An evaluation study of training programmes regarding adoption and constraints in beekeeping revealed that this enterprise is becoming the area of interest for males belonging to younger age group. Majority of the respondents were agriculturists including largely (67.6%) the marginal to small farmers. Most of the respondents (95.6%) showed interest in adopting beekeeping as an occupation. About 62 per cent of the respondents were of the perception of objection from neighbors, 51.5 per cent were apprehensive of theft of the bee hives and for 46 per cent, land was necessary for beekeeping. For 2/3rd of the respondents, lack of money was a main constraint followed by sale of honey at appropriate rate (58.8%). As per 3/4th of the respondents, bee management during dearth period was the main technical constraint. It was concluded that beekeeping is becoming popular among the people; however, the constraints exposed by this study are necessary to be resolved.

SummaryAn analytical solution of the plane strain problem of the deformation of a homogeneous, isotropic, poroelastic layer of uniform thickness overlying a homogeneous, isotropic, elastic half‐space due to two‐dimensional seismic sources buried in the elastic half‐space has been obtained. The integral expressions for the displacements, stresses and pore pressure have been obtained using the stress function approach by applying suitable boundary conditions at the free surface and the interface. The solution obtained is in the Laplace–Fourier transform domain. The case of a vertical dip‐slip line dislocation for the oceanic crust model of Earth is studied in detail. Schapery's formula is used for the Laplace inversion and the extended Simpson's formula for the Fourier inversion. Diffusion of pore pressure in the layer is studied numerically. Contour maps showing the pore pressure in the poroelastic layer have been plotted. The effect of the compressibility of the solid and fluid constituents on pore pressure has also been studied. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Management always looks after the effectiveness, efficiency and performance of banks and it indicates the success of the strategic objective, goals of the firms. In the similar manner performance of any economy depends upon the efficiency of its financial system. The performances of financial system of a country determine its economic growth indicators. Strengthening financial systems has been one of the central issues facing emerging markets and developing economies. This is because sound financial systems serve as an important channel for achieving economic growth through the mobilization of financial savings, putting them to productive use and transforming various risks. Indian financial system is based on the Indian banking industry and its capital market. The Indian commercial banks are traditionally playing most important role as financial intermediaries. The banks comprise more than three-fifth of financial system assets and dominate the whole banking sector in India and played a central role in mobilizing savings in growth process. While internationally accepted prudential norms have been adopted, with higher disclosures and transparency, Indian banking industry is gradually moving towards adopting the best practices in accounting, corporate governance and risk management. Although, the need is to make continuous improvement in cost efficiency and productivity of Indian banking sector, yet this improvement is also required to measure and compare with the benchmark level to understand how much improvement has taken place and their individual relative rank with the top performers. Thus, both of these performance measures are major determinants of competitiveness and profitability of the banking sector. In this way, a study of these sources is crucial for identifying the productivity level of industry and will be helpful to adopt appropriate measures for decision making units at various levels so as to improve productivity and cost efficiency. So in the present study an attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of different categories of banks viz. public, private and foreign bank groups in India. For evaluating the performance, twelve financial ratios have been used. These ratios further have been categorized into two categories viz. productivity and cost efficiency. The period of study cover the years 2005-06 to 2011-12. From the results, it has been found that during the study period the productivity and cost efficiency of public sector bank group declined while it has improved in other two groups.

This communication deals with the experience on suitability of the boiling method of DNA extraction from mosquito tissues. The DNA extracted by this method was found, by and large, stable after 30 months of storage. The method is useful for routine molecular entomological applications.

