Understanding preferences for ecological compensation policies around wetland protected areas helps improve the ecological environment of wetlands and surroundings.Here,we selected 300 valid peasant households in the Crested Ibis protected area in Hanzhong,Shaanxi,and used choice experiments to analyze farmer preferences for different ecological compensation schemes and willingness to accept ecological compensation.We found that the design of compensation policy significantly affected farmer willingness to participate,among which the influence of plan implementation period,land participation and pesticide reduction ratio was negative,and the influence of compensation amount was positive.Age,education level,protection awareness,living in the protected area,family population and per capita annual income affected household preference for wetland ecological compensation attributes,the effect of age on farmer willingness to participate in ecological compensation was negative,and the effect of other individual characteristics was positive.In terms of compensation standard,the mean value of farmer annual willingness to accept compensation surrounding wetland is 608.56CNY/hm2;if the implementation period was extended by one year additional compensation of 8.09CNY/hm2 was needed.If the area involved in land compensation increased by 10％ the need for additional compensation was 58.00CNY/hm2.If the farmer reduced the amount of pesticide by 10％ additional compensation of 459.09CNY/hm2 was needed.Wetland ecological compensation standards in China should not only consider the influence of different household designs but also population characteristics,and carry out dynamic and elastic compensation standards.

林业生态工程在促进山区环境恢复方面发挥着重要的作用,然而对山区经济的贡献,特别是在推进山区减贫方面的作用还很模糊.文中以武陵山区的湘西土家族苗族自治州为例,建立林业生态工程及其经济效果的结构方程模型(SEM),得出:林业生态工程有助于山区总体经济的发展(系数为0.670),推动了山区的基础设施建设(系数为0.759),然而却加剧了山区农户的贫困程度(系数为0.426).政策制定者对林业工程扶贫作用的忽视不利于林业工程要求的持续性.必须给农户(森林所有者)明确的显而易见的经济利益,才能实现恢复生态和维持生计的双重目标.

基于环境库兹涅茨曲线以及新结构经济学理论,采用2003 ～ 2013年各省面板数据,通过空间计量模型,实证分析了中国人均碳排放和TCI指数之间的关系.结果表明:我国环境库兹涅茨曲线呈倒N型;Moran's I显示我国省际人均碳排放存在空间集聚正效应,并呈现先升高后降低的趋势,局部空间自相关结果表明H-H型和L-L型为主要集聚类型;地区违背比较优势优先发展工业的战略将导致地区碳排放水平的增加.应按照比较优势与后发优势发展中国经济,不仅可以促进经济的持续增长,还可以减少二氧化碳的排放量.

以湖北省85个区县为研究对象,基于PSR (Pressure-State-Response)模型,利用熵权法与G1法确定综合权重,根据综合指数法计算湖北省森林生态安全指数,并分析比较1999-2014年湖北省森林生态安全变化,在GIS技术支持下对湖北省县域森林生态格局进行空间相关性分析.结果表明:湖北省县域森林生态安全状况整体良好;森林覆盖率、单位GDP能耗、人口密度等指标权重较大;县域森林生态安全水平地区分布不平衡,西部水平最高,东部次之,中部最低,1999-2014年湖北省森林生态安全指数变化较小;县域森林生态安全指数呈现显著的空间自相关性和空间集聚性,高—高聚类显著性更强,大多集中于湖北省西部地区.

开展湿地生态补偿研究,对于平衡湿地保护与开发利用之间矛盾,促进社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义.在查阅大量相关文献的基础上,首先阐述了湿地生态补偿的必要性;其次,从湿地生态补偿主客体、补偿意愿、补偿标准、补偿方式和补偿资金来源5方面,对近年来国内外湿地生态补偿的主要研究进展进行了系统梳理;最后,提出了中国湿地生态补偿研究的主要方向是跨学科综合性研究、湿地生态补偿制度研究、湿地生态补偿和人类福祉关系研究.

Wetland protection and restoration is an important part of expanding the ecological space of en?vironmental capacity and strengthening the cooperation of ecological environment protection in the“Integration of the Beijing?Tianjin?Hebei Region”.Public cognition is a social basis for the perfection of wetland policies, wetland protection and sustainable utilization.City dwellers are usually beneficiaries of wetland ecosystem serv?ices,whose cognition determines the attitude and behavior of wetland protection and benefits obtained from the wetland.The study investigated urban,suburban and out?of?city residents in the city of Beijing,and,based on a structured questionnaire by using cross table and Chi?square test methods,analyzed their common sense,pro?tection attitude and behavior toward the wetland. The results showed that the three groups of residents are all lacking in profound professional knowledge, and that significant differences exist among them for part of the wetland basic common sense( P<0.1);higher consistency was found among the three groups of residents of pro?tection attitude toward wetlands( P>0.1);urban residents are the most willing to protect wetlands,but only 14%of the residents know that the protection ordinance for Beijing wetlands has been officially issued and imple?mented and 5% of them once participated in the“birdwatching activity”.Compared with the situation in 2014, wetland protection cognition of Beijing residents is increasing. Therefore,it is important to strengthen publicity of wetland knowledge for the public,and improve their consciousness to protect the wetlands. Meanwhile,it is also necessary to establish a reward and punishment mechanism of wetland use,and encourage the whole socie?ty to participate in the wetland protection.

Based on the theory of planned behavior, the paper adopted the multi group Structural Equa-tion Model ( SEM) with the field survey data of 3 000 households residents within the Fifth Ring Road in Beijing in 2015, analyzed the urban forestry payment willingness and behavior. The research is carried out from three typical regions: residential green areas, city parks, ancient and famous trees. The re-sults of the study indicate that: the subjective norm, the attitude toward the behavior and the perceived behavioral control of residents all have a positive impact on their willingness to pay, wherein the per-ceived behavioral control played the biggest role. Residents’ willingness to pay can promote their pay-ment behavior, but the overall rate is smaller. Based on the above research conclusion, the study put forward the following suggestions: strengthen the public participation in urban forestry propaganda and guidance, deepen their perception, and give full play to the role of the public, build the social atmos-phere of the whole society to support the urban forestry. Perfecting the formulation and implementation of urban forestry policies, together with the improvement of their stability and sustainability. Lay a solid foundation for the development of urban forestry, and improve the functions of it as well.

旅游资源的开发是旅游发展的重点,但是旅游业人力资源的开发更是保障旅游业健康发展的关键。近年来我国旅游业人力资源的开发处于滞后的状态,严重制约着我国旅游产业的发展。本文分析了我国旅游业人力资源开发存在的问题,并提出了切实可行的对策和措施。