ABSTRACT Erosion is a major degradation mechanism affecting components exposed to solid particle impingement, cavitation, slurry flow, rain impact, wind‐blown sand, and fluid turbulence. Industries including aerospace, marine, offshore oil and gas, wind energy, transportation, and power generation experience significant economic losses due to erosion‐induced material damage. Polyurethane (PU) coatings have emerged as attractive anti‐erosion materials because of their elasticity, toughness, adhesion, and impact resistance. However, conventional PU coatings often exhibit insufficient long‐term durability under severe erosive conditions. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the development of PU nanocomposite coatings incorporating silica, graphene, graphene oxide (GO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanoclays, MXenes, metal oxides, and hybrid nanoparticles to enhance erosion resistance. These nanoparticles improve energy dissipation, crack deflection, hardness, interfacial adhesion, and barrier performance. Recent studies further demonstrate multifunctional anti‐erosion coatings combining corrosion protection, self‐healing capability, de‐icing performance, and environmental resistance. This review summarizes the latest developments in nanoparticle‐containing PU coatings for anti‐erosion applications, emphasizing nanoparticle selection, fabrication methods, erosion mechanisms, performance enhancement strategies, industrial applications, challenges, and future research directions. Recent advances suggest that graphene‐based nanofillers, MXenes, functionalized silica nanoparticles, and hybrid nanostructures will play key roles in next‐generation anti‐erosion PU coatings.

Edible biomass and related wastes can be converted into useful porous carbons used in energy storage devices. Techniques like pyrolysis, carbonization, and chemical/physical activation create carbon materials with high surface area, tunable pore structures, and heteroatom doping. These materials demonstrate strong performance in supercapacitors and hybrid devices with excellent specific capacitances and energy and power densities with excellent cycle life. Integration of the carbons into flexible and hybrid architectures further expands their application scope from wearables to potentially grid-scale energy systems. Sustainability, performance, and economics converge in edible biomass-based carbon makes it a promising solution for greener energy storage. This timely short-review briefly highlights the notable advancements made in this field over the last decade.

We report the synthesis and electrochemical performance of a novel binary composite comprising rod-shaped α-phase Manganese dioxide (MnO₂) and pea-derived carbon (PDC) (MnO₂/PDC) for high-performance supercapacitors. The composite was prepared by mechanical milling and characterized using XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, and XPS. The electrochemical evaluation in three- and two-electrode configurations with aqueous Na₂SO₄ electrolyte revealed good charge-storage capability, excellent rate performance, and superior cyclic stability. The synergistic combination of MnO₂ nanostructures with sustainable biomass-derived carbon significantly enhances electrochemical performance, offering a promising and environmentally friendly approach to next-generation energy-storage materials. The MnO2/PDC composite exhibited a specific capacitance of 303.4 F g− 1 at a current density of 4 mA cm− 2. Additionally, the MnO2/PDC composite demonstrated an excellent electrode material-electrolyte interface compatibility with capacitance retention rate of 90

Graphene oxide (GO)-based photocatalysts integrated with metal oxide nanoparticles have emerged as a promising class of advanced materials for sustainable wastewater treatment, owing to their exceptional photocatalytic efficiency in dye degradation under solar irradiation. In this study, a gel-entrapped graphene oxide–zinc oxide (GEL-GO-ZnO@blocks) hybrid material was engineered as an eco-friendly, sunlight-responsive, efficient, and recyclable photocatalyst for the degradation of cationic dyes. The GO was prepared utilizing rice husk to make it a sustainable and cost-effective approach. The synthesized materials were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopies. The characterization confirmed the successful formation of ZnO nanoparticles uniformly anchored on GO and effectively immobilized within the agar gel matrix. Photocatalytic degradation of hazardous dyes, namely, Methylene Blue (MB), Crystal Violet (CV), Basic Fuchsin (BF), and Safranin-O (SF-O) was carried out under sunlight. Degradation efficiencies ranged from 78 to 98

