Brightness enhancement of an encapsulated micro-LED display panel was demonstrated by integrating a brightness enhancement cover glass. This cover glass has a light scattering layer formed on the back side of the encapsulation cover plate to manage the display emission angular distribution.

Thin-film electronics realized on flexible substrates opens up a new realm of innovative applications, such as wearable technologies that are unviable with conventional electronic systems on rigid carriers. The challenge, however, is to establish the fabrication of miniaturized devices with dimensions at the micrometer scale and to take into account the possibility of misalignment on thin, flexible, and, potentially, soft substrates. One efficient way to structure short channels is to employ self-alignment where the channel length is defined by the gate contact. Such approach relies on the transparency of the substrate and is extremely time consuming if traditional, only partially transparent substrates are used. Here, we implement self-aligned InGaZnO (IGZO) TFTs and circuits on novel flexible and highly transparent substrates, namely 100 μm thin glass and 50 μm fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) film, resulting in self-aligned IGZO TFTs with channel lengths as short as 2.2 μm and 4.5 μm, respectively. The IGZO TFTs on the respective substrates exhibit on-off current ratios and effective mobilities of ≈10 10 and 7.6 cm 2 V −1 s −1 , and ≈10 2 and 11.5 cm 2 V −1 s −1 . The AC performance of the TFTs reaches a maximum oscillation frequency up to 147MHz. The IGZO TFT further demonstrates mechanical stability by showing full functionality on thin glass even when bent to a radius of 25mm. At the same time, inverters and common-source amplifiers based on self-aligned IGZO TFTs demonstrate operation at frequencies in the kilohertz range. This work presents a facile approach for realizing high-speed and flexible transistors and circuits based on self-alignment, leveraging the merit of transparent substrates.

High-efficiency, lightweight, and flexible solar cells are sought for a variety of applications particularly when high power density and flexible form factors are desired. Development of solar cells on flexible substrates may also offer production advantages in roll-to-roll or sheet-to-sheet processes. Here, we report device efficiencies of 17.2% and 14.6%, under AM1.5G and AM0 irradiances, respectively, for a flexible, lightweight, CdTe-based solar cell. To advance the efficiency relative to the highest previously reported AM1.5G value of 16.4%, we used an indium gallium oxide (IGO) emitter layer on a cadmium stannate (CTO) transparent conductor, which was deposited on 100-μm thick Corning® Willow® Glass. A sputtered CdSe layer was employed to incorporate Se into a CdTe absorber that was deposited by close-space sublimation, and CuSCN was used as a hole transport layer between the CdTe and the back metal electrode. The IGO and CTO layers remained intact during the high temperature film processing as seen in cross-sectional imaging and elemental mapping. This device configuration offers great promise for building-integrated photovoltaics, space applications, and higher rate manufacturing.

We report the fabrication of thermistors and thinfilm transistors (TFTs), the crucial components and building blocks of sensor systems, on a transparent and flexible 100 mu m-thin glass substrate. The thermal response of thermistors based on InGaZnO (IGZO) with Cu contacts exhibits an expected negative temperature coefficient of resistance of approximate to 1% degrees C-1 at temperatures between 25 degrees C and 60 degrees C. IGZO TFTs were realized with channel lengths as short as 6 mu m, displaying a high on-off current ratio of approximate to 109 and an effective mobility of 7.3 cm(2) V-1 s(-1). The AC performance of IGZO TFTs on flexible thin glass was also investigated for the first time resulting in a maximum oscillation frequency and transit frequency of up to 30.6 MHz and 10.4 MHz, respectively.

The focus of this work is the process integration of Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide (IGZO) transistors as a µLED backplane for row/column addressing. A single pixel is composed of a µLED driven by an arrangement of two transistors and a storage capacitor. The pixels are then arrayed on a glass substrate to support active-matrix control of monochrome and full color (RGB) displays from 1x1cm (50 x 50 pixels) up to 7.6 x 7.6 cm (380 x 380 pixels). Optimization of circuit parameters considering size and scan frequency was modeled using existing TFT and µLED electrical device compact models. New process parameters and procedures were determined for the proper integration of µLEDs in an existing TFT fabrication process. Red, green, and blue µLED devices were fabricated at Tyndall National Institute on native substrates and were transferred to TFT pixels using an X-Display MTP-1003 micro-transfer printer. The performance of individual test cells was assessed using an Agilent B1500, revealing a voltage transfer characteristic indicating the ability to modulate and control µLED current.

