian cancer, 3% had rectal cancer, and 1% had other types of cancers such as vulvar, bladder, stomach, pelvic colon, chest, throat, and cheek/eye and cavirum. For the UH2/U ratio, the mean value was 12.6 ± 0.48 with a standard deviation of 4.91 ± 0.95. DPD activity was normal in 33% of our patients, while 66.9% had a partial deficit and 0.1% had a total deficit. The 40 to 50 years and 50 to 60 age groups had high deficiency in this enzyme (21.3% and 20.3% respectively), with a total deficiency observed specifically in the 40 to 50 age group. Conclusion: The results of our study highlighted the importance of screening for DPD deficiency prior to fluoropyrimidine administration. Screening makes it possible to identify patients at risk and to adapt chemotherapy doses, accordingly, thus reducing the incidence of severe and potentially fatal toxicities.

Introduction : In December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. It quickly spread to other parts of the world. Advances in the field of pathophysiology have shown that co-expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) receptors and TMPRSS proteases are required for virus entry into the host cell. Direct renal involvement of the virus was therefore strongly suspected due to the high concentration of these receptors at the renal level, particularly at the level of the proximal tubule. Materials and Method : This was a prospective, descriptive and analytical study of patients infected with SARS-CoV2. For each patient, blood samples were taken on a heparin tube or dry tube for the determination of parameters (albumin, creatinine, urea, Na+ K+) with the Abbott ARCHITECT ci4100. Results : Our study population consisted of 153 subjects with covid-19. The mean age was 55±19 years (15 and 93 years). The most representative age group was patients over 60 years of age (52.3%). Male sex accounted for 53.8% of the study population. 45.1% of patients had a severe form with 16.3% of deaths during hospitalization. The association of renal biomarkers with disease severity showed that the risk of severe disease was higher in patients with hypoalbuminemia (OR=5.3 ; p=0.001), hyperuraemia (OR=4.1; p=0.001), hypercreatinine (OR=3.6; p=0.001), hyponatremia (OR=2.8; p=0.008) and hyperkalemia (OR=2.7; p=0.003). Conclusion: Disruptions of renal biomarkers during SARS-Cov2 infection increase the risk of severity and mortality. Our study suggests that clinicians should pay close attention to kidney biomarkers in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

Aims: Zinc is an important element for the body because of the role it plays in the structure but also in the catalytic activity of several metabolic enzymes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the zinc status in malnourished children and its association with lipid profile parameters. Study Design: This is a cross-sectional and prospective analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: This is a fifteen-month study, conducted at the Diamniadio Children's Hospital. Children under five years of age, malnourished according to the weight/height ratio were selected after parental. Methodology: The study population comprised 176 children with a sex ratio of 1, of whom 49% with severe acute malnutrition, 41% moderately malnourished and 10% undernourished. Zinc was determined using Biosystem's® 5 Br PAPS colorimetric method. To compare the groups, we used the Chi-squared test (X2) or the Fisher's exact test. For the comparison of quantitative variables between the targeted groups, we used the ANOVA test. Zinc, total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDLc) and LDL cholesterol (LDLc) were significantly lower in the malnourished. Hypozincemia was found in 66% of children. TC, HDLc and triglycerides (TG) are significantly lower in malnourished patients with hypozincemia with a mean average of 2.99 ± 1.31 mmol/L (p< 0.001), 0.56 ± 0.36 mmol/L (p=0.007) and 1.73 ± 0.85 mmol/L (p=0.004), respectively. There is a positive correlation between zinc and the various lipid profile parameters. TC (r=0.314; < 0.001), HDLc (r=0.326; p< 0.001), LDLc (r=0.200; p=0.008) and TG (r= 0.229; p=0.002). Conclusion: The management of hypozincemia is essential within the follow-up of malnourished children. Zinc supplementation can prevent dyslipidemia, which is secondary to malnutrition and serve as a preventive measure against dyslipidemia in malnourished children.

