BACKGROUND:Eleven criteria correlating electrocardiogram (ECG) findings with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) have been previously published. These have not been compared head-to-head in a single study. We studied their value as a screening test to identify patients with reduced LVEF estimated by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. METHODS:ECGs and CMR from 548 patients (age 61 + 11 years, 79% male) with previous myocardial infarction (MI), from the DETERMINE and PRE-DETERMINE studies, were analyzed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of each criterion for identifying patients with LVEF ≤ 30% and ≤ 40% were studied. A useful screening test should have high sensitivity and NPV. RESULTS:Mean LVEF was 40% (SD = 11%); 264 patients (48.2%) had LVEF ≤ 40%, and 96 patients (17.5%) had LVEF ≤ 30%. Six of 11 criteria were associated with a significant lower LVEF, but had poor sensitivity to identify LVEF ≤ 30% (range 2.1%-55.2%) or LVEF ≤ 40% (1.1%-51.1%); NPVs were good for LVEF ≤ 30% (range 82.8%-85.9%) but not for LVEF ≤ 40% (range 52.1%-60.6%). Goldberger's third criterion (RV4/SV4 < 1) and combinations of maximal QRS duration > 124 ms + either Goldberger's third criterion or Goldberger's first criterion (SV1 or SV2 + RV5 or RV6 ≥ 3.5 mV) had high specificity (95.4%-100%) for LVEF ≤ 40%, although seen in only 48 (8.8%) patients; predictive values were similar on subgroup analysis. CONCLUSIONS:None of the ECG criteria qualified as a good screening test. Three criteria had high specificity for LVEF ≤ 40%, although seen in < 9% of patients. Whether other ECG criteria can better identify LV dysfunction remains to be determined.

Introduction: There are few published studies on reference ranges of ECG parameters in children; some ethnic differences have been described. Methods: We studied digital 12-lead ECGs (1000 samples/s) from 906 healthy rural Indian children (467 boys: 439 girls) aged 5-15 years. PR, QRS, and QT were measured using superimposed median beat. Age-wise normal limits (median, 2nd and 98th percentile) were defined. Results: Heart rate decreased while PR interval and QRS duration increased with age. QTcB interval remained unchanged from 5 to 12 years and decreased thereafter due to QTcB shortening in boys but not in girls. "Juvenile T wave pattern" was seen in 95% of children aged 5-8 years in lead V1 and 55-60% in V2, V3; it decreased with age. RV dominance (R/S > 1) in lead V1 was seen in 13% at 5 years, 1% at 10 years and none at 14 years. Conclusion: Reference ranges in Indian children are similar to those in other ethnic groups. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Aims There is an almost endless controversy regarding the choice of the QT correction formula to be used in electrocardiograms (ECG) in neonates for screening for long QT syndrome (LQTS). We compared the performance of four commonly used formulae and a new formula derived from neonates. Methods and results From a cohort of 44 596 healthy neonates prospectively studied in Italy between 2001 and 2006, 5000 ECGs including 17 with LQTS-causing mutation identified by genotyping were studied using four QT correction formulae [Bazett's (QTcB), Fridericia's (QTcF), Framingham (QTcL), and Hodges (QTcH)]. A neonate-specific exponential correction (QTcNeo) was derived using 2500 randomly selected ECGs and validated for accuracy in the remaining 2500 ECGs. Digital ECGs were recorded between the 15th and 25th day of life; QT interval was measured manually in leads II, V5, and V6. To assess the ability to provide heart rate (HR) independent QT correction, regression analysis of the QTc-HR plots for all 5000 ECGs with each correction formula was done. QTcB provided the most HR independent correction with a slope closest to zero (slope +0.086 ms/b.p.m.) followed by QTcF (slope -0.308 ms/b.p.m.), QTcL (slope -0.364 ms/b.p.m.), and QTcH (slope +0.962 ms/b.p.m.). The QTc-HR slope of QTcNeo (QT/RR0.467) was similar to QTcB. The ability to correctly identify neonates with LQTS was best with QTcB, QTcF, and QTcNeo (comparable areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves) with positive predictive value of 39-40% and sensitivity of 100%. Cut-off values were 460 ms for QTcB, 394 ms for QTcF, and 446 ms for QTcNeo. Conclusions The Bazett's correction provides an effective HR independent QT correction and also accurately identifies the neonates affected by LQTS. It can be used with confidence in neonates, although other methods could also be used with appropriate cut-offs.