Ultraviolet-C (UVC) photodetector has appealed to a numerous number of research owing to its manifold applications in wireless communication, flame monitoring, and medicine. However, in addition to superior performance and high stability of recent studies, scalability and production cost are important factors for commercialization and practical implementation. In this study, a halide perovskite-based UVC photodetector was fabricated using spin-coating process and low-temperature annealing. Corning® Willow® Glass was selected as the substrate for the bottom-illuminated device due to its flexibility and exceptional optical transmission (approximately 60%) in the deep-UV region. The device had a vertical structure with a large active area (1 cm2) owing to the judicious utilization of electrodes. Under bent state with a curvature radius of 25 mm, the as-fabricated device exhibited high response and repeatability with an on/off ratio of 9.57 × 103, a fast response speed of 45/46 ms (rise/fall times) at zero bias under the illumination of a 254-nm UV lamp. The results are based on a flexible and lightweight photodetector without the utilization of notable metal electrodes.

Most challenges during the development of solid dosage forms are related to the impact of any variations in raw material properties, batch size, or equipment scales on the product quality and the control of the manufacturing process. With the ever pertinent restrictions on time and resource availability versus heightened expectations to develop, optimize, and troubleshoot manufacturing processes, targeted and robust science-based process modeling platforms are essential. This review focuses on the modeling of unit operations and practices involved in batch manufacturing of solid dosage forms by direct compaction. An effort is made to highlight the key advances in the past five years, and to propose potentially beneficial future study directions.

The use of photovoltaics (PV) as a renewable energy source has been increasing over the last decade. Photovoltaic devices fabricated on soda-lime glass are rigid, bulky, and have a low power-to-weight ratio. Devices on flexible substrates have high specific power and enable high throughput roll-to-roll manufacturability. PET, PFN, and steel have been used in flexible solar applications. Willow® Glass from Corning® has been explored in the PV as a flexible replacement. Corning® Willow® Glass, being stable up to 700 °C, also enables high-temperature processing. In the current work, Willow® Glass is used as a substrate and encapsulant in an organic photovoltaic and perovskite device architecture. These structures' mechanical stability and structural integrity were evaluated by subjecting the devices to various degrees of bending (in-situ characterization) and bending fatigue (periodic characterization). Further, the device performance and flexural properties of these devices are compared with the same device configuration fabricated on PET substrates. This comparison is made to evaluate the capabilities of Willow® Glass to serve as a flexible substrate and an encapsulant (H2O, O2 barrier) in photovoltaics.

Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) for lighting are quickly becoming the new lighting source for residential, commercial, and automotive markets. Backlights are the first automotive application for OLED lighting. Thin, light weight, uniform and homogeneous surface lighting with high contrast segmentation are the key values that some OEMs are capitalizing on. With Corning ® Willow ® Glass, conformable OLED lighting panels enable unique design and a new branding paradigm for automotive OEMs.

Flexible glass has many applications including photovoltaics, organic light-emitting device (OLED) lighting, and displays. Its ability to be processed in a roll-to-roll facility enables high-throughput continuous manufacturing compared to conventional glass processing. For photovoltaic, OLED lighting, and display applications, transparent conductors are required with minimal optical reflection losses. Here, we demonstrate an anti-reflective coating (ARC) that incorporates a useful transparent conductor that is realizable on flexible substrates. This reduces the average reflectivity to less than 6% over the visible band from normal incidence to incident angles up to 60°. This ARC is designed by the average uniform algorithm method. The coating materials consist of a multilayer stack of an electrically functional conductive indium tin oxide with conductivity 2.95×105  Siemens/m (31 Ω/□), and AlSiO2. The coatings showed modest changes in reflectivity and no delamination after 10,000 bending cycles. This demonstrates that effective conductive layers can be integrated into ARCs and can be realized on flexible glass substrates with proper design and process control.

