Subject. This article discusses the issues of development of the petrochemical and oil refining industry of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Objectives. The article aims to assess the prospects for the use of renewable energy sources and the modernization of traditional manufacturing industries. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of graphic and statistical analyses. Results. The article finds that with the depletion of proven oil reserves in the Republic of Bashkortostan, the fuel balance can be restored through oil supplies from the Arctic areas and that the development of green energy in the region is primarily associated with the production of composite fuel. Relevance. The results of the study can be used when designing plans for the production of innovative products by enterprises of the fuel and energy complex.

Processing of coal waste to produce concentrates of rare and rare earth metals is considered. These metals are in high demand for fifth-generation sectors such as microelectronics and green technology and sixth-generation sectors such as biotechnology and smart technologies. Given the need for rapid development of these sectors and the need for 100% recycling of Russian coal waste, the extraction of valuable metals from coal waste is of particular importance. Accordingly, the metal content of Siberian and Far East coal wastes is analyzed. They are compared with the exceptional metal content of Shubarkol coal (Kazakhstan). The metal content of coal from the Pavlovsk deposit (Primorsky Territory) is particularly striking. The extraction of rare and rare earth metals from coal ash and cake ash at enrichment plants in the Kuznetsk Basin, Khakassia, Buryatia, and Khabarovsk Territory is very promising. The factors affecting the metal content of coal may be ranked as follows (in descending order): epigenetic, endogenous, metamorphic, and syngenetic factors. Rare metals whose content matches and even exceeds the limiting permissible concentration are identified. Price analysis confirms the excellent prospects for the extraction of rare metals from coal waste.

The comprehensive use of mineral resources is shown to be of great importance for Russia. Innovative technologies must be introduced in mineral processing so as to improve the sustainability of the Russian economy. Innovative processing of minerals and their wastes benefits industrial performance within the fifth and sixth technological orders (for example, green technology, biotechnology, and smart technology). A literature review illuminates theoretical aspects of the problem. The factors responsible for practical divergence from theoretical principles are analyzed. Minerals and their components currently used in Russia are classified. The comprehensive processing of coal and coal wastes in Russia is discussed. The extraction of valuable metals from coal is considered, as well as the extraction of rare and rare earth metals and other useful components from coal wastes (ash and slag and also enrichment waste). As an example, an innovative technology for the extraction of rare and rare earth metal concentrates is presented. A construction material, agloporite, may also be derived. The prospects for the creation of coal, technological, environmental, and other economic clusters in the Kuznetsk Basin, on the basis of the comprehensive processing of coal and its wastes, are assessed. The correlation between the comprehensive use of minerals and the principles of sustainable development is explored.

The article discusses a range of economic issues related to the efficient use of the industrial potential of coastal territories (by the example of the Murmansk region) in the development of shelf deposits. A comprehensive analysis of the industrial complex and an objective assessment of conditions for the development of the oil and gas industry in the Murmansk region are given. Considerable attention is paid to the formation of organizational and economic mechanisms for using the industrial potential of regional enterprises in the implementation of oil and gas and large industrial projects in the territory of a new producing area.

Gas industry plays an important role in the global energy sector, and in the coming decades amountsof natural gas production will only increase. One of the fastest growing trends in gas industry is the production of liquefiednatural gas (LNG), which is associated with the necessity to organize flexible systems of gas supply to the regions,remote from gas extraction sites. Industrial structure of LNG production includes projects, belonging to several different groups depending to their scale, in particular, small-scale production (SSLNG), cumulative production capacityof which is approximately 10 % from the industry-wide one. Economic aspects of implementing such projects remainunderexplored, which does not allow to draw objective conclusions regarding the prospects of their implementationin particular regions.This paper contains a review of publications, devoted to SSLNG project studies, aimed at identifying specifics oftheir organization compared to projects of greater scale. The results demonstrate that the majority of internationalcompanies classify projects as SSLNG, if their annual production capacity is below 0.5 million tonnes per annum.Specific capital costs, as well as implementation timelines of such projects, are several times lower than those of projects with greater production capacity, which reduces their risks and minimizes barriers to market entry. Furthermore,SSLNG is the most decentralized subsector in gas industry, aiming to cover the market due to a growing numberof projects, not their specific production capacity. These specific features define significant prospects of SSLNGdevelopment in Russia, both in the context of energy supply to remote regions and diversification of export deliveries.

