The limitation of single active sites in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) involving biomolecules (pollutant and oxidant) is inevitable, which necessitates a rational design of catalysts for reaction-pathway decoupling. Herein, the adjacent pair single-atom catalyst (Co2/CN) was designed to achieve the bifunctional catalysis for efficient PMS-AOP. The Co2/CN-PMS system achieved degradation rate of levofloxacin (LF) to 0.1 min-1, significantly outperforming single-atom analogues (Co1/CN: 0.014 min-1), and superior to previously reported PMS-AOPs heterogeneous catalytic systems for LF degradation. Experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that adjacent pair Co1 sites with high d-band center enhance the affinity of pollutant adsorption, leading to the co-adsorption geometric configuration for pollutant and PMS (pollutant-Co-Co-PMS). This configuration with dual reaction sites decouples the PMS activation and pollutant degradation, thus avoids the competitive adsorption of pollutant and PMS. In the meantime, the spatial configuration of Co2 dual reaction sites greatly reduce the migration distance of the active singlet oxygen (1O2) produced from PMS activation for pollutant decomposition. This work pioneers the bifunctionality of adjacent pair single-atom catalysts in AOPs. For the first time, the design paradigm of paired single-atom catalysts has been shifted from "seeking electronic modulation between sites" to a new dimension of "establishing functional division between sites".

The electronic structure, magnetism, and optical properties of rare earth elements X (X = Sc, Gd, Eu) doped gAlN, are systematically investigated by first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). The calculated band gap of g-AlN is 4.045 eV. Upon doping with Sc, Gd, and Eu, the band gaps of the spin-up and spin-down states for the three doped systems are reduced to 3.875 eV/3.875 eV, 3.675 eV/3.767 eV, and 1.334 eV/3.728 eV, respectively. Band structures and density of states reveal that Sc-doped g-AlN system maintains nonmagnetic semiconductor characteristics, Gd-doped g-AlN system exhibits magnetic semiconductor characteristics, while Eu-doped g-AlN system displays typical magnetic half-metallic features. Further analysis of charge density difference, Bader charge, and density of states demonstrates that the magnetism in Gd- and Eu-doped gAlN systems primarily originates from the 4f electron contributions of rare earth elements. The optical properties indicate that the light absorption edge of doped system shifts towards lower energies, exhibiting a redshift phenomenon. And Eu-doped g-AlN system has the highest utilization rate of visible light. The above results show that the electronic structure and optical properties of Eu-doped g-AlN system are optimal. Doping g-AlN with Sc, Gd, and Eu not only broadens the applications of g-AlN in optoelectronic devices but also provides a theoretic basis for the development of diluted magnetic semiconductor materials.

The development of efficient near-infrared (NIR) light-driven Cu2O-based photocatalysts and a deeper understanding of their underlying mechanisms for pollutant degradation are urgently needed. Herein, we report the rational design of oxygen vacancy-enriched Cu/Cu2O Schottky junctions via H2MoO4-template-assisted liquid-phase reduction method. Under NIR irradiation, the optimized Cu/Cu2O composite exhibits remarkable photothermal catalytic performance, achieving 85.1% degradation of tetracycline within 120 min. The enhanced activity is attributed to the synergistic effect of the Schottky junction, dual localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and a unique u201Cdirectional anchoringu201D mechanism for O2 activation. First, the Schottky junction formed at the Cu/Cu2O interface promotes efficient separation of photogenerated charges. Second, a dual LSPR effect, combining the intrinsic LSPR of Cu nanoparticles with the defect-state LSPR induced by oxygen vacancies, significantly enhances NIR light absorption and photothermal conversion efficiency. Most importantly, in-situ spectroscopic and density functional theory analyses reveal a unique u201Cdirectional anchoringu201D mechanism for O2 activation at the oxygen vacancy (OV)-Cu interface. In this process, O2 is selectively captured at the OVu2013Cu dual sites, where electron transfer from the interface weakens the Ou2013O bond, thereby facilitating the generation of reactive oxygen species. This work provides fundamental insights into the design of high-performance NIR-driven photothermal catalysts for environmental remediation.

Long-range ordered artificial superlattices(SLs)self-assembled from monodisperse nanoparticles represent a vital research frontier in functional nanomaterials[1].Nevertheless,in-vestigations on the phase transition pathways between high-symmetry lattices remain underexplored as intermediate pha-ses are inherently thermodynamically unstable and highly transient.This issue greatly hinders the mechanistic under-standing of solid-state transitions in SLs and restricts the func-tional exploration of metastable SLs[2-5].

