ABSTRACTThe hydrogen industry is of great significance for global energy system transition and decarbonization; thus, the holistic planning of hydrogen infrastructure from a supply chain level is necessary. To this end, first, the framework and methods in the hydrogen infrastructure deployment research were investigated systematically. Second, a hydrogen supply chain design (HSCD) model and a hydrogen refueling station location (HRSL) model were constructed. In view of the limitations of the two models, this paper reformulated the HRSL model through alternating the objective function and constraint, then proposed an integrated planning model using the ‐constraint method, which relaxed the assumption condition and expanded the decision‐making boundary of the original model, realizing the reasonable equilibrium of multiple segments. Finally, a case study was conducted using the Yangtze River Delta region as an example, and the main findings were as follows: (1) To meet the hydrogen demand of 25494t/d, the Yangtze River Delta region needs to build 94 coal gasification hydrogen plants, storage facilities with capacity of 12747t, transmission modes with capacity of 2333t/d, and 150 hydrogen refueling stations. (2) Railways have more advantages in large capacity and long‐distance hydrogen transmission. (3) Road segments with higher traffic flow often have a higher capture proportion. (4) The investment cost accounts for the majority of hydrogen production plant construction, which is 43.80%.

The ongoing reforms in electricity markets have pushed energy producers and consumers to confront an increasingly uncertain market environment. The integrated energy systems (IES), designed to integrate a wide range of energy resources and carriers, have the potential to address the uncertainties of market trading. To this end, this paper innovatively introduces the Wasserstein metric-based distributionally robust optimization theory to construct a bidding model for IES participating in the spot power market. Firstly, the bidding mechanisms of the spot market across day-ahead, intraday and real-time market are analyzed, the decision-making keys for IES operators are proposed. Secondly, a data-driven Wasserstein metric ambiguity set is constructed to deal with price uncertainty, taking the minimization of expected cost and conditioned value-at-risk as objective, a distributionally robust optimization (DRO) bidding model is proposed for IES participating in the market. Thirdly, addressing the inherent complexity of the infinite-dimensional worst-case expectation problem, the proposed model is reformulated to a finite-dimensional mixed integer linear programming problem for computationally tractable, with rigorous reformulation process and final model presented in detail. Finally, taking the spot power market in Shandong Province, China, as an example, a case study is carried out to verify the feasibility and superiority of the proposed model. Comparison with stochastic programming and robust optimization show that the proposed model has better out-of-sample performance.

Customer-side integrated energy system energy efficiency improvement is an effective path to achieve China's dual carbon goal. The current research on energy efficiency optimization of customer-side integrated energy systems is relatively single, and only model optimization is carried out unilaterally for high efficiency or combining high efficiency with economy. Based on this, this paper constructs a customer-side integrated energy system energy efficiency optimization operation model with three objective functions economy, environmental protection, and high efficiency. A typical industrial scenario containing electricity-heat-gas-cooling load is selected for example analysis, and the objective is solved by particle swarm algorithm and NSGA-II algorithm and compared for analysis, and the optimal total cost under the typical industrial scenario is calculated to be about 46 million RMB. It provides a reference for related parties to explore the optimization and enhancement of customer-side integrated energy system operation from multiple perspectives and also enriches the research results in the field of energy efficiency of customer-side integrated energy systems in China.

Integrated energy system is an important approach to promote large-scale utilization of renewable energy. Under the context of energy market reformation and technology advancement, the economic operation of integrated energy system confronts new challenges, in terms of multiple uncertainties, multi-timescale characteristics of heterogeneous energy, and coordinated operation of hybrid energy storage system. To this end, this paper investigates the multi-timescale rolling optimization of integrated energy system with hybrid energy storage system considering the above challenges. Firstly, a basic framework of an integrated energy system with hybrid energy storage system (consisting of battery and hydrogen storage) is proposed, and the typical devices are modeled in detail. Secondly, the parameters and variables are divided into fast/slow timescale according to dispatch needs, and the multi-timescale problem of heterogeneous energy and the coordinated operation of the hybrid energy storage system can be solved simultaneously through two-stage optimization. Thirdly, the dispatch model is incorporated into the framework of model predictive control, the uncertainty of price, renewable energy and load can be effectively handled. Finally, a case study is conducted using an industrial park in the southern coastal region of China, the comparison with the rule-based method shows 60.65% reduction in the operating cost of hybrid energy storage system, the comparison with robust optimization shows 7.01% reduction in the total cost of the system, thus the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified.

The configuration of energy storage with reasonable capacity in the photovoltaic microgrid is a powerful way to promote the local consumption of distributed photovoltaic and improve the efficiency of photovoltaic system. DSM can effectively reduce grid investment and become an important regulation means for efficient operation of power system. The main innovation of this research is to consider the utilization of demand side resources in microgrid planning, which is rarely deployed in previous studies. Firstly, the models of renewable energy output characteristics and energy storage SOC characteristics are established, and the demand response mechanism is analysed; Secondly, taking the minimization of the comprehensive cost of the system as the objective function and the energy balance, equipment characteristics as constraints, a collaborative planning model of PV-Battery storage system for microgrid considering demand response is constructed. Finally, the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed optimization model are verified by the actual data of a microgrid in Fuzhou.

