Research objectives (aims) and problem(s): The study aims to examine how perceptions of teacher authority among 15-year-old students have changed over the last decade (2011/2012–2022). The research also seeks to identify the authority figures indicated by students and to capture changes in their understanding of authority in the context of socio-cultural transformations. Research methods: A quantitative-qualitative approach was used, combining statistical analysis with a qualitative interpretation of students’ responses. Data were collected through an electronic questionnaire administered on an e-learning platform. The key open-ended question – “Who is the greatest authority figure for you?” – allowed students to provide unrestricted answers without predefined categories. Process of argumentation: The article presents selected theoretical perspectives on authority, emphasizing its personal and relational dimensions within educational contexts. This theoretical framework is followed by a comparative analysis of empirical data from two nationwide studies conducted in Poland in 2011/2012 and 2022. Research findings and their impact on the development of educational sciences: The comparative analysis reveals significant changes in adolescents’ perceptions of authority. The proportion of students indicating teachers as authority figures increased markedly, while the number identifying both parents as their main authority decreased substantially. Conclusions and/or recommendations: The results suggest that teacher authority is undergoing transformation under the influence of social and cultural changes. Contemporary students increasingly value authenticity, empathy, and communication rather than authority based solely on formal position.

BACKGROUND:The Google Trends tool can be used in medical research to monitor and analyze health trends and patient behavior, but no studies analyzing diurnal patterns in queries related to pain have been done so far. OBJECTIVES:The aim of the study was to analyze the temporal pattern of daily and weekly pain information searches in selected European countries. We measured the search for information about pain by analyzing the search volume for the term "pain" in the Google search engine, depending on the time of day. METHODS:We used data reported by Google Trends (GT) to identify and analyze global interest in pain from January 9, 2023, to July 3, 2023, between 8 a.m. and 9 a.m. RESULTS:We showed for the first time that searches for the term "pain" in individual national languages in selected European countries were characterized by diurnal and weekly seasonality patterns, with most countries' searches peaking between 2:00 and 4:00 a.m. Moreover, in all surveyed countries except Slovakia, searches for the phrase "pain" show a decreasing trend from Monday to Friday until the afternoon, and then an increase in interest in searching for the term "pain" is observed during the weekend. Our data may confirm the close correlations between pain sensation under physiological and pathological conditions and diurnal rhythms in humans, but moreover, clearly show the weekly seasonality of pain sensations in developed countries, which has not been extensively studied and taken into consideration in health care systems so far. CONCLUSIONS:The results of our study may show new epidemiological patterns in pain medicine, confirm correlations between pain and sleep quality in real life, and can contribute to creating well-developed and evidence-based resources by policymakers and the pain medicine community.

The article presents a statistical study of a questionnaire collected among students of various disciplines and universities. The aim of the survey was to investigate the grades obtained in mathematics in the last year of secondary school and during the matriculation exam. Then, the respondents were asked a sequence of 10 questions about their level of self-discipline. The answer sheets were processed and analyzed using own software. A statistical analysis was conducted to find a relationship between the field of study, mathematical abilities and the level of self-discipline. All respondents were statistically divided into two separate clusters. One group included individuals with good self-discipline who also obtained good results in mathematics in the last year of secondary school.

This study explores the use of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots in mathematics education. With the increasing integration of AI tools such as ChatGPT in higher education, particularly in engineering courses, this research investigates whether students can identify errors in AI-generated solutions. Data was collected from over 200 s-semester engineering students at Gdańsk University of Technology, who evaluated mathematical problems solved by three different AI chatbots, assessing the correctness, difficulty, and usefulness of the AI solutions for self-study. The results revealed that students consistently rated AI-generated solutions higher than those provided by human teachers, with significant differences in evaluations. This suggests a potential challenge in students’ ability to critically evaluate AI responses, possibly due to overreliance on the technology. Additionally, a high school-level mathematics task from the Polish Matura exam was analyzed as part of the study, providing further insight into AI’s performance across different educational levels. The findings highlight the importance of fostering critical thinking skills in students, ensuring they can effectively integrate AI into their learning while maintaining the ability to question and verify AI-generated results. As AI continues to evolve, the study underscores the need for educational strategies that balance technology integration with the development of human mathematical and analytical skills.

This study is devoted to the analysis of hand-drawn sketches made by surveyed individuals. The survey aimed to connect the given points in the coordinate system with a line to create a function graph. We distinguish two cases: the graph resembles a straight line segment (corresponding to so-called linear thinking), or it is a smooth function (corresponding to so-called nonlinear thinking). We have shown the relationship between the thinking style and the field of study.