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) stands out as the most promising candidate for solar energy conversion owing to its easy preparation, metal-free nature, flexible molecular structure, moderate bandgap, and excellent thermal/chemical stability. To enhance the performance of intrinsic g-CN, a supramolecular self-assembly strategy has been proposed to regulate the molecular structure of supramolecular precursors through non-covalent interactions across molecular building blocks, thereby optimizing the electronic structure of g-CN. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent progress in supramolecular self-assembly-derived graphitic carbon nitride (SM-CN) from both experimental and theoretical computational research in synthesis strategies, including synthesis methods and influencing factors, providing a theoretical foundation for the design of supramolecular assembly. It also discusses modification strategies, such as internal modification of the conjugated plane, interlayer optimization, and construction of heterointerfaces to improve the electronic structure of SM-CN owing to its unique layered structure. This review further summarizes the applications of SM-CN in environment and energy, including wastewater treatment, sterilization and disinfection/air purification, water splitting, H2O2 production, organic synthesis/biomass conversion, CO2 reduction, photocatalytic coupling technology. Finally, perspectives and outlooks for the future development of SM-CN aim to inspire further innovation in the design and construction of high-performance SM-CN for broader applications.

Highlights What are the main findings? center dot FAS binds via Si-O-Ti bonds, achieving superhydrophobicity (WCA = 160 degrees) and a stable air film. center dot DUV-assisted sol-gel deposits anatase TiO2 to seal MAO pores and form a dense dual-layer barrier. What are the implications of the main findings? center dot A three-step strategy was developed to fabricate superhydrophobic FAS-TiO2-MAO coatings. center dot The composite coating shows ultra-low corrosion current and 6-order-higher corrosion resistance. center dot Synergistic barrier and superhydrophobicity offer a low-cost anti-corrosion route for Mg alloys.Highlights What are the main findings? center dot FAS binds via Si-O-Ti bonds, achieving superhydrophobicity (WCA = 160 degrees) and a stable air film. center dot DUV-assisted sol-gel deposits anatase TiO2 to seal MAO pores and form a dense dual-layer barrier. What are the implications of the main findings? center dot A three-step strategy was developed to fabricate superhydrophobic FAS-TiO2-MAO coatings. center dot The composite coating shows ultra-low corrosion current and 6-order-higher corrosion resistance. center dot Synergistic barrier and superhydrophobicity offer a low-cost anti-corrosion route for Mg alloys.Abstract To mitigate the intrinsic high corrosion susceptibility of AZ31B magnesium alloy, a three-step synergistic surface modification strategy was developed in this work: initially, a MgO ceramic coating was in situ fabricated on the AZ31B substrate via micro-arc oxidation (MAO); subsequently, a TiO2 sealing barrier layer was deposited on the MAO coating through a deep ultraviolet (DUV)-assisted sol-gel method; finally, a superhydrophobic top layer was constructed via fluoroalkylsilane (FAS) self-assembly. The microstructural characteristics, chemical compositions and corrosion resistance of the coatings at different modification stages were comprehensively characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle (WCA) measurements and electrochemical tests. The results showed that the as-deposited TiO2 was predominantly anatase phase, and FAS molecules were firmly anchored on the coating surface via Si-O-Ti covalent bonds, endowing the composite coating with a WCA of up to 160 degrees. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that the FAS-TiO2-MAO composite coating exhibited an ultra-low corrosion current density of 1.31 & times; 10(-9) A/cm(2) and a remarkably high charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 3.46 & times; 108 Omega & centerdot;cm(2). Compared with the bare AZ31B substrate, the corrosion current density was decreased by nearly four orders of magnitude, while the charge transfer resistance was enhanced by approximately six orders of magnitude, indicating a significant improvement in corrosion resistance. Moreover, the composite coating exhibited excellent interfacial adhesion, favorable mechanical durability, and outstanding chemical stability, confirming its reliable long-term corrosion protection and high practical application potential. This work provides a feasible strategy for fabricating high-performance superhydrophobic anticorrosive coatings on magnesium alloys.

