The growth of digital information demands physically secure information bits that combine intrinsic randomness with multi-layered optical readout. Digital metamaterials with physical unclonable function characteristics are promising, but nearly all examples operate at microwave or terahertz frequencies. Extending digital metamaterials to the visible range requires a physical property that allows binary (0/1) encoding via nanoscale geometry and is orthogonal to intensity-or color-based imaging. Chiral plasmonic metamaterials satisfy these criteria perfectly: their broken mirror symmetry yields chirality polarity in the visible spectrum whose sign and magnitude directly encode bit values ("0", spin-up; "1", spin-down), while remaining invisible under linear polarization. Here, we realize visible-range digital metamaterials by programming self-assembled DNA origami templates with asymmetrically placed gold nanorods to create discrete 3D chiral metamolecules. Using on-surface DNA origami assembly and the Silica Microsphere-Assisted Patterning by Liquid Elimination (SiMPLE) method, we fabricate large-scale bit arrays on optical active glass substrate in solution with ~1.33 μm lattice spacing, ~86% site occupancy, and ~12-month stability after silicification. These bottom-up fabricated digital metamaterial array exhibits two independent security layers: (1) a macroscopic spatial pattern only visible by dark-field microscopy, and (2) hidden binary information stored in the single-particle chiroptical response, read out by position-resolved circular dichroism spectroscopy. Quantitative analysis confirms reliable bit encoding and high optical randomness arising from slight structural variations. By leveraging the polarity of plasmonic chirality to translate molecular-scale handedness into robust visible-range digital signals, this work establishes a scalable nanophotonic platform for secure optical information storage, authentication, and encryption. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. NSF SemiSynBio III, 2227650

The accidental release of petroleum products into environments remains a pressing global challenge, posing a significant threat to both ecosystems and human health. While membranes have long been recognized as an efficient solution, conventional fabrication methods often rely on solvents and rigid designs, which limit their performance. Additive manufacturing (AM) is emerging as a transformative platform for addressing these issues by enabling solvent-free, design-flexible, and functionally customized membranes. In this review, we systematically explore the potential of additive manufacturing for creating membranes used explicitly for oil-water separation. We discuss how printing resolution, ink formulation, and process parameters directly affect membrane porosity, wettability, and separation efficiency. Importantly, our review demonstrates that 3D printing also offers a pathway toward scalable, customizable, and environmentally sustainable production. By outlining both achievements and limitations, this review provides a clear context that guides future research, leveraging the unique design flexibility of 3D printing to overcome the limitations of conventional membrane fabrication.

Achieving ultrahigh-Q resonances in all-dielectric metasurfaces remains challenging, as conventional electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) designs rely primarily on intra-unit-cell bright-dark mode coupling and overlook the role of lattice-level interactions. Here, we demonstrate a lattice-mediated, phase-retarded coupling mechanism that introduces a previously unexplored channel for suppressing radiative loss and sharpening the transmission resonance. Tailoring the lattice constant and polarization direction reveals a strong lattice asymmetry effect, where the directional perturbation further enhances dark-mode reinforcement. The mechanism achieves an ultrahigh Q-factor of 1580, near-unit transmission, and a figure of merit of 284 in EIT-type dielectric metasurface sensors for near-infrared refractive-index sensing. This work establishes a distinct and generalizable design pathway for low-loss resonant metasurfaces, with broad implications for compact NIR photonics, biosensing, gas detection, LiDAR, and surveillance systems.

Inkjet printing offers a mask-free route to large-area electronics, yet achieving uniformity in micron-scale organic light-emitting diode (µ-OLED) arrays remains challenging. Presented here is a photolithography-free, solvent-programmed, single-step inkjet micro-inlay process in which lateral phase separation self-confines each emissive pixel. Guided by solubility parameters, a trichloromethane (TCM)/1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) binary solvent is designed to optimize interactions among the solvents, emissive solutes, and the poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) underlayer. Micro-Raman mapping, cross-sectional SEM, and AFM phase analysis support lateral phase separation between the emissive region and the displaced P4VP phase, selective restructuring of P4VP while preserving the underlying transport layer, and no detectable nanoscale phase segregation within the emissive interior, yielding self-confined pixels of approximately 100 µm. High-speed imaging shows that the blend yields reproducible 180 dpi arrays without jetting instability or nonuniform deposition. Green µ-OLED arrays printed with the blend achieve a peak luminance of 2400 cd m-2, a peak current efficiency of 3.5 cd A-1, and a peak external quantum efficiency of 1.0%. The figure of merit and luminance uniformity improve by 2.6- and 6.9-fold, and by 3.9- and 2.9-fold, respectively, relative to neat TCM and neat DCE. This strategy enables scalable fabrication of flexible and three-dimensional conformal OLED platforms.