The Bologna Process has substantially reshaped higher education systems across Europe, including the structure of mathematical studies in Poland. One of the increasingly visible consequences of these transformations is the relatively low retention rate between first- and second-cycle studies. The aim of this paper is to investigate selected factors associated with students' willingness to continue mathematical education after obtaining a Bachelor's degree. The study combines questionnaire-based research conducted among mathematics students from 13 Polish higher education institutions with an auxiliary analysis of nationwide graduate-tracking data obtained from the Polish Graduate Tracking System (ELA). The survey investigated students' opinions on general and specialized courses, perceived labour-market usefulness of studies and future educational intentions. The results indicate that students willing to continue second-cycle studies evaluate both the substantive quality and practical usefulness of their studies more positively than students intending to leave mathematics or change institutions. Satisfaction with the chosen specialization emerged as one of the strongest differentiating factors between the analysed groups. At the same time, a substantial proportion of respondents expressed doubts regarding the professional utility of continuing mathematical education, despite administrative labour-market data suggesting several advantages associated with obtaining a Master's degree. The findings suggest that retention in mathematics is shaped not only by academic difficulty, but also by the perceived relationship between university curricula, specialization structures and labour-market expectations. We conclude with recommendations regarding curriculum design, cooperation with external stakeholders and other aspects of second-cycle mathematical education.

Many scientific studies focus on finding the relationship between students’ mathematical skills and socio-economic, demographic, and ontogenetic factors. In this publication, we answer the question of how students’ mathematical skills are achieved in relation to their strengths and weaknesses, also with regard to the use of mathematics in everyday life. In this article, we examine the relationship between the results of the mock final math exam for eighth grade primary school students/final year high school students and additional math classes, the application of math in everyday life and the greatest difficulties with specific areas of taught material. The study was conducted in Poland on almost ten thousand eighth graders and high school leavers who took part in mock exams online, respectively: eighth-grader exam, and school-leaving maturity exam. The participants of these online exams were asked to respond to a survey that pertained to their math grades, attending additional math classes, their perceived most useful mathematical topics in everyday life and future professional work, and identification of their strengths and weaknesses. In the following paper, the relationships between the answers to the survey questions and the results of the mock online exam are analyzed. The results indicate that there are differences in the area of results of the mock exam and answers about strengths and weakness in mathematical literacy. The analysis of answers about use the mathematical knowledge are different for eight-graders and high-school students. Eight-graders indicate the importance of arithmetic operations while high -school students point out more abstract topics like probability, statistics and geometry. The results of the study are compared to the existing results.

The modern world, on the one hand, longs for authority figures, and on the other, often rejects them all. The present paper is a scientific reflection on the issue of authority in the context of the person and teachings of John Paul II and the family. Referring to scientific research, the text demonstrates the need for authority figures in society while also giving examples of how these role models are rejected. Over the years, there has also been a visible decline in the percentage of people declaring that John Paul II or the family are their supreme authority. The media and the increase in the number of 'hip' celebrities and influencers play an important role in this process. It is often they who take the place of traditional authority figures and values in the public sphere.

The article presents a study which involved the selection of an authority figure by students of the last grades of secondary schools, carried out in May 2022. The main goal was to investigate the relationship between the selection of an authority figure and the achievement of learning outcomes in mathematics at the 4th level of the Polish Qualifications Framework. The literature was reviewed with regard to students’ school achievements and authority. A comparative analysis of the choice of authority in the context of school assessment and the result of an online mock exam in mathematics was carried out. The goal was achieved by presenting research problems concerning the choice of authority and its relationship with the achievement of learning outcomes in mathematics. Final conclusions were then formulated.

Depression is the most common disorder in people who attempt suicide or die by suicide. Research review indicate that therapy of depression (including psychoeducation) is one of the main factors in the prevention of suicidal behavior. In this paper we examine the intensification of search interest for the terms "depression" and "suicide" in Google search engine with regard to the time of day and day of the week in Poland, Germany, Great Britain and Italy. The goal of the study was to determine if there are any days of the week or hours when search for "suicide" and "depression" particularly increases. Numerous studies focusing not only on the seasonality of suicidal behavior, but also on the days of the week and hours, indicate that it is most often undertaken on Mondays in the night and early morning hours. The results of the research being the basis of this paper show a certain time coincidence: first, the increase in search interest for "suicide" and "depression" and then undertaking suicidal behavior (suicide and suicide attempts). Searching for terms "suicide" and "depression" usually took place (except in Italy) at weekends and most often in the late evening hours and at night. The conclusions from the research can be used in suicide prevention activities, for example in determining the hours of operation of individual helpline numbers.