The exploitation of heavy oil resources faces significant challenges, including high viscosity, the existence of recalcitrant sulfur-containing compounds, and the generation of toxic wastewater. To tackle these issues, this study aims to develop and utilize multi-functional agents capable of addressing these multi-phase challenges simultaneously. To achieve this, HPW-anchored mesoporous silica Janus nanosheets (OH-SiO2-NH2@HPW JNSs) were synthesized through sol-gel and electrostatic adsorption methods. The Janus structure and interfacial activity of the as-prepared nanosheets were evaluated using comprehensive characterization and molecular dynamics simulations. Owing to this unique structure, the nanosheets form stable emulsions with an average droplet size of less than 50 mu m even at low concentrations. Experimental results reveal that the OH-SiO2NH2@HPW JNSs serve multiple highly efficient functions: as a Pickering interfacial catalyst, it achieves a highly efficient oxidative desulfurization rate of 99.21%; it effectively removes Congo red from water via catalytic Fenton-like reactions (retaining 98.94% efficiency after five cycles); and when formulated as 0.05 wt% nanofluids, they reduce the interfacial tension between heavy oil and water by 28.52%, enhancing the oil recovery rate by 13.41%. This work presents a unified strategy for designing multifunctional interfacial materials that effectively bridge the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, providing a sustainable, industrial-scale solution for concurrent energy resource utilization and environmental remediation.

Designing efficient and stable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) systems is critical for sustainable energy conversion. Here, we demonstrate a strain engineering strategy through hydrothermal impregnation to anchor W single atoms on MnO2 nanofibers, effectively modulating their electronic structure. The introduced tensile strain weakens the metal-oxygen bond strength, triggering a transition of the OER mechanism from the adsorbate evolution mechanism to the lattice oxygen-mediated mechanism-oxygen vacancy site mechanism (LOM-OVSM). The optimized W-2.06%-MnO2 exhibits superior OER performance with an overpotential of 230 mV at 10 mA cm(-2). When applied in an AEMWE cell, it requires 1.77 V to drive 1 A cm(-2) and demonstrates continuous operation for over 450 h. This study provides fundamental insights into strain-induced modulation of reaction pathways and offers a practical strategy for designing advanced electrocatalysts toward scalable green hydrogen production.

Long-lasting catalysts are essential for advancing the industrial application of catalysis. Catalyst performance decreased over time with increased usage. This study investigated the electrocatalytic performance and structural evolution of porous Cu/CuxO during CH3OH oxidation. Results indicate the catalyst undergoes oxidation during CH3OH electrocatalysis, maintaining effectiveness for 200 cycles. Increased oxide content in porous Cu/CuxO leads to coarsened ligaments, reduced pore size, and improved corrosion resistance. These structural modifications inhibit the diffusion of OHads and reduce the generation of CuOOH. Meanwhile, they impair the replenishment of lattice oxygen in Cu2O, and ultimately attenuate the catalytic activity of the oxidizable regions. Mechanical stirring alleviates these issues by changing the reaction control from electrochemical to diffusion, thereby prolonging the effective catalytic reaction to 500 cycles. Additionally, regularly replacing the electrolyte helps slow the decline in electrocatalytic performance. We summarize and analyze the electrocatalytic performance related to various morphologies to elucidate the mechanism behind the morphology evolution of porous Cu/CuxO. The findings highlight that pore size and corrosion resistance were key factors affecting its use as a battery catalyst.

The construction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) is an effective means of catalyst modification, as they can modulate the energy band structure of the catalyst and enhance its ability for visible light absorption. In this study, the organic solvent ethylene glycol (EG) was employed in the hydrothermal synthesis to introduce OVs into the crystal structure of (BiO)2CO3. The photocatalytic capacity of the (BiO)2CO3 with OVs (BC20EG) was evaluated by degrading TC-HCl under visible light irradiation. Experimental results indicated that the photodegradation efficiency of BC20EG for TC-HCl could reach 92.4 % within 60 min, and its degradation rate constant k value was 8.4 times higher than that of the pristine (BiO)2CO3 (BC0EG). From theoretical calculations combined with characterizations of photoelectric properties and active radicals, it was proved that the excellent photocatalytic activity of BC20EG derived from the defective energy levels formed by OVs in its energy band structure, effectively facilitating the separation of photogenerated charges and enhancing the photo-responsiveness. The findings of this study reveal the potential advantages of the catalyst BC20EG in the removal of antibiotics for the purification of water resources.