The problem of global warming is a key challenge. One means to prevent climate change is to reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This can be achieved using CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technology. Due to the relative novelty of the technology, low level of experience, and high risk of implementation, in practice society often displays a negative attitude towards CCS projects. Thus, it is necessary to develop a targeted strategy to popularize CO2 capture and storage technology. Based on an extensive literature review and the experience of implementation of CCS projects in different countries, this study demonstrates the necessity of applying the deficit, contextual, lay expertise, and public participation models to promote CCS technology. As a result, the factors influencing the choice of promotion tools are identified, and the measures to popularize CCS technology, depending on the stage of its implementation, are determined. Recommendations for the improvement of CCS public databases are developed. The methodologies used this study include case studies, system-oriented analysis, and stakeholder management tools.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technology enabling to use fossil fuels in a sustainable way. Therefore, it attracts much attention from the industrial sector, government authorities and scientific community. However, public awareness of the technology is extremely low, and the studies of the lay people's opinion have been launched only during the last decade. Taking into account the role of public support during the implementation of CCS projects, the authors would like to present herein their review of materials on this subject published during 2002-2018 (135 articles). As part of our review, we determined 9 key aspects forming the public perception of CCS. For each of the key aspects, we summarized the available results of the studies. Apart from that, we compared the CCS current status in different countries and provided a number of reasons for involving new countries into the fight against global warming. This work shows that most attention is devoted to CO2 storage; whereas its capture and transportation are poorly studied in terms of public perception. Wider development is required for the methodology enabling a transition from global rhetoric concerning global warming issues to the implementation of particular projects, namely, CCS. The issues related to public awareness of CCS are studied rather thoroughly, but no recommendations are provided regarding the establishment of an optimal database for the lay people. Numerous assessments of general public perception have been carried out. However little attention was paid to the regions with active projects, namely, to the factors considered the most important by the local public, and how actual project results meet their expectations. Therefore, despite an extensive scientific base developed over 17 years, further studies should be aimed at filling the existing gaps. This will enable to improve CCS attractiveness for the public, including the cases when it is compared with alternative low-carbon technologies.

This article describes the results of the economic efficiency assessment of the Afrikanda deposit (Russia, Murmansk Region) development based on the Monte Carlo method. The project was divided into two phases: Phase 1 – production of perovskite concentrate, phase 2 - production of TiO2, Nb2O5, Ta2O5 and REE concentrate. Comparative evaluation was conducted for two options: only phase 1 and phase 1 + phase 2. Obtained results showed that the profitability as well as the payback period of the first option, which is less capital-intensive, can be in 1.5-2 higher. Despite this, the NPV of the first option is 5 times lower than the second, and there are prospects for further growing of this gap beyond the 15-year evaluation period. It was concluded that there are significant economic opportunities of the integrated deposit development, which may be implemented with additional measures of state support.

One of the major challenges of the modern world is the problem of global warming, the solution of which requires the implementation of a set of strategic projects in the field of transition of the energy sector to the path of environmentally balanced development. One of the ways to implement this transition is the development of technologies for capturing and storage of technogenic carbon dioxide, which is recognized as the main one of greenhouse gases. At the same time, in the Russian context, the most expedient is the implementation of technological chains for capturing and storing CO2 which are aimed at enhanced oil recovery, the effectiveness of which has been proven by world practice. Implementation of these projects requires consolidation of efforts of many parties, including government agencies, enterprises-issuers (power generating facilities and energy-intensive industry), oil-producing enterprises, non-state environmental organizations, media and public. World practice has many examples when uncoordinated actions of one of the stakeholders led to the closure of such a project, and therefore it is necessary to develop a mechanism of interaction between them, taking into account the specifics of Russian conditions. One of the least studied and controversial aspects of this interaction is to involve the public in the implementation of national carbon intensity programs and the local population in the implementation of a specific project. Research in this field has been conducted in the world over the past 14 years, which allowed the current research base to be used to develop fundamental principles for the development and promotion of CO2 capture and storage technologies in Russia. Key factors affecting the perception of such projects by public were also analyzed and systematized. The research identified the main arguments for and against the development of CO2 capture and storage technologies. The analysis made it possible to formulate key principles that should be considered when developing a strategy for the development of these technologies in Russia.