. The article presents the results of research on the influence of the pulsed electric field on the color of Curcuma longa L roots. The examined roots were subjected to a short-term PEF impact of 2.5 kV/cm and 5 kV/cm intensity. The color change of the plant was assessed in the CIE lab system. The results of the research indicate a beneficial effect of the electric field on the color intensity of the tested turmeric rhizomes, with particular emphasis on the field strength of 2.5 kV/cm and in that case an increased obtained share of red and yellow colors was respectively 21.6% and 9.2%.

The functionalization of the aromatic backbone allows the improvement of the electrical properties of acene molecules in the amorphous layered structures of organic thin films. In the present work, we discuss the electric properties of the stable, amorphous, vacuum-deposited films prepared from five highly substituted 10-RO-acenes of various electronic properties, i.e., two extreme electron-donor (1,3-dioxa-cyclopenta[b]) anthracenes with all RO substituents, two anthracene carbaldehydes and one benzo[b]carbazole carbaldehyde possessing both electron-donor and acceptor substituents. The hole mobility data were obtained using subsequent steady state space charge limited currents (SCLC) and Time of Flight (TOF) measurements, performed on the same sample and these were then compared with the results of theoretical hole mobility calculations obtained using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) quantum—chemical calculations using the Marcus–Hush theory. The study shows a good agreement between the theoretical and experimental values which allows for the quick and quantitative estimation of Einstein’s mobility values for highly substituted 10-RO anthracene and benzo[b]carbazole based on chemical calculations. This agreement also proves that the transport of holes follows the hopping mechanism. The theoretical calculations indicate that the reorganization energy plays a decisive role in the transport of holes in the amorphous layers of highly substituted hetero(acenes).

Work-related suicide exposure may significantly contribute to the risk of burnout in first responders. This study assessed the exposure to suicide, burnout, and coping mechanisms in emergency medical services in Poland, including psychosocial determinants, such as age, gender, and access to psychological support. The level of burnout was assessed using the Link Burnout Questionnaire (LBQ), and coping was measured using the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). Data were analysed using a series of variance analyses and a partial least squares structural equation modelling. The study showed that 98% of emergency medical services personnel reported work-related suicide exposure. The LBQ score indicated symptoms of burnout, in particular relational deterioration, and the CISS showed low levels of emotion-oriented coping. Physicians reported higher levels of psycho-physical exhaustion than paramedics and nurses. Access to psychological support in the workplace was related to lower levels of burnout. Emergency medical services personnel are frequently exposed to suicide, which may be related to the risk of occupational burnout, and coping strategies used in this occupational group are often not optimal. Preventive measures, such as training emergency medical services personnel in regard to effective coping strategies, are needed, and personnel should be encouraged to access mental health services and supports.

Learning outcomes are measurable statements that articulate educational aims in terms of what knowledge, skills, and other competences students possess after successfully completing a given learning experience. This paper presents an analysis of the disparity between the claimed and formulated learning outcomes categorized in knowledge, skills, and social responsibility competency classes as it is postulated in the European Qualification Framework. We employed machine learning classification algorithms to detect and reveal main errors in their formulation that result in incorrect classification using generally available syllabus data from 22 universities. The proposed method was employed in two stages: preprocessing (creating a Python dataframe structure) and classification (by performing tokenization with the term frequency–inverse document frequency method). The obtained results demonstrated high effectiveness in correct classification for a number of machine learning algorithms. The obtained sensitivity and specificity reached 0.8 for most cases with acceptable positive predictive values for social responsibility competency classes and relatively high negative predictive values greater than 0.8 for all classes. Hence, the presented methodology and results may be a prelude to conducting further studies associated with identifying learning outcomes.