ABSTRACT Polymeric porous media are fundamental to sensing, thermal management, and filtration, yet traditional stochastic fabrication often forces trade‐offs between permeability and mechanical integrity. This review examines the paradigm shift from intrinsic chemical synthesis to extrinsic architectural programming, where the topology of “negative space” is treated as a precise design variable via additive manufacturing. We analyze this transition through four pivotal patterning strategies: (1) surface patterning, transforming passive boundaries into active electromechanical zones; (2) directional anisotropy, replacing random dispersion with vector‐dependent properties; (3) topological periodicity, utilizing lattice geometries to program mechanical metamaterials; and (4) hierarchical integration, decoupling conflicting functionalities across length scales. By synthesizing advances in vat photopolymerization and extrusion‐based printing, we demonstrate how these deterministic architectures enhance performance in multimodal sensing, soft actuation, thermal insulation, and selective filtration. Ultimately, bridging monolithic chemistry with biomimetic design offers a scalable pathway to adaptive, multifunctional material systems essential for addressing next‐generation structural and energy challenges.

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional small molecule central to vascular regulation, wound healing, cellular signalling, and antimicrobial defence, while also functioning as a reactive intermediate in sustainable nitrogen and catalytic cycles. However, its rapid oxidation and poor stability in aqueous environments critically limit both biomedical and environmental applications of NO. Here, we report microwave-plasma-generated NO water ( μ PG-NOW) as a high-concentration and long-lived aqueous NO reservoir, providing a reagent-free and scalable platform for controlled NO generation. Electrochemical analyses using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveal record-high NO concentrations (300–2100 µ M) and exceptional stability (>1800 h), corresponding to a twelve-fold lifetime enhancement over conventional NO solutions. These properties originate from synergistic self-deoxygenation and disproportionation-driven regeneration, which continuously sustain free NO and accelerate the redox kinetics, yielding an exchange current density nearly fifty-five times higher than that of an acidified nitrite-derived NO-generating reference solution. For sustainable applications, μ PG-NOW also serves as a mild and eco-friendly reagent for surface modifications of NiO x semiconductors, enabling reproducible tuning of their electronic structures and interfacial energetics. The combined attributes of chemical durability, a high concentration, and enhanced redox efficiency establish μ PG-NOW as a next-generation aqueous NO platform bridging biomedical, catalytic, and sustainable domains. This integrated approach unites plasma–liquid chemistry with functional materials engineering, advancing NO-based technologies for both life and energy sciences.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials are emerging as promising semiconductors for ultrascaled FET devices in the post-Moore’s Law era. Achieving precise doping in these materials is critical for fine-tuning of their electronic properties. Similar to traditional semiconductors, such as Si or SiGe, doping concentration plays a key role in modulating performance. In this work, we demonstrate controlled synthesis of n-type rhenium (Re)-doped MoS2 monolayers via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition, achieving Re concentrations as low as 0.17 at.

Label-free optical detection of nanometer-scale bioparticles is highly desirable for noninvasive biological studies but challenging due to the weak scattering signals that are difficult to distinguish from the illumination background. Interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT) has enabled high-sensitivity imaging by detecting the interference between the particle's scattered light and a reference beam. However, enhancing the detection sensitivity and the image contrast for small particles continues to be a challenge in iSCAT. Here, we introduce meta-amplified dark-field interferometric scattering microscopy (MAD-iSCAT), which leverages a plasmonic metasurface to drastically enhance nanoparticle detection sensitivity in iSCAT. By employing a metasurface comprising sub-diffraction plasmonic meta-atom arrays, MAD-iSCAT generates bright radiation modes that intensely scatter light toward the far field in the presence of a detection nanoparticle, substantially amplifying the sensitivity. In the absence of a nanoparticle, the metasurface produces minimal background due to the dark collective mode, resulting in improved image contrast. We present a theoretical analysis of amplified interferometric imaging using designed metasurfaces and experimentally demonstrate enhancements in contrast and signal-to-noise ratio for detecting dielectric nanoparticles, exosomes, and proteins. Our approach offers broad applications in label-free biosensing and optical mass spectrometry, enabling significantly improved throughput and sensitivity.