The photocatalytic sustainable production of furfural from biomass-derived platform compounds represents a promising green approach. Nevertheless, the low utilization efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers and uncontrollable product selectivity remain major bottlenecks restricting its development. In this study, a dual-functional photocatalyst of single-atom platinum modified indium zinc sulfide (Pt1/ZIS) was fabricated, enabling the simultaneous production of hydrogen (H2) and selective valorisation of furfuryl alcohol to furfural. On a metal basis, the optimized Pt1/ZIS exhibits a furfural formation rate of 1883 mmol gPt−1 h−1 and a H2 evolution rate of 1988 mmol gPt−1 h−1, which is 31-fold and 40-fold higher than those of its Pt nanoparticle counterpart, respectively. Such superior performance of Pt1/ZIS was demonstrated to stem from the facilitation of photogenerated charge separation, the generation of carbon radical intermediates, and the selective cleavage of O–H bonds in the α-hydroxy group on Pt single atoms. Substrate expansion experiments displayed that Pt1/ZIS catalyst can highly selectively oxidize nearly ten types of biomass alcohols into the corresponding aldehydes, accompanied by a high hydrogen generation rate.

Simultaneous integration of rich oxygen vacancies (OVs) and twin crystals in a photocatalyst can not only significantly enhance the near-infrared (NIR) light response but also greatly improve the photocharge separation and transfer efficiency owing to the induced high electrical conductivity and strong built-in electric field. However, thus far, there has been a lack of a model catalyst containing both twin crystals and OVs. Herein, we develop a simple wet chemical strategy for synthesizing of unprecedented NIR light-responsive OVs-rich Cu2O black nanoparticles with high-density of twin crystals (denoted as black twinned Cu2O). As expected, the black twinned Cu2O exhibits higher visible-NIR and NIR light-driven photodegradation of tetracycline (TC) solution than the counterparts. Significantly, the mechanism insight into twin-dependent photocatalysis in NIR light-responsive Cu2O black nanocrystals with rich OVs is uncovered in depth by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and a series of experimental evidence. Expectantly, this work would be beneficial for the scientific researchers currently focusing on the NIR light-responsive photocatalysis and twin engineering of photocatalysts.

ABSTRACT The rational construction of a reverse hydrogen spillover channel within the catalyst effectively accelerates hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics, whereas the driving forces and mechanisms that control hydrogen surface migration remain insufficiently investigated. Therefore, we constructed a strongly coupled RuO x ‐Mo 2 C cluster‐cluster heterostructure catalyst to effectively induce the reverse hydrogen spillover effect. Owing to the high‐density accessible active sites and efficient mass transport pathways provided by the strongly coupled cluster structure, hydrogen can migrate directionally and rapidly from Mo 2 C sites to RuO x sites via the reverse hydrogen spillover effect. This well‐defined interfacial coupling and functional partitioning substantially reduce the integrated energy barrier for water dissociation, H * transport, and H‐H coupling, leading to drastically accelerated HER kinetics and excellent electrocatalytic activity toward hydrogen evolution. It exhibits an overpotential of only 15 mV at 10 mA cm −2 . Moreover, the catalyst maintains stable performance for up to 1000 h under continuous electrolysis without significant degradation, demonstrating outstanding structural and catalytic stability. Furthermore, an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer with RuO x ‐Mo 2 C as the cathode delivers superior catalytic activity, exhibiting a cell voltage of 1.76 V at 1.0 A cm −2 and long‐term stability over 1500 h, holding great promise for industrial high‐current applications.

Photocatalytic hydrogen production from water using solar energy represents a promising pathway for energy-intensive societies to overcome sustainability bottlenecks. However, the design and controllable synthesis of photocatalytic materials with high performance, high stability, and environmental compatibility remains challenging. The localized electronic structures and strongly bound Frenkel excitons in metal-free graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) result in poor photocatalytic performance. To address these limitations, this work employs Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to guide the design and synthesis of g-C3N4 photocatalytic materials (EHTD-CN). Specifically, the integration of spatially separated electron-trapping and hole-trapping domains (ETD and HTD) alters the distribution of electron density. This creates a robust built-in electric field (BIEF) within symmetry-breaking conjugated frameworks, reducing the exciton binding energy and promoting photoexciton dissociation and subsequent migration to predetermined sites. Consequently, the proton reduction kinetics are accelerated. As a result, the synthesized EHTD-CN exhibits a significantly enhanced hydrogen production rate of 3.09 mmol g(-1) h(-1), which is 30.9-fold higher than that of bulk g-C3N4. Importantly, the underlying mechanisms of improved exciton dissociation and charge dynamics by the tailored electronic structure are thoroughly characterized and elucidated. This work provides new insights into DFT-guided photocatalytic material design for energy and environmental applications.