Waste sand discarded by foundries containing a predominant silica composition was employed to produce cost-effective and highly efficient adsorbents to remove hazardous substances from aqueous environments via adsorption. The waste sand was subjected to particle size reduction through ball-milling, activation, and functionalization processes. This sequential treatment led to the formation of activated particles (APs) with hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups and the synthesis of amino-functionalized particles (AFPs) with amino (-NH2) functional groups through one-step chemical procedures. The functional particles were fully characterized. The adsorption capacities observed for ASPs concerning cationic dyes methylene blue and Rhodamine B were 29.75 and 17.3 mg g-1. In contrast, the adsorption capacities of AFPs for anionic dyes methyl orange and quinoline yellow were 25.4 and 15.3 mg g-1 respectively. The equilibrium isotherms of dye adsorption exhibited optimal adherence to the Langmuir isotherm model, thereby indicating the formation of a monolayer of adsorbed molecules. Furthermore, a pseudo-second-order model was demonstrated with experimental data, identifying chemisorption as the rate-controlling step in the process. Moreover, these particulate entities were verified as reusable for at least five cycles of adsorption and desorption, with minimal loss of efficiency. These findings underscore the utilization of abundant industrial waste for the development of a cost-effective, reusable, and easily reproducible alternative for the treatment of effluents.

The linear and branched polyethyleneimine (PEI)-based materials have shown their potential applications in various fields including water purification technologies. Due to several primary, secondary, and tertiary amine groups in their structure, PEIs as such and PEI-based copolymers, hybrid materials, and nanocomposites are capable of entrapment or adsorption of contaminants from different categories such as dyes, heavy metal ions, pharmaceuticals, and oils. The latest interesting reports in the literature about PEIs-based materials have proved the continued interest and significant advancements in these materials for developing new and highly efficient adsorbents. This review provides important basic information about PEI and its structure, a glimpse of its various applications, and, collective information with an analysis of the latest works on PEI-based materials developed to be used as adsorbents for the adsorption removal of pollutants from water. The latest advancements are discussed with the main results while the interesting data about types of materials developed, pH, adsorption time, etc. is reported in tabular format. The report concludes with the study’s main findings and future prospectus regarding synthetic polymer chemistry challenges in PEIs and PEI-based materials. Schematic representation of the adsorption of various pollutants onto linear and branched polyethylenimine (PEI).

Developing electrochemical energy storage systems that combine high energy and power densities with extended cycling stability is critical for advancing energy storage technologies. In this study, we synthesized a novel Nickel Cobalt layered double hydroxide (NiCo LDH) and nitrogen-doped Pisum sativum derived activated graphitic carbon (NPSAC) composite as an efficient electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors (SCs). The synthesized materials were subsequently characterized using various characterization techniques, including Xray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Additionally, the electrochemical performances of the individual and composite materials were evaluated using a three-electrode assembly in aqueous 3 M KOH. The NiCo LDH/NPSAC electrode material demonstrated exceptional specific capacitance (Csp) of 2100 F g-1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1 and 1142 F g-1 at current density of 10 mA cm-2 also achieved remarkable cyclic stability with 94 % capacitance retention after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles. Moreover, it exhibited a high energy density of 35 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 1818 W kg-1 respectively.

Supercapacitors are the energy storage devices that have gained increased attention due to high charge storage capacity, fast charge-discharge rate, high specific power and excellent cycle stability. Recently, research on supercapacitors is focused on the development of new electrode materials prepared by surface engineering to obtain superior electrochemical performance. Carbonaceous materials (CM) such as graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) etc. and conducting polymer (CP) based composite materials have gained increased attention for their use in supercapacitors. The nanocomposites obtained by merely mixing these two components pose some serious drawbacks such as low conductivity or poor film forming ability. The conjugation of CPs to CMs through covalent bonds is able to address these drawbacks. This review mainly provide collective information about various synthetic strategies to obtain CP grafted CMs for supercapacitor application. Herein, we provide information on different CP-CM conjugation reactions for obtaining the composites and their effects on electrochemical performances. The analysis revealed the importance of CP-CM grafting is important for tuning the electrochemical properties of the materials.