Indian economic environment is witnessing path breaking reform measures. The financial sector, of which the banking industry is the largest player, has also been undergoing a metamorphic change. This reform has not only influenced the productivity and efficiency of many of the Indian Banks, but has left everlasting footprints on the working of the banking sector in India. Certain trends like growing competition, product innovation and branding, focus on strengthening risk management systems, emphasis on technology have emerged in the recent past. Today the banking industry is stronger and capable of withstanding the pressures of competition. While internationally accepted prudential norms have been adopted, with higher disclosures and transparency, Indian banking industry is gradually moving towards adopting the best practices in accounting, corporate governance and risk management. The major role of banks is to collect money from the public in the form of deposits and then along with its own funds to serve the demands of the customers quickly, paying interest for the deposits and to meet out the expenses to carry out its activities. For this purpose, banks maintain adequate liquidity and earn profits from its activities. Profit is the main reason for the continued existence of every commercial organization and profitability depicts the relationship of the absolute amount of profit with various other factors. In any case, compared to other business concerns, banks in general have to pay much more attention for balancing profitability and liquidity. Liquidity is required to meet out the prompt demands of customers and profitability is required to meet out the expenses of banks. But both the terms are contradictory in nature. If banks maintain more liquidity, their profitability decrease and if they increase their profitability they will have to reduce their liquidity. In this way, banks act as an engine for a business organization. So in the present study an attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of different categories of banks viz. public, private and foreign bank groups in India. For evaluating the performance, eleven financial ratios have been used. These ratios further have been categorized into two categories viz. liquidity and profitability. The period of study cover the years 2005-06 to 2011-12. From the results, it has been found that during the study period the liquidity and profitability position of public sector bank group declined while it has improved in other two groups.

Limited energy is a serious issue in sensor networks. Therefore, there is a need to optimize the network architecture for the applications in order to minimize resources consumption. This paper compares the strategies of cluster-head selection in K-means algorithm in wireless sensor network when applied as a routing algorithm. The single-objective cluster-head selection takes account of only inter cluster distance of nodes and cluster head while multi- objective strategy considers cluster head position in cluster and distance between base station and cluster head besides inter cluster distance. The later strategy fails to provide equal distribution of energy among nodes and the results confirm our hypothesis proving single objective function as a better strategy. Key Word:- Clustering, K-means, LEACH, WSN I. INTRODUCTION In WSN, tiny, low cost and low power sensor nodes are able to communicate with their environment by sensing or controlling physical parameters within a short range and work together to form a sensor network for gathering data from a field but has limited capabilities of computing, storage and power source, unreliable type of communication. The sensor nodes sense the conditions in which they are surrounded and transfer their data to the base station (BS) through electronic signals transmitted over radio waves. In WSNs, all nodes is fed by a small battery making energy saving as primary goal in designing WSN structure with an objective of maximizing network lifetime as it is impractical to change or replace exhausted batteries (2). In fact, there are two competing objectives in the design of WSNs. The first objective is the capability to exchange large amount of data between the nodes and the base station. The second constraining objective is minimizing the energy consumption. The two competing objectives reveal the importance of efficient routing protocol in WSNs. Therefore, many routing algorithms have been proposed due to the challenges in designing an energy efficient network. Among all the proposed methods, hierarchical routing protocols greatly satisfy the limitations and constraints in WSNs (6). Hierarchical routing protocols, also known as cluster-based routing, is mainly considered as a two layer architecture where one layer is engaged in cluster head selection and the other layer is responsible for routing. A cluster head (CH) in hierarchical routing is the node which is responsible for collecting data from other nodes in the cluster, aggregating all data and sending the aggregated data to the base station. The proposed work is about to compare K-Means based cluster algorithms for finding an optimal clustering scheme instead of using some random method, thus using less energy and more rounds of transmission to BS. Two CH selection methods are evaluated for performance. This paper

An analytical solution of the fully coupled system of equations governing the plane strain deformation of a poroelastic medium with anisotropic permeability and compressible fluid and solid constituents is obtained. This solution is used to study the consolidation of a poroelastic clay layer with free permeable surface resting on a rough-rigid permeable or impermeable base. The stresses and the pore pressure are taken as the basic state variables. Displacements are obtained by integrating the coupled constitutive relations. The case of normal surface loading is discussed in detail. The solution is obtained in the Laplace-Fourier domain. Two integrations are required to obtain the solution in the space-time domain which are evaluated numerically for normal strip loading. Consolidation of the clay layer and diffusion of pore pressure is studied for both the bases. It is found that the time settlement is accelerated by the permeability of the base. Initially, the pore pressure is not affected by the permeability of the base, but has a significant effect, as we move towards the bottom of the layer. Also, anisotropy in permeability and compressibilities of constituents of the poroelastic medium have a significant effect on the consolidation of the clay layer.