Janus transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers exhibit unique optoelectronic properties, arising from their broken mirror symmetry and out-of-plane dipole moments, which distinguish them from their conventional counterparts. While extensive theoretical studies have provided valuable insights, experimental probing of the optical dielectric function of Janus TMDs remains elusive. In this work, we experimentally determine the complex optical dielectric function of single-layer excitonic Janus SeMoS and SeWS monolayers using normal-incidence reflectance spectroscopy combined with Kramers-Kronig constrained analysis, spanning photon energies from 1.5 to 3.0 eV. Our results reveal the fundamental presence of prominent excitonic resonances, band nesting features, and notable spin-orbit coupling effects. Furthermore, by investigating partially converted Janus TMD samples, we demonstrate the tunability of the dielectric function and associated optical properties. These findings offer a comprehensive experimental foundation for understanding the optical responses of Janus TMDs.

This study demonstrates a biosensing platform facilitated by localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) on a silicon (Si) nanopillar metasurface mediated by the presence of cephalexin (Cef) antibiotics in solution. The metasurface is designed to exhibit narrow quadrupolar Mie resonances that when coupled with bovine serum albumin‐coated (BSA‐coated) plasmonic gold nanospheres (BSANS) will produce an appreciable redshift at the peak resonance wavelength, occurring only in the presence of the target antibiotic. To optimize the performance of the Si nanopillars, the finite element method is utilized to fine‐tune their diameters, heights, and periodicity, along with improvements to the fabrication techniques, under the BSANS‐antibiotic binding assay. The metasurface sensor is directly fabricated via a facile photolithographic process using silicon wafers. Through the detection assay, this device exhibited a significant 22 nm wavelength shift resulting from changes to the local refractive index in the presence of the BSANS‐antibiotic coupling. This phenomenon is facilitated through the presence of cephalexin down to 0.3 µg mL −1 for the binding between the plasmonic nanoparticles and the metasurface allowing for sensitive and real‐time detection.

Hybrid organohalide perovskites have received considerable attention due to their exceptional photovoltaic (PV) conversion efficiencies in optoelectronic devices. In this study, we report the development of a highly sensitive, self-powered perovskite-based photovoltaic photodiode (PVPD) fabricated by incorporating a poly(amic acid)-polyimide (PAA-PI) copolymer as an interfacial layer between a methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3, MAPbI3) perovskite light-absorbing layer and a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) hole injection layer. The PAA-PI interfacial layer effectively suppresses carrier recombination at the interfaces, resulting in a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.8% compared to 10.4% in reference devices without an interfacial layer. Moreover, applying the PAA-PI interfacial layer to the MAPbI3 PVPD significantly improves the photodiode performance, increasing the specific detectivity by 49 times to 7.82 × 1010 Jones compared to the corresponding results of reference devices without an interfacial layer. The PAA-PI-passivated MAPbI3 PVPD also exhibits a wide linear dynamic range of ~103 dB and fast response times, with rise and decay times of 61 and 18 µs, respectively. The improved dynamic response of the PAA-PI-passivated MAPbI3 PVPD enables effective weak-light detection, highlighting the potential of advanced interfacial engineering with PAA-PI interfacial layers in the development of high-performance, self-powered perovskite photovoltaic photodetectors for a wide range of optoelectronic applications.

The disposal of wind turbine blade (WTB) waste poses a significant environmental challenge due to its high volume and complex composition. This study introduces an innovative approach to address this issue by repurposing WTB-derived glass fibers (GF) into high-performance polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-GF composite fibers through a scalable dry-jet wet spinning and forced assembly process. By integrating alternating layers of PAN and PAN-GF, layer thickness was precisely controlled to the micrometer scale, ensuring enhanced GF dispersion and improved orientation through shear stress at layer interfaces. The individual layer thickness in the multilayered PAN-GF fibers decreased progressively with an increasing number of layers, with 32-layered fibers exhibiting comparatively thicker layers, while 256-layered fibers demonstrated significantly thinner layers. The effects of WTB-GF incorporation on the thermal and mechanical properties of PAN fibers were examined using tensile testing and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Using GF loadings of 1-4 wt %, the 256-layered composite fibers demonstrated remarkable mechanical improvements, with stiffness (modulus) increasing by 54.7% from 15.10 to 23.37 GPa and tensile strength rising by 27.2% from 521.71 to 663.66 MPa compared to pure PAN fibers. TGA results indicate that increasing the GF content leads to higher residual weight at 900 °C, reflecting enhanced thermal stability and greater char yield. The 256-layered 10PAN-4GF fibers showed the highest residual mass (41.23 wt %), highlighting the significant contribution of GF reinforcement to thermal stabilization. Heat treatment further transformed these precursor fibers into carbonized fibers (CF) with exceptional thermal stability and performance under extreme conditions. This process highlights a sustainable pathway for reusing WTB waste and producing advanced composite fibers, making them ideal candidates for demanding applications such as aerospace and space exploration.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a powerful technology for rapidly prototyping optical materials and components. However, controlling fundamental optical parameters in printed materials remains a significant challenge due to the difficulty of tailoring the internal structures, particularly at the nanoscale. Here we demonstrate the 3D printing-threading of gold nanoplatelets within printing media via digital light processing (DLP). The printed nanoplatelet-resin (PNR) composites exhibit intrinsic optical wavevector (k) dispersion tailoring before and after nanoplatelet threading states. By exploiting nanoplasmonic chain coupling theory, we observed enhanced k in threaded PNR with isofrequency contour tailored from isotropic to elliptical, which further leads to spontaneous emission enhancement of rhodamine dye molecules when coated. The study not only expands the capabilities in accessing the fundamental optical parameters in 3D printed materials but also opens up a new avenue for the development of innovative optical materials with tailored properties.