随着市场机制的不断成熟,逐步扩大电力市场交易范围,促进不同地区电力资源的优势互补,已经成为世界电力市场的共同发展方向.当前,我国省间、省内电力市场缺乏紧密的衔接机制,交易过程相互较为独立,难以最大限度发挥市场资源优化配置作用.在此背景下,本文梳理了国外典型统一电力市场的融合发展过程及经验,阐释了省间、省内市场耦合的关键影响因素,考虑我国管理体制和电力技术特性构建两级市场的"分层""基本耦合"及"全面耦合"三阶段演进路径,尤其对分层阶段的过渡问题进行讨论分析,从促进市场主体参与跨省区交易、电源电网统一规划和两级平台衔接协调等方面提出相关政策建议,为我国电力市场进一步深化建设提供参考.

Sector coupling includes not only the coupling within energy sectors such as electricity, heat and gas, but also the coupling between energy sector and transportation sector, construction sector and industrial sector. This article introduces a method for measuring the development potential of clean energy based on sector coupling. First, the analysis model of electric energy substitution potential is constructed, the analysis object is determined, and the analysis object is quantified. On the basis of the definition of clean energy development potential, an IPAT model for electric energy substitution is constructed to realize the comprehensive evaluation of clean energy. Secondly, based on Markov theory to realize the sub-path calculation of the development potential of clean energy. Finally, based on the IPAT model and the decoupling theoretical model, this paper sets up three different alternative scenarios to make a more comprehensive prediction and analysis of the medium and long-term clean energy development potential, and applies the introduced measurement methods to the calculation of China’s clean energy development potential. The results show the effectiveness of the algorithm in the calculation of the development potential of clean energy based on sector coupling.

AbstractIntegrated energy systems and multi‐energy micro‐grids are complex multi‐agent collaborative optimization projects. According to the operating structure and characteristics of the multi‐energy system, considering the externality, economy and other factors, a scientific and effective comprehensive evaluation are important decision supports to ensure its implementation and promote its development. Therefore, this paper proposes a comprehensive benefit evaluation model of a multi‐energy micro‐grid based on the matter‐element extension model. With the research trends and practical requirements of multi‐energy micro‐grid benefit evaluation, an evaluation index system covering energy efficiency indicators, economic indicators, reliability indicators, and renewable energy consumption indicators has been constructed, and uncertainties have been resolved in cloud model and fuzzy set theory. Based on the advantages of the performance evaluation information, the system operation scenarios in the process of planning scheme formation are fully considered, and then a matter‐element‐extensible multi‐attribute decision‐making model is proposed to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of multi‐energy micro‐grids. Finally, the feasibility of the above method is verified by comparing the comprehensive benefit evaluation results of the multi‐energy micro‐grid under different planning scenarios. In addition, a certain decision‐making reference is provided for the formation of a multi‐energy micro‐grid configuration scheme.

输电线路巡维是保障电力系统安全与电力可靠供应的基本手段,但受地形、气候、环境等多种因素影响,线路巡维存在难度大、效率低和风险高等问题,因此探讨不同巡维模式的成本体系及经济效益具有较强的意义.首先分析了不同巡维模式的成本变化情况,构建了运维模式平均成本计算模型;其次考虑故障上报、抵达故障点和故障修复及研判等巡维环节后构建了巡维模式的REI指数,可综合反映不同巡维模式的响应效率;最后基于REI指数,通过等价用户停电经济损失构建了巡维模式的经济效益测算模型.通过算例验证了该模型的可行性和有效性.

With the rapid development of smart grid technology, how demand side resources participate in power market has become a research hotspot. This paper proposes a bi-level optimization model for demand side resource aggregators to participate in electricity market transactions. In the bi-level model, the lower level is the wholesale market clearing model aiming at the maximum social benefit, and the upper level is the bidding decision model aiming at the maximum power consumption benefit of air conditioning load. The case study demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the model.

This paper mainly studies the stage division and mechanism of the evolution from provincial power market to national unified power market at the present stage. Firstly, this paper analyses the current situation of China's power market construction from both provincial and inter-provincial perspectives, and on the basis of this, it divides the evolution process of China's power market into stages according to the current situation of China's power market construction and future construction needs, and puts forward the market structure and operation modes of each stage, so as to provide reference for China's power market construction.

The global energy supply is still dominated by fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. The geographical distribution of fossil energy production and consumption is uneven, which leads to energy resources to be optimally configured around the world. Under this context, this paper studied the delivery mode, delivery channel, and risks of the global energy base. First, the distribution and evolution of energy bases for global fossil energy are analyzed, and the global energy reserves are sorted out by regions. Second, the energy delivery modes for oil, natural gas, and coal are summarized, as well as the channels for neighboring countries to send energy to China; Third, taking the Middle East as an example, this paper studied the political and economic risks of energy delivery, which will help China to avoid risks of energy imports.