There are many pelvic models available. Most are relatively expensive but often lack a critical feature. This study shows that a simple do-it-yourself model can be made from materials varying from swimming pool foam rods to fishing bait and lures.

A porous medium is an elastic solid permeated by an interconnected network of pores filled with a fluid. Both solid and pore network are assumed to be continuous so as to form two interpenetrating continua. The theory of poroelasticity investigates the time-dependent coupling between the deformation of the elastic solid skeleton and fluidflow within the skeleton. The solid-to-fluid and fluid-to-solid couplings are assumed to occur instantaneously in the quasi-static approximation in which elastic wave propagation is ignored. Consolidation of a poroelastic body takes place when it is acted upon by surface loads. The study of consolidation of a poroelastic half-space or stratum has received much attention due to its geophysical and engineering applications. The aim of the present paper is to review recent work on the subject, indicating the assumptions made, methods used and conclusions drawn.

An analytical solution of the plane strain problem of a long tensile fault embedded in an elastic half-space in welded contact with a poroelastic half-space is obtained. The tensile fault is horizontal with dislocation in the vertical direction. The solution obtained is in the Laplace-Fourier transform domain. Stehfest's formula is used for the Laplace inversion and the extended Simpson's formula for the Fourier inversion. Diffusion of the pore pressure and the consolidation rate are studied numerically. It is found that an increase in the rigidity ratio of the poroelastic/elastic half-spaces results in an increase in the pore pressure at the interface. The compressibility of the fluid constituents of the poroelastic half-space diminishes the amplitude of vertical displacement. However, it has no effect on the consolidation rate. Similarly, a change in the rigidity ratio of the poroelastic/elastic half-spaces has no effect on the consolidation rate.

India is one of the oldest civilization in the world and is endowed with rich agro climatic diversity associated with equally rich cultural heritage. Germplasm contains reservoir of genes essential for increasing production as well as for incorporating resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. Which indicates that the germplasm is the basic raw material in vegetable crop improvement programmes for generating new plant types with desired specific traits. In India National Bureau of Pant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) plays an important role in Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) exchange for research purposes. It has been designated as the National Repository for PGR in the country and is the nodal organization for import/export/national supply of the germplasm among breeders/researchers/users. The Germplasm Exchange Unit at NBPGR has strong linkages with the International Agricultural Research Centers (IARCs) and the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) of over 100 countries for facilitating PGR exchange between different countries for research purposes. NBPGR, realizing the importance of the wide spread problem of population increase and its effect on food, shelter and space have made efforts in the past for introduction of genetic resources through its strong linkages with other countries and finally to help the plant breeders and researchers in meeting targets of crop improvement programmes (1 and 2)

This paper aims to present the material aspects of Linear Motion Induction Motor. The Electromagnetic Characteristics of Linear Induction Motor (LIM) are more complex than other rotating type induction motors[1]. It is very significant to evaluate Magnetic Field parameters for the design of an optimized model for various applications. In this present work. Double Sided Linear Induction Motor (DLIM) has been analyzed to compute Magnetic Field Density, Magnetic Vector Potential and other force components by using one of the latest Finite Element Method (FEM) software i.e. Maxwell The simulation results of DLIM are also validated with experimental setup of DLIM.

An analytical solution of the fully coupled system of equations governing the axisymmetric quasistatic deformation of a poroelastic medium with anisotropic permeability and compressible fluid and solid constituents is obtained by employing the Laplace-Hankel integral transforms. This solution is used to study the consolidation of a poroelastic clay layer with free permeable surface resting on a rough-rigid impermeable base. The problem of axisymmetric normal loading is discussed in detail. Numerical computations are performed for normal disk loading. The effects of the anisotropy in permeability and the compressibility of the fluid and solid constituents on the consolidation process are studied. The compressibility of the pore fluid increases the initial settlement but has no effect on the final settlement. For a thin layer, the surface settlement increases steadily from its undrained value, attains a maximum, and decreases steadily to the drained value. This kind of behavior is not observed for a thick layer or a uniform half-space.