Defect engineering coupled with heteroatom doping offers a powerful approach for boosting the semiconductors photocatalysis. In this work, a stepwise hydrothermal strategy—combining tantalum precursor pre-intercalation with controlled oxygen vacancy introduction in a subsequent reaction—was developed to synthesize ultrathin Ta-doped BiOCl nanosheets with well-tailored surface oxygen vacancies (denoted as BOC-Ta-OVs). This synthetic protocol allows for co-modulation of dopant concentration and defect density within a unified material architecture. The optimized BOC-Ta0.5 catalyst delivers outstanding visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance, attaining near-total rhodamine B degradation in 8 min and about 80% tetracycline hydrochloride elimination within 60 min, significantly surpassing both pristine BiOCl and most reported analogues. The performance enhancement stems from the synergistic interaction of Ta doping and oxygen vacancies. Ta incorporation creates shallow defect states beneath the conduction band, which broadens visible-light absorption and improves bulk charge dissociation. Concurrently, surface oxygen vacancies function as electron-trapping centers that mitigate charge recombination and offer active sites for O2 adsorption and activation, thus sustaining •O2⁻ radical production. Complementary photoelectrochemical analysis and computational simulations jointly verify that this dual structural engineering promotes both interfacial charge transfer and surface catalytic kinetics. This study proposes a feasible route to dual-modified photocatalysts and advances the rational design of efficient environmental purification materials via coupled defect–dopant engineering.

The rational construction of a reverse hydrogen spillover channel within the catalyst effectively accelerates hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics, whereas the driving forces and mechanisms that control hydrogen surface migration remain insufficiently investigated. Therefore, we constructed a strongly coupled RuOx-Mo2C cluster-cluster heterostructure catalyst to effectively induce the reverse hydrogen spillover effect. Owing to the high-density accessible active sites and efficient mass transport pathways provided by the strongly coupled cluster structure, hydrogen can migrate directionally and rapidly from Mo2C sites to RuOx sites via the reverse hydrogen spillover effect. This well-defined interfacial coupling and functional partitioning substantially reduce the integrated energy barrier for water dissociation, H* transport, and H-H coupling, leading to drastically accelerated HER kinetics and excellent electrocatalytic activity toward hydrogen evolution. It exhibits an overpotential of only 15 mV at 10 mA cm-2. Moreover, the catalyst maintains stable performance for up to 1000 h under continuous electrolysis without significant degradation, demonstrating outstanding structural and catalytic stability. Furthermore, an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer with RuOx-Mo2C as the cathode delivers superior catalytic activity, exhibiting a cell voltage of 1.76 V at 1.0 A cm-2 and long-term stability over 1500 h, holding great promise for industrial high-current applications.

Efficient activation of molecular oxygen (O2) into reactive oxygen species without external energy is vital for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), which are, nevertheless, often limited by the sluggish electron transfer kinetics on heterogeneous catalysts. Inspired by natural enzyme behavior in the respiratory chain, herein we designed atomically neighboring Co single atom and oxygen vacancy (Co1–OV) dual sites on tungsten oxide, creating a biomimetic electron-relay pathway for O2 activation under ambient conditions. In detail, Co1–OV electron delocalization strengthens the O2 adsorption on OV, by oxidizing the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the obtainment of a single electron on the Co1 active site, reducing the energy barrier of O2 activation, thereby producing singlet oxygen (1O2). Notably, via tuning the electronic state of Co1, the PMS→Co1–OV→O2 single electron-relay process can be quantitatively and regularly manipulated. These features enable the 1O2 generation rate up to at least threefold of traditional PMS-AOPs, and the pollutant degradation rates superior to previously reported PMS-AOPs heterogeneous catalytic systems. The catalyst is robust (>2000 min) and universality across practical applications. Our findings provide a new biomimetic strategy to realize ambient O2 activation and advance the design of heterogeneous catalysts for next-generation sustainable catalytic technologies.