Although fixed QT correction methods are typically used to adjust for the effect of heart rate on the QT interval in thorough QT/QTc studies, individual-specific QT correction (QTcI = QT/RRI ) is advisable for drugs that increase the heart rate by >5 to 10 beats/minute (bpm). QTcI is traditionally derived using resting drug-free electrocardiograms (ECGs) collected at prespecified times. However, the resting heart rate range in healthy individuals is narrow, and extrapolation of inferences from these data to higher heart rates could be inappropriate. Accordingly, the QTcI derived from triplicate ECGs extracted at prespecified times (the traditional [T] method, yielding QTcIT) was compared with QTcIs obtained using ECGs with a wider heart rate range (alternative Holter [H] method, yielding QTcIH) from 24-hour Holter recordings from 40 healthy individuals selected from a central ECG laboratory database. For QTcIH, 10-second ECGs were extracted at stable heart rates in the ranges of 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, and 81-90 bpm (9 ECGs in each bin = 36 ECGs). An independent set of 40 ECGs with heart rates from 51 to 90 bpm was extracted from each individual to validate the accuracy of QTcI by the 2 methods. For the validation set, the QTcIH was a better QT correction method (slope of QTc vs heart rate closer to zero) than QTcIT. The mean difference between QTcIT and QTcIH increased from 3.1 milliseconds at 65 bpm to 10.0 milliseconds at 90 bpm (P < 0.01). The QTcIT exceeded QTcIH at heart rates > 60 bpm. Employment of the QTcIH may be more appropriate for studies involving drugs that increase heart rate.

rates of young, middle-aged, and elderly patients were 1%, 2%, and 5%, respectively (P<0.01).Annual adverse arrhythmic event rates were similar in the three age groups at ∼1% (P=0.9).Independent predictors of mortality in young patients were age, female sex, volume of alcohol injected during ASA, and residual left ventricular outflow tract gradient.Conclusions: ASA in younger patients with obstructive HCM was safe and effective for relief of symptoms at long-term follow-up.We propose that the indication for ASA can be broadened to younger patients.

Regulatory agencies encourage sponsors to submit 24-hour ambulatory ECG data for assessing cardiac safety of new drugs, and some arrhythmias, hitherto considered rare, have been observed in some early-phase studies. Interpretation of these observations is difficult given the dearth of published data on the prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias seen during 24-hour continuous ECG monitoring in healthy volunteers (HV) from clinical trials. We analyzed drug-free ambulatory ECG recordings from 1273 HV (1000 males, 273 females; age 18-65 years) from 22 phase 1 studies that were analyzed in a core ECG laboratory; all subjects had normal screening ECGs. Supraventricular arrhythmias such as supraventricular premature complexes were observed in 60.8% of healthy volunteers, supraventricular tachycardia in 2.2%, and atrial fibrillation in 0.1%. Ventricular arrhythmias included premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) in 43.4%, >200 PVCs per 24 hours in 3.3%, multifocal PVCs in 5.3%, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in 0.7%, and accelerated idioventricular rhythm in 0.3%. Bradyarrhythmias included sinus pause >3 seconds in 0.3%, and second-degree AV block in 2.4%. Complete heart block and torsades de pointes were not seen in any subject. Based on the observed incidence, we estimated the maximum number of healthy subjects in whom these arrhythmias may be seen as a matter of chance in studies with smaller sample sizes if the study drug has no arrhythmogenic effect. Our results and these estimates could help interpret whether cardiac arrhythmias observed in early-phase studies are due to chance or possibly are a drug effect.