The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in a population of type 2 diabetics and to study the relationship between serum homocysteine ??levels and sociodemographic, clinical and biological characteristics in this population. This is a cross-sectional study involving 100 type 2 diabetic patients. Each patient underwent a routine biological assessment and a total homocysteinemia measurement. The overall prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia is 27% (95% confidence interval : 18.6 to 36.8). The mean serum homocysteine ??value is 10.7±3.7 μmol/l and it is higher in men (11.5 ± 3.7 μmol/l) than in women (10.4 ± 3.7 μmol/l) with a non-significant difference (p=0.901). We found a positive significant correlation between homocysteinemia and creatinine (p = 0.03) and a negative significant correlation between homocysteinemia and serum HDL cholesterolemia (p=0.01). Mean serum homocysteine ??levels is significantly higher in hypertensive diabetics subjects than in non-hypertensive patients (p=0.006). The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia is relatively high in type 2 diabetics. This marker should be determined as part of the biological monitoring of these patients. Key words: Hyperhomocysteinemia, risk factor, type 2 diabetes, Senegal.

Oxidative stress appears very early in the history of type 2 diabetes complications. It is associated to glucose oxidation but also to lipid peroxidation. This stress can be accentuated by a decrease in the antioxidant capacities in diabetics, especially if there are other comorbidities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Senegalese type 2 diabetics and to identify the associated risk factors. We conducted a prospective study in 40 persons with type 2 diabetes. Factors related to age, sex, BMI, and BP were determined. For biological parameters, we measured blood glucose at empty stomach, glycated haemoglobin, total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides and LDL, urea and creatinine, uric acid, albumin, total bilirubin, copper, and zinc. The mean age of the population was 58±11.24 years with a predominance of subjects aged over 60 (52.5%). The sex ratio was 1.11 with 52.5% male. Antioxidant capital was reduced in 60% of patients, with a predominance of women (35%). This reduction was marked by hypoalbuminemia (32.5%), hypozincemia (22.5) and an increase in the Cu/Zn ratio (30%). A strong correlation was found between the Cu/Zn ratio and total cholesterol (r=0.911; p<0.0001) as well as LDL (r=1; p=0.0001). Dyslipidaemia was found to be the most associated comorbidity with decreased oxidative capacity with an RR of 1.4 (CI=0.79-2.35) for total hypercholesterolemia and an RR of 1.6 (CI=0.75-3.71) for hypertriglyceridemia. The antioxidant capital is reduced in type 2 diabetics, especially in dyslipidaemia conditions. Hygienic dietary measures and supplementation with trace elements such as zinc should prevent the complications of oxidative stress in diabetics.

Hemoglobin S can interfere with the measurement of glycated hemoglobin, an essential tool for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes. The objective of this study is to evaluate the analytical performance of 2 glycated haemoglobin assay methods. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted where 186 patients (61 homozygous sickle cell disease, 61 AA type subjects and 64 AS type subjects) were recruited. Glycated hemoglobin was measured by immunoturbidimetry method and ion exchange chromatography. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the repeatability is 2.34% and 1.13% (normal rate) ; 2.32% and 1.65% (high rate) respectively for the immunoturbidimetric method and ion exchange chromatography. In reproducibility, the CV obtained are 3.23% and 2.64% (normal rate) and 3.27% and 2.22% (high rate), respectively for the immunoturbidimetric method and the ion exchange chromatography. Linearity is satisfactory for both methods. Mean glycated hemoglobin values ​​show no significant difference (the P-value is equal to 0.09, 0.17 and 0.70 respectively in subjects AA, AS and SS) in the 2 methods for patients with the same hemoglobin electrophoretic profile. The analytical performances of the 2 methods are good but their use is not recommended in the biological diagnosis of diabetes and pre-diabetes due to interference from hemoglobin S, especially in the case of homozygous sickle cell disease or in the case of composite heterozygosity.