Despite the diversity of studies on global warming and climate change mitigation technologies, research on the changing role of CO2 in the industrial processes, which is connected with the introduction of circular economy principles, is still out of scope. The purpose of this review is to answer the following question: Is technogenic CO2 still an industrial waste or has it become a valuable resource? For this purpose, statistical information from the National Energy Technology Library and the Global CCS Institute databases were reviewed. All sequestration projects (199) were divided into three groups: carbon capture and storage (65); carbon capture, utilization, and storage (100); and carbon capture and utilization (34). It was found that: (1) total annual CO2 consumption of such projects was 50.1 Mtpa in 2018, with a possible increase to 326.7 Mtpa in the coming decade; (2) total amount of CO2 sequestered in such projects could be 2209 Mt in 2028; (3) the risk of such projects being cancelled or postponed is around 31.8%; (4) CO2 is a valuable and sought-after resource for various industries. It was concluded that further development of carbon capture and utilization technologies will invariably lead to a change in attitudes towards CO2, as well as the appearance of new CO2-based markets and industries.

Organization of efficient economic activity in the Arctic zone requires development of human potential, transport infrastructure, exploitation of natural resources under the conditions of greatest possible environmental safety. In order to choose preferable trends of economic development and to provide efficiency of operations in the Arctic zone it is crucial to perform research in the areas of industrial efficiency upgrading and rational use of fuel, energy, mineral, chemical and biological resources of the Ocean and littoral areas of Russian Arctic.The paper analyzes major trends in the research on increasing economic efficiency of operations aimed at territory development in the Arctic zone. The authors justify the need to examine economic problems of rational resource use in the Arctic zone of Russia based on the proposed system of resource-estimation indicators and their application in establishing a mechanism of rational resource use with a due regard to protection of the marine environment. The paper also focuses on methodological problems of the target programme approach to complex development of the Arctic zone, creation of target programmes, industrial development and rational use of natural resources. The authors give rationale for the key task in this area – development of methodological principles of forming federal and regional target programmes, aimed at exploration, exploitation and rational use of natural resources in the Arctic zone of Russian Federation. An analysis is provided that focuses on the problems of creating a scientifically justified hierarchical system of programmes and regional regulations, creation of a scientific information data bank and other methodological issues.

Organization of efficient economic activity in the Arctic zone requires development of human potential, transport infrastructure, exploitation of natural resources under the conditions of greatest possible environmental safety. In order to choose preferable trends of economic development and to provide efficiency of operations in the Arctic zone it is crucial to perform research in the areas of industrial efficiency upgrading and rational use of fuel, energy, mineral, chemical and biological resources of the Ocean and littoral areas of Russian Arctic. The paper analyzes major trends in the research on increasing economic efficiency of operations aimed at territory development in the Arctic zone. The authors justify the need to examine economic problems of rational resource use in the Arctic zone of Russia based on the proposed system of resource-estimation indicators and their application in establishing a mechanism of rational resource use with a due regard to protection of the marine environment. The paper also focuses on methodological problems of the target programme approach to complex development of the Arctic zone, creation of target programmes, industrial development and rational use of natural resources. The authors give rationale for the key task in this area – development of methodological principles of forming federal and regional target programmes, aimed at exploration, exploitation and rational use of natural resources in the Arctic zone of Russian Federation. An analysis is provided that focuses on the problems of creating a scientifically justified hierarchical system of programmes and regional regulations, creation of a scientific information data bank and other methodological issues.