Background and PurposeExposure–response (ER) modelling (concentration–QTc analysis) is gaining as much acceptance as the traditional by‐time analysis of the placebo‐adjusted change from baseline in the QTc interval (ΔΔQTcF). It has been postulated that intensive ECG analysis and ER modelling during early‐phase drug development could be a cost‐effective approach of estimating QT liability of a new drug, in a small number of subjects.Experimental ApproachWe used a highly automated analysis of ECGs from 46 subjects from a crossover thorough QT/QTc study to detect ΔΔQTcF with moxifloxacin. Using these data, we also simulated (bootstrapped) 1000 datasets of a parallel study with eight subjects receiving moxifloxacin and eight others receiving placebo.Key ResultsThe slope from the concentration–QTc analysis for moxifloxacin in 46 subjects was 4.12 ms of ΔΔQTcF per μg‐1 mL‐1; at mean Cmax of 2.95 μg·mL−1, estimated ΔΔQTcF was 13.4 ms (90% confidence interval 11.3, 15.4 ms). In the 1000 simulated datasets, in 996 datasets, ER modelling showed that the upper bound of the 90% confidence interval for ΔΔQTcF at geometric mean Cmax exceeded 10 ms. In 895 of these 996 datasets, the slope of the ER relationship was statistically significantly positive. Thus, with a small sample size (eight subjects on active drug and eight on placebo), moxifloxacin‐induced QTc prolongation was demonstrated using ER analysis with statistical power of >80%.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur study adds to the growing body of data supporting intensive ECG collection and analysis in early‐phase studies to estimate QT liability.

We are writing to commend Zannad et al. 1 on their excellent paper. In recent years, guidance from both the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)2 and the European Medicines Agency (EMA)3 addressing evaluation of the cardiovascular risk of new antidiabetic drugs for type 2 diabetes has led to the conduct of an accumulating number of large cardiovascular safety outcome trials designed to prospectively exclude an unacceptable degree of cardiovascular risk. Given that diabetes is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, the intent behind the creation of FDA’s (2008) and EMA’s (2012) regulatory guidance addressing such prospective exclusion was laudable. However, the time, logistical, and financial demands of conducting such trials are enormous: these run to 5–7 years for trial completion, involvement of potentially hundreds of investigational sites and multiple thousands of participants, and costs of hundreds of millions of … [↵][1]*The opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the Editors of the European Heart Journal or of the European Society of Cardiology Corresponding author. Cardiac Safety Services, Quintiles, 4820 Emperor Blvd, Durham, NC 27703, USA. Tel: + 919 960 2626, Fax: + 919 960 2626, Email: rick.turner{at}quintiles.com [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

BACKGROUND:The spatial QRS-T angle is ideally derived from orthogonal leads. We compared the spatial QRS-T angle derived from orthogonal leads reconstructed from digital 12-lead ECGs and from digital Holter ECGs recorded with the Mason-Likar (M-L) electrode positions.METHODS AND RESULTS:Orthogonal leads were constructed by the inverse Dower method and used to calculate spatial QRS-T angle by (1) a vector method and (2) a net amplitude method, in 100 volunteers. Spatial QRS-T angles from standard and M-L ECGs differed significantly (57°±18° vs 48°±20° respectively using net amplitude method and 53°±28° vs 48°±23° respectively by vector method; p<0.001). Difference in amplitudes in leads V4-V6 was also observed between Holter and standard ECGs, probably due to a difference in electrical potential at the central terminal.CONCLUSION:Mean spatial QRS-T angles derived from standard and M-L lead systems differed by 5°-9°. Though statistically significant, these differences may not be clinically significant.

Following marketing withdrawals of several drugs due to proarrhythmic safety concerns, the ICH Guidelines S7B and E14 were released in 2005 and have guided pre-approval cardiac safety assessments in multiple regulatory jurisdictions. While this S7B-E14 paradigm has successfully prevented drugs with unanticipated potential for inducing Torsades de Pointes entering the market, it has unintentionally resulted in the termination of development programs for potentially important compounds that could have exhibited a favourable benefit-risk balance. The Comprehensive In vitro Proarrhythmia Assay paradigm is currently attracting considerable attention as a solution to this problem. While much evaluative work in this new paradigm will be conducted in the non-clinical domain, human electrocardiographic assessments will remain an important component of the overall investigational strategy, possibly being conducted in Phase I trials employing exposure-response modelling. This article reviews recent developments in proarrhythmic cardiac safety assessments of new drugs, their rationales, and current limitations.