Background and Objective: The binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 inhibits the action of the latter on the RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System), which could increase blood pressure and disturbances in the hydroelectrolyte balance.The objective of this study was to determine the electrolyte profile of patients with COVID-19.Materials and Methods: Within that framework, a 3-month retrospective analytical study of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 was conducted, admitted at Dalal Jamm Hospital and Aristide Le Dantec Hospital.Data were collected from the laboratory records of the said hospitals and included age, sex, clinical information (symptoms, underlying diseases and clinical forms) and blood ionogram results (natraemia and kalaemia).Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software.Results: About 745 patients were recruited.The mean age of the study population was 54.22±18.53with a sex ratio of 1.15.Ten percent of the population had a severe form.Hypertension was the most frequent comorbidity (14.53%) followed by diabetes (11.73%).The most frequent electrolyte disorders were hyponatremia (13.02%) and hyperkalemia (6.97%).They were more frequent in men, elderly subjects, those with a severe form of the disease and those with comorbidities.Conclusion: This data suggested a disturbance of the hydro electrolytic homeostasis in subjects infected by SARS-CoV-2.It appears to be associated with age, gender, disease severity and the presence of comorbidity.

The estimation of the glomerular ltration rate (GFR), whose formulas are usually based on serum creatinine, is a fundamental data in clinical nephrology. The concept of “reference” or usual values adopted by health professionals is essential because of the paucity of research on the usual values of GFR in black Africa. The Modication of Diet in Renal disease (MDRD) and Chronik Kidney disease-Epidemiology collaboration (CKDEpi) equations were determined in non-African populations. Usual values specic to the black African population by the evaluation of the formulas of Cockroft and Gault (CG), MDRD and CKD-Epi must be rigorous and are the subject of this study. The GFR was determined using the CG, MDRD and CKD-Epi formulas in a sample of 233 presumed healthy Senegalese adults (118 men, 115 women). SPSS and Excel 2016 software were used for statistical analysis. A value of P<0.05 was considered statistically signicant. The determination of the GFR by the Cockcroft method overestimates the CKD values by 10.24 (9.82 - 14.53) with p=0.001 and that of the MDRD by 7.47 (5.91 - 9.03) the CKD values with p=0.001. For a GFR measurement uncertainty of +/- 10%, the CG and CKD formulas cannot be superimposed with a low correlation coefcient r = 0.52 and a coefcient of determination R² = 0.28; whereas those of MDRD and CKD-Epi are on the other hand superimposable with r = 0.79 and R² = 0.63. Thus, the CKD-Epi formula should be preferred for determining the usual value of GFR in a healthy person.

The evolution of gestational diabetes is most often marked by preventable maternal-foetal complications. The objective of this study was to identify factors inuencing the development of pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes. This was a retrospective and analytical study including women with gestational diabetes and treated in gynaecological services in Dakar and its suburbs between 2018 and 2019. A total of 24 women with gestational diabetes were recruited. The mean age of the patients was 29.9 ± 6.45 years (18-45) with a predominance of women over 30 years old. Dyslipidaemias were frequent (91.2%) with a predominance of hypercholesterolemia (n = 13, 54.2%) followed by hyperLDLemia (n = 10, 41.7%). The atherogenic risk was high with the TG / HDL (12.5%) and Apo B / A (20.83%) ratios. A positive correlation was noted between homocysteine and total cholesterol (r = 0.457, p = 0.025), LDL (r = 0.449, p = 0.028), triglycerides (r = 0.540, p = 0.006), apolipoproteins A (r = 0.463, p = 0.023) and B (r = 0.480, p = 0.018), urea (r = 0.0671, p <0.0001) and creatinine (r = 0.0673, p <0, 0001). The development of the pregnancy was marked by caesarean deliveries (54.2%) and macrosomia (8.3%). The factors which were identied in relation to the caesarean section were delayed diagnosis of GD, history of personal abortion (RR (CI) = 2.04 (0.4 - 10.6)), multiparity (RR (CI)) = 2.3 (0.4 - 12.7)) and the advanced age of the woman (RR (CI) = 2.1 (0.5 - 14.4)). The biological monitoring of women with gestational diabetes must consider the dosage of lipid parameters extended to apolipoproteins and homocysteine for a favourable outcome of the pregnancy