This review aims to explore recent advancements in polymer-grafted materials that have emerged as effective adsorbents for the removal of contaminants from wastewater. The most significant environmental issues affecting public health are the presence of dyes, heavy metals, and metalloids in wastewater discharged by various industries. Unfortunately, traditional techniques for treating wastewater are incapable of removing dyes and heavy metals. Due to enhanced capabilities, larger surface areas, greater stability, adjustable properties, and cost-effectiveness, polymer-grafted nanomaterials (PGNs) have attracted the attention of researchers for water purification. Surface engineering of materials with the use of polymers improves greatly their colloidal stability and pollutant adsorption capacity. This study investigates different parameters such as adsorption capacity, pH, and duration in recently reported papers where polymer-grafted adsorbents are developed. The review concludes by offering an overview of recent advancements in the field and proposing potential avenues for future research on related topics.

This work deals with phytochemical synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by using leaf extract of Ficus benghalensis tree and evaluation of their antibacterial and photocatalytic activities. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, Attenuated total reflectance Infrared, UV visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy techniques. The characterizations revealed formation of stable, spherical nanoparticles of anatase phase of TiO2 with average diameter of 21 nm. The particles showed excellent antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) bacteria. The photocatalytic testing showed complete degradation of model pollutants from cationic and anionic dye family namely methylene blue (cationic dye) and methyl orange (anionic dye) that confirmed the excellent photocatalytic activity of the particles.

This work reports the synthesis and testing of doped polyaniline (PANI) and Pisum sativum derived activated carbon (PSAC) based composite as efficient electrode material for supercapacitors. The structure, morphology, elemental analysis, and surface area of the materials were studied using x-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-rays, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. The electrochemical performance of the material was investigated by deposition of it on two different substrates named stainless steel (SS) and stainless-steel mesh (SS mesh). The PSAC/PANI composite exhibited a specific capacitance of 446 and 517 F g-1 on SS and SS mesh respectively, at the scan rate of 5 mV s-1. The composite material showed higher cyclic stability on SS mesh with 91% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 2 A g-1. It delivered a specific energy of 89 and 101 W h kg-1 on SS and SS mesh at a specific power of 5000 W kg-1, respectively.

Conducting polymers are proving to be useful for construction of resistive switching devices. This work reports the fabrication of a resistive switching device using Magnetite-Polyaniline (Fe3O4-PANI) nanocomposite. The device showed good non-volatile memory properties and can mimic neuromorphic synaptic behavior. Initially, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using the co-precipitation method and PANI by oxidative polymerization and their nanocomposites of different compositions were prepared and fully characterized. The 10

Conducting polymers and carbonaceous materials such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based composites have been investigated with great interest for their use as adsorbents and photocatalysts in water purification. In particular, polyaniline (PANI) and graphene oxide or reduced graphene oxide-based composite materials were found to be efficient adsorbents as well as photocatalysts for the adsorption removal and photocatalytic degradation of various pollutants from water. This is due to the synergic effect of the polymer and carbon material. This review highlights the importance of such composites and provides a discussion of many relevant literature reports with their analyses. Initially, the important information about structures and characteristic properties of PANI, GO, and rGO materials are presented followed by the discussion with an analysis of the latest reports on PANI-GO/PANI-rGO-based composite materials as adsorbents and photocatalysts. Additional important reports from previous literature are summarized in tabular format with important parameters in both applications to provide the authors with useful information.

This review highlights the importance of MnO 2 & biomass-derived carbon materials and composites made from them for energy storage applications.

This work deals with the synthesis and electrochemical testing of a ternary nanocomposite named MnO2-NH- PANI/FMWCNTs. The testing showed a specific capacitance of 356F/g of the material at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1 with retention of it up to 5000 cycles at 5 mA cm -2. The nanocomposite achieved a specific energy of 14.8 Wh kg- 1 at a specific power of 1250 W kg - 1. The formation of stable films of the electroactive materials on electrode substrates was achieved by the polymer -grafted metal oxide. Therefore, the work highlighted the importance of polymer grafting on electroactive materials for supercapacitor application.