In the manuscript one presents a regular study aiming to determine the relation describing the freezing kinetics as a function of temperature employing the following cooling rates: 2.5 degrees C/min, 5 degrees C/min, 7.5 degrees C/min and 10 degrees C/min. The increase in ice mass is determined using differential scanning calorimeter by integrating the net heat flow for two building materials: red clay brick and cement paste (w/c = 0.5). The isoconversional method, which states that the transition rate (the rate of ice mass) at constant extent of conversion (ice mass) depends only on temperature, is applied to determine a transition model. We select the most appropriate model and determine the kinetic triplet using the method proposed by M ' alek and recommended by International Committee for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (ICTAC). The activation energy is estimated using the differential Friedman's method. Both analysed materials evinced different microstructures, but the kinetic parameters determined for both of them are relatively similar. Hence, one might conclude that the kinetic of inpore water freezing is not very sensitive to size of voids. The results of experimental analysis enabled one to formulate the general kinetic equations for both analysed materials. The comparison of theoretical and experimental results evinces good agreement. Therefore, the formulas derived in the manuscript might be used for further analysis of the porous building materials durability, which experience significant temperature fluctuations. Furthermore, they can be used to design the most efficient testing procedure for the determination of frost resistance of concrete. The proposed procedure might be used for other problems related with the phase transition of water in porous materials, i.e., food freezing geotechnics, etc. Concluding, the results calculated using the proposed models for both materials are in good agreement with the experimental data. Therefore, the formulas derived in the manuscript might be used for further analysis of the porous building materials durability, which experience significant temperature fluctuations. Furthermore, they can be used to design the most efficient testing procedure for the determination of frost resistance of concrete. The proposed procedure might be used for other problems related with the phase transition of water in porous materials, i.e. food freezing geotechnics, etc.

The COVID-19 pandemic is related to changes in rates of suicide and suicide attempts in many countries, and some differences have been observed regarding the prevalence of suicidal behaviours in different age and gender groups. The aim of this study is to analyse the number of suicides and suicide attempts per 100,000 people between 2019 and 2021 in Poland. Using police and government data on suicide and suicide attempts in Poland, three age categories were investigated: 13–24 years old, 25–65 years old, and above 65 years old, and the analysis encompassed the whole population and the populations of men and women separately. Study results indicated an increase in suicide attempts in the two younger age categories (aged 7–24 years and 25–65 years) between 2021 and 2019–2020. There was an increase in suicide among women in all age categories during the study period, whilst no increase was observed in suicide in men in any age group. The differences in the prevalence of suicide and attempted suicide in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic in different age and gender groups indicate the need for tailored suicide prevention activities.

The research undertaken in this article uses the Google Trends tool to study the degree of interest in prayer and general spirituality during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland and Europe. The authors assumed that for people interested in prayer during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Internet served as a virtual prayer book. The main research questions addressed the frequency of typed queries, referring not only to the word “prayer” but also to specific types of prayer. In addition, interest in prayer was compared with interest in the word “prophecy” to explore the relationship between religiosity and interest in the supernatural sphere in its broadest sense. The analysis shows that there is distinct recurrence regarding the terms searched, with some of them noticeably intensifying with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings also show that keywords related to prophecies were searched more frequently at significant moments in Polish history (2005—the death of John Paul II, 2010—the plane crash in which the President of Poland died) than in the months of 2020 when the pandemic struck and escalated. At that time, searches related to religion were more frequent. It can also be concluded that the outbreak of the pandemic contributed to an increase in the religious activity of Poles. The article is interdisciplinary in nature, referring primarily to Religion Studies and Mass Media and Communication Studies.

Przedmiotem badań zaprezentowanych w artykule jest wskazanie potrzeby współpracy uczelni wyższych i szkół zawodowych w celu osiągania efektów uczenia się (Stańdo J., 2019) przez uczniów szkół zawodowych. Eksperyment przeprowadzony został w skali całego kraju przy wykorzystaniu pilotażowej infrastruktury sieci 5G, zlokalizowanej na terenie Politechniki Łódzkiej, poprzez transmisję online, na żywo. Dla uczniów szkół zawodowych zorganizowano trzy laboratoria online dotyczące nowoczesnych technologii: kamer termowizyjnych, drukarek 3D oraz sieci komórkowych 5G. Wyniki wykazały, że konieczna jest współpraca szkoły zawodowej i uczelni wyższej wspierającej poprawę jakości kształcenia uczniów szkół zawodowych ze względu na brak możliwości i/lub zasobów dydaktycznych oraz technologicznych czy też brak dostępu do nowoczesnych urządzeń technologicznych.

The article presents problems related to the emission of the electromagnetic field at terahertz frequencies. Properties of the terahertz band in the frequency spectrum are presented. The phenomena of absorption occurring at the THz frequencies has been shown and described. The technical aspects of 6G technology, which will use the terahertz band of the electromagnetic field, were discussed. The anticipated sixth generation telephony applications are cited.