High efficiency combined with transformative roll-to-roll (R2R) printability makes metal halide perovskite-based solar cells the most promising solar technology to address the terawatt challenge of the future energy demand. However, translation from lab-scale deposition solution processing techniques to large-scale R2R methods has typically led to reduced photovoltaic performance. Here, we demonstrate large-scale, highly crystalline, uniaxially oriented, smooth perovskite films printed at room temperature and in the ambient environment. Confirmed with high speed in situ X-ray diffraction measurements, the perovskite films reach 98% of relative crystallinity at room temperature and display high texture within 1 s of the coating. We demonstrate an all-blade-coated metal halide perovskite cell with power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 19.6%, a slot-die coated cell with a PCE of 17.3%, and a partially R2R slot-die coated flexible glass-based cell efficiency of 14.1%. The developed printing method can be applied to diverse perovskite compositions, enabling a variety of bandgaps to pave the way for the future R2R printing of highly efficient perovskite-perovskite tandem cells.

Perovskite based photovoltaic (PV) devices have gained enormous importance due to their high power conversion efficiencies and ease of fabrication (solution processing). Conventionally, flexible solar cells have been reported on substrates like PET and PEN. Corning ® Willow ® Glass, owing to its superior processability and oxygen and moisture barrier property, is a potential replacement for these substrates. In this work, devices fabricated on Willow Glass substrates have been subjected to bending and fatigue tests to assess their worthiness as substrates for flexible solar cells.

Achievement of high conductivity by doping an oxide thin film while maintaining its high visible transparency remains a challenge in the field of materials science and technology. Here we demonstrate a simple and novel technique to control compensating defects in Al doped ZnO (AZO) thin films involving a post-growth annealing process with Zn blanket. We also provide an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of achieving high conductivity. As low as 8.8 Omega/sq sheet resistance (resistivity 3.1 x 10(-4) Omega cm) with 90% visible transmission value and wherefrom a figure of merit (FOM) value of 6.5 x 10(-2) Omega-1 for a RF sputtered 350 nm AZO thin film can be achieved. Such very low sheet resistance has been attributed to a decrease in the number of compensating defects and lesser out diffusion of Zn in AZO. Application of the developed AZO film as conducting substrate has successfully been tested by fabricating perovskite solar cells on flexible Coming (R) Willow (R) Glass substrate. The present findings open up the possibility of enough high quality industrial-scale production of transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) bearing crucial significance from the perspective of transparent electrodes for solar cells.

Ultra-thin flexible glass provides all the benefits of glass — thermo-mechanical stability at high temperature, transparency and the best barrier property in a transparent material, while capable of using R2R processing and deliver products that can be flexible. Corning® Willow® Glass is 100–200 μm thick glass that is flexible and is used in a roll-to-roll (R2R) process. In this paper we will discuss the glass advantages over other flexible substrates for electronic devices and highlight demonstrations of R2R fabricated devices.

In this study, we report on design, construction, and evaluation of self-cleaning electrodynamic screen (EDS) films and their production via by gravure offset printing as a transition from laboratory-scale to roll-to-roll printing process. Both transparent and reflecting EDS films are fabricated for their applications to self-cleaning solar panels and concentrating mirrors, respectively. Experimental data are presented on the evaluation of the EDS films under simulated solar field environments demonstrating output power restoration of solar panels and specular reflectivity restoration for concentrating mirrors with low energy consumption without water. Electrode materials, geometry, optical modeling, and pulsed-voltage operation of the EDS film and scale-up studies are discussed.