Micro-albuminuria is an early marker of diabetic nephropathy (DN) but also a predictor of morbidity and mortality. The aim of our work was to assess the frequency of DN by measuring micro-albuminuria (mA) on 24h urine. This was a retrospective study carried out in 2018 in 450 diabetic patients having undergone an mA assay in the multipurpose laboratory of the ABASS NDAO hospital, in Dakar, Senegal. The mA was assayed on 24h urine with the BTS-350 (Barcelona, Spain).The median age in our study population was 56.31 ± 12.75 years with a predominance of the 40-59 years age group (48%). We found a predominance of women (62%) with a sex ratio of 0.61. The prevalence of DN was 26% in the general population with a predominance in subjects aged over 60 (15.8%), female (16.9%) and in T2D (21.6%) with a statistically significant difference (p <0.05). Proteinuria was found in 6% of patients (n = 27) with a predominance in women aged over 60 with type II diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus. Its prevention requires an early diagnosis by the dosage of micro-albuminuria. Its dosage should be popularized especially in subjects over 50 years to improve the quality of care.

This is a prospective cross-sectional study carried out at the department of pediatric of the Diamniadio children's hospital in 2016. This includes subjects aged between 0 and 28 days admitted for neonatal infection according to clinical and anamnestic criteria. Prealbumin assay was carried out using the immuno-turbidimetry technique with the A15 automate of Biosystems®. In 50 newborns, bacterial neonatal infection was confirmed in 24% of the population. Prealbumin concentration of newborns with isolated germs (179.08±108.87 mg / L) is lower compared to the group where no germ was isolated (199.41±108.87 mg / L) but without significant difference. However, Gram-negative infection was responsible for a greater decrease in prealbumin. It is therefore important to include the dosage of prealbumin in the monitoring of neonatal bacterial infections to prevent complications.

27Sep 2017 MICROSATELLIT MARKERS BAT25 AND BAT26 IN SUBJECTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER IN SENEGAL. A Ndiaye , B K?n?m? , F Mbaye , F Diallo , A Samba , S Sanni , F Cisse , S Thiam , D Doupa , M Seck , I Thiam , C M M Dial , P S Diop , N D Sall , M Toure and M Semb?ne. Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry-Biology Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, (Senegal). Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar (Senegal). Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry-Biology Training and Research Unit (UFR), Faculty of Health Sciences, Gaston Berger University, Saint Louis (Senegal). Department of general surgery, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital Dakar (Senegal). Laboratory of anatomopathology, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital Dakar (Senegal). Laboratory of anatomopathology, Grand Yoff Hospital, Dakar (Senegal). Department of digestive surgery and hepatobiliary-Cancerology, Grand Yoff Hospital, Dakar (Senegal).

In the care of patients, medical analyzes are essential evidences to confirm a diagnosis. In Senegal, in 2005 and according to the National Health Accounts, Medical Biologys pending were estimated at 4.5 billion franc CFA. .Unlike drugs, very few studies have been conducted to assess the cost of medical biology acts in the care of patients. It is for this reason that we decided to determine the cost of these acts performed in the laboratory of Biochemistry, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital (National Referral hospital).This study was conducted over a period of three (3) months. This is a retrospective crosssectional study in analytical target on the calculation of the cost of Biochemistry examinations. All parameters analyzed during this period have been included but have excluded all the parameters that were not measured due to breakage of reagents.The method used is the ABC method based on the identification of all activities for the determination of product costs.This study has shown that wages represent a very significant proportion of the total costs(60%). We have found that the cost is much lower if the analyzes are done with a plc.Our study has shown that using a plc is having an impact on reducing costs. This confirms that the interest for the state is to provide efficient equipment in order to reduce the cost of services.

Cardiovascular diseases are a veritable public health problem worldwide. Its diagnosis and monitoring require among other things the determination of serum LDL cholesterol levels. For this, two methods of determination are often used: direct measurement and the Friedewald equation. The Friedewald formula is commonly used especially where the reference method is unavailable for technical and financial reasons. We investigated lipid status in one hundred subjects comparing the enzymatic method and LDL cholesterol estimation using the Friedewald formula. The MultiQC 6.0 software and Student’s test were used to analyse the results and P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Correlation with two methods was satisfactory with only a few discordant results. However, Friedewald equation always keeps its usefulness in our resource limited countries.