In welded-contact boundary conditions, some stress components are not required to be continuous across the boundary between two elastic half-spaces. The purpose of this note is to study the modifications in the stress field of a long inclined strike-slip, dip-slip or tensile fault caused by the welded-contact boundary conditions across the interface between two elastic half-spaces. The Poisson’s ratios of the two half-spaces do not appear in the stress field of a strike-slip fault. In the case of a dip-slip fault, the Poisson’s ratio of the half-space in which the fault lies, has a significant influence on the stress field across the interface. However, for a tensile fault, the modification in the stress field is significantly affected by the Poisson’s ratios of both the half-spaces.

The aim of this note is to study the effect of negative Poisson’s ratio on the quasi-static deformation of a poroelastic half-space with anisotropic permeability and compressible fluid and solid constituents by surface loads. Two particular cases considered are: two-dimensional normal strip loading and axisymmetric normal disc loading. It is found that a negative Poisson’s ratio makes the Mandel-Cryer effect more prominent. It also results in an increase in the magnitude of the surface settlement.

The fully coupled Biot quasi-static theory of linear poroelasticity is used to study the consolidation of a poroelastic half-space caused by axisymmetric surface loads. The fluid and solid constituents of the poroelastic medium are compressible and its permeability in the vertical direction is different from its permeability in the horizontal direction. An analytical solution of the governing equations is obtained by taking the displacements and the pore pressure as the basic state variables and using a combination of the Laplace and Hankel transforms. The problem of an axisymmetric normal load is discussed in detail. An explicit analytical solution is obtained for normal disc loading. Detailed numerical computations reveal that the anisotropy in permeability as well as the compressibilities of the fluid and solid constituents of the poroelastic medium have significant effects on the consolidation of the half-space. The anisotropy in permeability may accelerate the consolidation process and may lead to a dilution in the theoretical prediction of the Mandel-Cryer effect. The compressibility of the solid constituents may also accelerate the consolidation process.

An analytical solution is obtained of the problem of the plane strain quasi-static deformation of a composite consisting of a poroelastic half-space in welded contact with an elastic half-space caused by a long tensile fault located in the elastic half-space. The solution obtained is in the Fourier-Laplace transform domain. Two integrations are required to be performed to get the solution in the space-time domain. Schapery's formula is used for the Laplace inversion and extended Simpson's formula for the Fourier inversion. The diffusion of the pore pressure and the consolidation rate are studied numerically. It is found that the consolidation rate is not affected much by the compressibility of the fluid constituents of the poroelastic material. Consider two homogeneous isotropic half-spaces which are welded along the horizontal plane z = 0. The upper half-space (z > 0) is poroelastic and the lower half-space (z < 0) is perfectly elastic. The homogeneous, isotropic, poroelastic half-space can be characterized by five poroelastic parameters. Let these parameters be: the shear modulus (G), the drained Poisson's ratio (ν), the undrained Poisson's ratio (νu), the Skempton's coefficient (B) and the hydraulic diffusivity (c). A plane strain problem for the poroelastic half-space can be solved in terms of Biot's stress function F such that (Biot, 1956; Singh & Rani, 2006)

The problem of the static deformation of two homogeneous, isotropic and perfectly elastic half spaces in welded contact caused by non uniform slip along a vertical strike slip fault of infinite length and finite width is studied. Four slip profiles are considered elliptic b = b(0) (1-h(2)/L-2)(1/2), parabolic b = b(0) (1-h(2)/L-2), linear b b(0) (1-h/L) and cubic b = b(0) (1-h(2)/L-2)(3/2), where b is the slip at distance h from the interface, b(0) is the interface slip and L is the fault width. The deformation corresponding to the four non uniform slip profiles is compared with the deformation due to uniform slip, assuming the source potency integral(L)(0) b(h) dh to be the same. The parity in source potency is achieved by varying the fault width L, keeping the interface slip b(0) constant. Contour maps showing the displacement and stress fields around a long vertical strike slip fault are presented. It is found that the effect of non uniformity in slip in the near field is noteworthy. The far field is not affected significantly by the non uniformity in slip, i.e. the far field cannot see the details of the slip on the fault.