The global renewable energy transition demands advanced energy storage technologies, especially pulsed power capacitors capable of operating under moderate electric fields. Tungsten bronze Sr2NaNb5O15 (SNN)-based ferroelectrics offer potential for energy storage but are still challenged by the inherent recoverable energy density-efficiency trade-off. Herein, we demonstrate that precisely targeted Bi3+/Ti4+ co-doping effectively regulates the relaxor-ferroelectric crossover in Sr2-xBixNa0.8Ag0.2Nb5-xTixO15 (BTx, 0.0 <= x <= 0.5) filled tungsten bronze ceramics, yielding a drastic enhancement in moderate-field energy storage performance. BT0.3 delivers exceptional metrics under 400 kV/cm-with a recoverable energy density (Wrec) of 6.23 J/cm3, an efficiency (eta) of 87.92%, and an energy storage potential (Wrec/E = 0.0155 mu C/cm2)-outperforming most lead-free dielectrics and representing the highest performance documented within the filled tungsten bronze ferroelectric family. Multi-scale characterizations clarify the underlying mechanism that controlled Bi3+/Ti4+ co-doping stabilizes an incommensurately modulated relaxor architecture in SNN-based tungsten bronze ceramics, where aperiodic, weakly coupled polar nanoregions replace long-range ferroelectric order. This transformation is structurally rooted in dual-scale modifications. Long-range symmetry evolves from orthorhombic (Im2a) to tetragonal (P4/ mbm), suppressing macroscopic polar order, while local BO6 octahedral vibrational modes soften and broaden, and Sr-site vacancies disrupt lattice periodicity-collectively stabilizing the polar nanoregions (PNRs) configuration. Accompanying microstructural refinement, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, yields a dense, uniform grain morphology with reduced grain size and porosity, which enhances dielectric breakdown strength and cyclic endurance. This study underscores the engineering of relaxor-ferroelectric crossover as a potent strategy to overcome key limitations in ferroelectric capacitors, providing critical insights for designing highperformance lead-free materials tailored to moderate-field pulsed-power applications.

Dielectric capacitors for pulse power applications require efficient energy storage under moderate-to-low electric fields, yet conventional relaxor ferroelectrics face an inherent trade-off between polarization and breakdown strength. Herein, we report that non-equivalent Ti4+ substitution in unfilled tungsten bronze Sr0.485Ba0.47Gd0.03Nb2-xTixO6 (SBGNTx) ceramics resolves this limitation through concurrent engineering of atomic-scale disorder and microstructural uniformity. Ti4+ doping simultaneously activates two beneficial mechanisms. It introduces lattice distortion that fragments long-range ferroelectric order and mobilizes polar nanoregions, enhancing relaxor behavior. Concurrently, it transforms the grain morphology from anisotropic rods to fine equiaxed grains, homogenizing the electrical response as confirmed by impedance spectroscopy. This synergistic interplay culminates in an optimal x = 0.08, which delivers a recoverable energy density of 3.1 J/cm3 and an efficiency of 92.73% at 320 kV/cm-approximately doubling the performance of the undoped ceramic. Remarkably, despite Ti-induced band gap narrowing and increased conductivity, the macroscopic breakdown strength does not markedly deteriorate, underscoring that microstructural control outweighs intrinsic electronic limitations under moderate-to-low fields. The SBGNT0.08 also exhibits excellent thermal stability (30-140 degrees C) and rapid discharge (tau 0.9 = 105.8 ns at 150 kV/cm), confirming practical viability. By synchronizing atomic-scale polar disorder with microstructural uniformity through aliovalent doping, this work establishes a broadly applicable strategy for designing high-performance dielectrics for moderate-to-low field energy storage, extendable across tungsten bronze and related oxide ferroelectric families.

Construction of S-scheme heterojunction with 2D/2D structure can accelerate the carrier separation and migration owing to the induced built-in electric field, short carrier migration distance and large contact area. Herein, we develop a simple one-step solvent thermal method for the synthesis of novel Bi2O3-BiOI 2D/2D S-scheme heterojunction with intimate interfacial contact. As expected, the as-prepared Bi2O3-BiOI heterojunction presents higher visible-light driven photodegradation of tetracycline (TC), as well as rhodamine B (RhB), methyl orange (MO), and tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl), than the counterparts. Besides, the potential degradation pathways of TC are elucidated and the toxicities of intermediates are assessed in detail. Significantly, the mechanism insight into S-scheme charge transfer mechanism in Bi2O3-BiOI 2D/2D heterojunction is uncovered in depth by density functional theory calculations and a series of experimental evidences. This work affords a useful inspiration on constructing high-performance BiOI-based photocatalysts via engineering of heterojunction and morphology for organic hazards removal.