The current favorable natural conditions (melting of the Arctic ice) and the advance of innovative technologies used for extraction and transportation of unique natural resources are reasons for the growing economic interest of the international community in the Arctic region. Intensified economic activity leads to increased anthropogenic pressure on the highly vulnerable Arctic environment. Because of this, a study of conservation and restoration of the Arctic ecosystem is of utmost importance. Increased extraction of resources in the Arctic involves developing the transport system, including sea freight. We have found out that increased interest of the global community in the development of the Arctic led to an increase in the number of countries willing to influence the economic activity in the Arctic, including organizing sea freight. The growing number of participants with their expanding range of competing interests hinders the search for coordinated solutions. So far, the unique legal status of the Arctic has not been established at the international level. The paper confirms that the national legislation of Russia does not offer the full opportunities for forming a system of environmental monitoring either, and, therefore, it does not allow to carry out a full economic assessment of the costs of restoring the Arctic ecosystem. We have proposed the key directions for reorganizing the environmental monitoring system, based on recognition of the unique status of the Arctic; these directions can form the future basis for the assessment procedure concerning marginal social costs and benefits of developing the Arctic spaces and making decisions on the scale and trends of its development.

The paper assesses the techno-economic potential of Russia to implement carbon capture and storage technologies that imply the capture of anthropogenic CO2 and its injection into geologic reservoirs for long-term storage. The focus is on CO2 enhanced oil recovery projects that seem to be the most economically promising option of carbon capture and storage. The novelty of the work lies in the formulation of a potential assessment method of CO2 enhanced oil recovery, which allows for establishing a connection between energy production and oil extraction from the viewpoint of CO2 supply and demand. Using linear optimization, the most promising combinations of CO2 sources and sinks are identified and an economic evaluation of these projects is carried out. Based on this information, regions of Russia are ranked according to their prospects in regards to CO2 capture and enhanced oil recovery storage. The results indicate that Russia has a significant potential to utilize its power plants as CO2 sources for enhanced oil recovery projects. It has been estimated that 71 coal-fired power plants, and 185 of the gas-fired power plants of Russia annually produce 297.1 and 309.6 Mt of CO2 that can cover 553.4 Mt of the demand of 322 Russian oil fields. At the same time, the total CO2 storage capacity of the Russian fields is estimated at 7382.6 Mt, however, due to geological and technical factors, only 22.6% can be used for CO2-EOR projects. Of the 183 potential projects identified in the regional analysis phase, 99 were found to be cost-effective, with an average unit cost of € 19.07 per ton of CO2 and a payback period of 8.71 years. The most promising of the estimated regions is characterized by a well-developed energy industry, relatively low transportation costs, numerous large and medium-sized oil fields at the final stages of development, and favorable geological conditions that minimize the cost of injection. Geographically, they are located in the North-Western, Volga, and Ural Federal districts.

Overview of actual problems in the reconstitution of Russian mineral resource base of titanium dioxide reproduction.Providing the Russian Federation economy with mineral raw materials after the collapse of the USSR, as a whole, has declined substantially, and some types of mineral raw materials became scarce.Among them are titanium-containing raw materials.Therefore, solution of the problem to ensure the long term raw material titanium industry of the country and to strengthen the overall mineral potential -becomes important issue.A comparative analysis of the mineral resource base structure of the USSR and the Russian Federation is carried out.A preliminary assessment of prospects for reconstruction of the mineral and raw material base for titanium consuming industries is presented.

The review describes the most commonly natural minerals and compounds, which contains zirconium and the structure of zirconium-containing materials consumption in the modern conditions.Substitutes of zirconium products in individual industries are identified.A brief analysis of Russian mineral resources base of zirconium shows the most promising fields and regions with considerable resource potential for the development of zirconium production.An analysis of the volume and structure of world reserves of zirconium identified the major importers and exporters.The analysis of trends in production and consumption of zirconium in Russia and in the world markets showed a high elasticity of zirconium products demand by the price.It is shown that Russia, despite the availability of resources, is dependent on the import of zirconium.The article presents the forecast of zirconium production and consumption in the world market, which shows the necessity of Russian zirconium industry development to enter international markets and meet the needs of the country.