In spite of its mechanically inflexible structure, millimeter thick soda-lime glass is generally used for fabrication of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)(4) (CZTSSe) thin film solar cells; improvements in sintering of the chalcogenide absorber layer from intrinsic sodium doping and subsequent higher device efficiency make soda-lime glass the preferred substrate. Thin and flexible Corning (R) Willow (R) Glass provides a unique advantage in contaminant-free fabrication of flexible solar cells, as it can be processed at the elevated temperatures (c.a. 500 degrees C-550 degrees C) needed for high performance thin film solar cells. In this study, we report successful lab-scale fabrication of CZTSSe solar cells on flexible glass substrates from nanoparticle inks of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS), and identify necessary process changes to bridge device performance to standard devices fabricated with soda-lime glass (SLG). Since the sodium concentration in Willow Glass is negligibly small, supply of sodium to the absorber film during selenization was explored. Soaking coated CZTS films in sodium chloride prior to selenization was found to have a detrimental effect on power conversion efficiency (PCE). Alternatively, sodium doping with a thin NaF film on top of the CZTS nanoparticles films prior to selenization resulted in slightly improved device performance. The addition of a 10 nm thick NaF layer slightly increased the average device efficiency from 6.2 +/- 0.3% to 6.4 +/- 0.4% with a record 6.9% PCE based on total cell area. The increased efficiency results from higher V-oc due to the sodium doping. While these initial results demonstrate the potential of Willow Glass as a flexible support for nanoparticle based photovoltaic devices, there is a need to continue developing improved processing methods to further enhance PCE values.

For halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to fulfill their vast potential for combining low-cost, high efficiency, and high throughput production they must be scaled using a truly transformative method, such as roll-to-roll processing. Bringing this reality closer to fruition, the present work demonstrates flexible perovskite solar cells with 18.1% power conversion efficiency on flexible Willow Glass substrates. We highlight the importance of the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers on device performance by studying various TCOs. While tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO) based PSC devices demonstrate high photovoltaic performances, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) based devices underperformed in all device parameters. Analysis of X-ray photoemission spectroscopy data shows that the stoichiometry of the perovskite film surface changes dramatically when it is fabricated on AZO, demonstrating the importance of the substrate in perovskite film formation.

Chapter 1 Introduction to Flexible Glass Substrates Sean M. Garner, Sean M. Garner garnersm@corning.com Corning Research & Development Corporation, Corning, NY, USASearch for more papers by this authorXinghua Li, Xinghua Li Corning Research & Development Corporation, Corning, NY, USASearch for more papers by this authorming-Huang Huang, ming-Huang Huang Corning Research & Development Corporation, Corning, NY, USASearch for more papers by this author Sean M. Garner, Sean M. Garner garnersm@corning.com Corning Research & Development Corporation, Corning, NY, USASearch for more papers by this authorXinghua Li, Xinghua Li Corning Research & Development Corporation, Corning, NY, USASearch for more papers by this authorming-Huang Huang, ming-Huang Huang Corning Research & Development Corporation, Corning, NY, USASearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Sean M. Garner, Sean M. GarnerSearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 August 2017 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118946404.ch1Citations: 3 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract This chapter contains sections titled: Overview of Flexible Glass Flexible Glass Properties Flexible Glass Web for R2R Processing Flexible Glass Laser Cutting Summary Citing Literature Flexible Glass: Enabling Thin, Lightweight, and Flexible Electronics RelatedInformation

Flexible substrates are useful for roll to roll production of photovoltaic modules. In this study, we have demonstrated DVD (digital versatile disc) like pattern replication from a Nickel mold onto PMMA coated ultra‐thin flexible Corning® Willow® Glass substrates (thickness 150 μm) by thermal nanoimprint lithography (T‐NIL) technique. These embossed PMMA coatings were subsequently etched in a capacitively coupled very high frequency (VHF) discharge of 40.68 MHz using Ar/O2 gas mixture at a chamber pressure of 6.66 Pa for different periods of etching times in the range from 6 to 600 s. High plasma density under VHF together with low gas pressure promote ion directionality toward the substrate. Identification of the emitted species during the etching process was carried out by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The temporal evolution of the etched patterns on PMMA was studied in detail by atomic force microscopy. The study may be helpful for understanding the plasma etching process of the micro/nano patterned PMMA under VHF leading to the surface structuring on the ultra‐thin flexible glass substrates.