Covalent organic framework (COF) aerogels are hierarchically porous polymeric materials with ultrahigh specific surface area, making them attractive for wide applications such as molecular capture, adsorption, and catalysis. Previous COF aerogel studies have focused on varying their chemical structures and linkage chemistries to fine-tune material properties and functionality, most of which have reported relatively unsatisfying performance (e.g., poor mechanical strength and strain tolerance). This study describes the synthesis and characterization of COF nanocomposite aerogels, whose material properties and functionality are effectively engineered through the incorporation of reinforcing fillers/binders or functional additives. Boron nitride (BN) fillers, cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) (XPAA) binders, and gold nanoparticles (AuNps) are incorporated into 1,3,5-tris(aminophenyl)benzene-terephthaldehyde (TAPB-PDA) COF aerogel matrices to form homogeneous nanocomposite aerogels with enhanced mechanical properties and unique photothermal conversion capabilities. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy results confirm the successful filler/additive inclusion into the final COF nanocomposite aerogels. Specifically, BN filler loading at similar to 17 wt % relative to final COF mass doubles COF aerogel's Young's modulus from 11 to 22 kPa according to mechanical compression tests, with only similar to 10% reduction in COF's accessible mesopores' surface area according to nitrogen porosimeter analyses. Meanwhile, incorporating similar to 7 wt % XPAA relative to final COF mass improves the Young's modulus to 21 kPa, while increasing the aerogel's yield strain from 10 to 65% strain, although this leads to a similar to 35% reduction in COF's accessible mesopores' surface area. Furthermore, photothermal AuNps are incorporated to form functional COF nanocomposite aerogels, whose overall temperature increases by 5.5 degrees C after 1 sun (AM1.5G, 1000 W m-2) irradiation. Overall, this study demonstrates potential routes to fabricate hierarchically porous COF nanocomposite aerogels with high specific surface area, robust mechanical stability, and unique photothermal functionality, which hold promises for applications in adsorption separation, gas storage, and photocatalysis.

The removal of surface residues from single-layer graphene (SLG), including poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymers and Cl- ions, during the transfer process remains a significant challenge with regard to preserving the intrinsic properties of SLG, with the process often leading to unintended doping and reduced electronic performance capabilities. This study presents a rapid and efficient surface treatment method that relies on an aqueous sodium nitrite (NaNO2) solution to remove such contaminants effectively. The NaNO2 solution rinse leverages reactive nitric oxide (NO) species to neutralize ionic contaminants (e.g., Cl-) and partially oxidize polymer residues in less than 10 min, thereby facilitating a more thorough final cleaning while preserving the intrinsic properties of graphene. Characterization techniques, including atomic force microscopy (AFM), Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), demonstrated substantial reductions in the levels of surface residues. The treatment restored the work function of the SLG to approximately 4.79 eV, close to that of pristine graphene (~4.5-4.8 eV), compared to the value of nearly 5.09 eV for conventional SLG samples treated with deionized (DI) water. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the reduced doping effects and improved structural integrity of the rinsed SLG. This effective rinsing process enhances the reproducibility and performance of SLG, enabling its integration into advanced electronic devices such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), photovoltaic (PV) cells, and transistors. Furthermore, the technique is broadly applicable to other two-dimensional (2D) materials, paving the way for next-generation (opto)electronic technologies.

Understanding the light matter interaction of semiconductors is necessary for advanced scientific and engineering applications. We measure the complex permittivity of ultrathin transition metal dichalcogenides through Kramers-Kronig analysis of the reflectance spectra of monolayers.