Smart polymers are a special class of polymers, which respond to the various external stimuli by changing their properties. Recent developments in synthetic polymer chemistry have provided the possibility of designing and synthesis of various new stimuli-responsive polymers. These stimuli-responsive polymers can be used to prepare smart drug delivery systems (DDS) by grafting them on various nanomaterials. The main aim of this review is to present collective information on various stimuli-responsive polymers grafted on silica nanoparticles for the preparation of smart DDS. The stimuli covered are pH, temperature, redox, reactive oxygen species (ROS), glucose concentration, enzymes, magnetic field, and so forth. The structures of various stimuli-responsive polymers are shown with their relevance to the preparation of smart DDS. The crucial roles of macromolecular design and synthesis of smart polymers in the development of stimuli-responsive DDS are discussed with examples from literature and the challenges that still exist in this area of research are presented.

This work reports preparation of Pisum sativum (peas) derived graphitic carbon (PSC) and its activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH), referred to as Pisum sativum derived activated graphitic carbon (PSAC). The structure, morphology and surface area of the materials were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET). The electrochemical performance of the material was investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), cyclic stability and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The graphitic carbon obtained showed specific surface area of 240 m2 g−1 with pore size of 3.32nm. The electrochemical testing of activated carbon delivered specific capacitance of 517 F g−1 at 10 mV s−1 with 86

In this work, reduced Graphene oxide (RGO) and in situ magnetite (Fe3O4) coated functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) based binary and ternary nanocomposites were synthesized and characterized by using XRD, Raman, FTIR, TGA, TEM analyses and electrochemically tested for supercapacitor application. The MWCNTs-COOH-Fe3O4 nanocomposite showed a specific capacitance of 167.29 Fg-1 at 10 mVs-1, energy density of 41.65 Whkg-1 at power density of 1333 Wkg-1. The cyclic stability of MWCNTs-COOH-Fe3O4 was 69% up to 2000 cycles. While, RGO-MWCNTs-COOH-Fe3O4 nanocomposite exhibited a specific capacitance of 448.10 Fg-1 at 10 mVs-1, energy density of 134.02 Whkg-1 at power density 1282 Wkg-1 and 93% cyclic stability after 2000 cycles. These results revealed that the RGO mixed nanocomposite show better electrochemical properties. The impact of different scan rates and current densities on specific capacitance (Csp) values were studied on each constituent of the composite as well as on the final composite material.

Waste foundry sand (WFS), an industrial waste mainly comprising silicon dioxide was used to generate low-cost and efficient adsorbents for the expulsion of toxic pollutants from water through adsorption. The WFS was converted into particles by top–down approach followed by subsequent activation and functionalization. Activated sand particles (ASPs) with –OH groups and amino-functionalized sand particles (AFSPs) with –NH 2 groups were synthesized and fully characterized using FESEM, EDX, ATR-FTIR, XRD, TGA, and BET analyses. The adsorption capacities at experimental conditions for cationic dyes namely methylene blue(MB), malachite green(MG), methyl violet (MV), rhodamine B(Rh B) were 38.16, 26.31, 55.24 and 35.84 mg g −1 while for anionic dyes namely methyl orange (MO), patent blue VF(PB VF), quinoline yellow(QY), reactive Red 2(RR 2) were 7.28, 4.63, 7.84 and 6.91 mg g −1 as well as for metal ions namely Cd(II)), Ni(II)), Co(II)), and Cr(VI)were 23.81, 43.06, 17.03 and 3.47 mg g −1 respectively. The adsorption equilibrium isotherms optimally fit the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating homogeneous surfaces and monolayer adsorption. A pseudo-second-order model showed a strong agreement with the experimental data, thus identifying chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. Additionally, these particles were verified to be reusable for a minimum five adsorption–desorption cycles without loss of efficiency.

Continuous efforts are on from scientists to develop new and efficient materials for their use in energy storage and conversion devices. Recently, Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) have paved their way for the application of them as electroactive materials in supercapacitor devices. The LDHs are considered attractive materials because of their various tunable properties. But, along with many fruitful properties, the main drawback of LDHs is their structural instability. This can be overcomed by addition of different materials such as conducting polymers (CPs) and by preparation of nanocomposites of them. CPs can be advantageous as they act as current carrier as well as binder, which can help LDHs bind very well to the substrate. This timely short review uniquely focuses on recent works done in the area of LDHs-CPs-based nanocomposites for supercapacitor application. The importance of LDHs-CPs-based materials is highlighted by referring to the relevant and latest important examples from the literature.