Background/Objectives: This article is devoted to the analysis of the World Trade Organization export restriction rules in the field on Metals World Markets. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The study is based on the results of the legal analysis of the World Trade Organization rules in the field of export restrictions the change of which is complicated by many factors in current political and macroeconomic situation. The economic analysis of the export restrictions influence on the world economies was performed based on the governmental statistical data. Moreover, this analysis revealed the effect exerted by these restrictions on producers and consumers of the metal. Findings: There is an increasing trend in international trade to regulate export and import flows by implementing export restrictions. This tendency affects significantly trade in metals. Several factors - unequal geographic distribution and indispensability of certain metals in production processes - make significant effect from restrictive export policies in metals sector. Despite many attempts World Trade Organization members did not agree yet to negotiate their rules in the field of restrictions policy within multilateral rounds. This policy gives an advantage to downstream consumers that are using the metal in question. To the contrary, it undermines conditions of local raw materials producers. For the world market it will clearly mean losses for metals consumers which will be slightly offset by trade gain of raw materials producers. These results were obtained by comparing the theoretical research and practical experience of countries and they add value to the existing methods of restrictions implementation evaluation. Applications/Improvements: The authors provide several suggestions for importing countries that can effectively offset negative effects from export restrictive policies on their economies

Background/Objectives: The study is devoted to the influence of factors on the value of a strategic project aimed at diversification of activities and the growth of a large company is studied. Methods/Statistical analysis: The analysis of best world practices in project management, including PMBoK, PRINCE2, P2M and others has made possible the identification of the factors affecting the project costs and outcome. The economic effectiveness of two large potash projects of the Eurochem Company was evaluated on the base of discounted cash flow method. The sensitivity of the project was evaluated through the change of the key factors determining their value. Findings: The implementation of investment projects aiming at diversified growth increases the company value, which requires the calculation of common indicators and taking into account additional effects. Many factors that shape the investment project value in the mineral resources sector are divided into cost-based and value factors. The introduction of the corporate project management system allows creating a balanced portfolio of projects and programs focused on the strategic objectives of the company; monitoring the implementation of all projects and programs; controlling and coordinating the use of resources, time limits and budget of projects, creating a knowledge database of projects, increasing the efficiency of interaction between subdivisions and employees in projects and programs that should enhance the projects value and the company’s market value. According to the results the possibilities for corporate growth through the investment policy of an integrated company were identified. Applications/Improvements: The authors offer a number of project value control methods. These methods are relevant for investors and implementers of high value projects.

This article defines the concept of economic growth focusing on construction industry's needs in St. Petersburg. Authors analyse a broad range of conditions that impact competitiveness of this industrial sector. In addition to that, the article defines criteria for economic growth and sustainable development in relation to construction sector of St. Petersburg. Furthermore, authors provide a significant number of practical recommendations to ensure the rapid industry's economic growth, including suggestions regarding scientific and technological basis, impact of institutional reforms on national economy, corporate measures and measures related to environment.

At present self-sufficiency in mineral feedstock of the Russian economy has dropped significantly, with some types of mineral feedstock becoming extremely scarce after the collapse of the USSR.Analysis of mineral resource base of the companies of titanium-magnesium, chemical, paint and varnish and other sectors of industry, producing titanium products, has shown that these sectors have almost no titanium feedstock of their own production, even with account of titanium low consumption.The use of resource saving technologies instigates creation of new forward-looking methods for reproducing mineral resource base of the titanium industry by bringing new, unconventional types of extractable resources into the economic turnover and is one of main ways to increase the natural resource potential of the industry. A rational combination of modern highly productive machinery and resource saving technologies is the only possible way for the development of a number of valuable extractable resources, including titanium dioxide.The paper gives an overview of key aspects of the modern resource saving technologies for expansion of reproduction in the basic industries. An idea is put forward to recreate the titanium industry resource base in the Russian Federation based on the modern resource saving technologies. A classification of the modern resource saving technologies is proposed.