During heat stress, dairy cows spend less time lying down to dissipate heat. Heat stress abatement strategies generally target cows outside of their resting areas. However, cooling cows while in their stalls could help alleviate heat stress without compromising lying behavior. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of an inspired-air supplemental cooling system (SCS) on respiration rate, rectal temperatures, lying behavior, rumination time, and milk production (energy-corrected milk, ECM) of lactating dairy cows. A free-stall pen was retrofitted with custom stall partitions to deliver cooled air and mist. The pen, including the stall platform, was divided into two separate sides. Twenty-eight lactating Holstein cows were randomly sorted into two groups, each housed on one side of the experimental pen. Cows experienced four treatments (control, CTRL; cooled air, AIR; mist, MIST; cooled air and mist, AIR + MIST) in a four-treatment, four-period, two-sequence crossover design, with each period lasting seven days. Cooled air was provided continuously, and mist was cycled 3 min on, 12 min off from 0900 to 2100 h. Respiration rates were observed hourly between 0900 and 1500 h, and only measurements recorded while cows were lying down were used in the analysis. Rectal temperatures of 16 focal cows were recorded at 1545 h once per day. Lying behavior and rumination were recorded continuously, and milk yields recorded twice daily were used to calculate ECM. Throughout the experimental period, the average temperature-humidity index was 66.4 & PLUSMN; 6.07. During the MIST treatment, the respiration rate was lower than the CTRL (45.7 vs 49.0 & PLUSMN; 1.92 breaths/min) and AIR (45.7 vs 48.7 & PLUSMN; 1.92 breaths/min). CTRL and AIR did not differ (48.7 vs 49.0 & PLUSMN; 1.92 breaths/min), and MIST and AIR + MIST (45.7 vs 47.1 & PLUSMN; 1.92 breaths/min) did not differ. All other variables were not significantly different between treatments. In conclusion, the SCS appeared to be tolerated by cows and shows the potential to assist in alleviating heat stress. The cooling capacity needs to be evaluated under more extreme environmental conditions causing heat stress than those experienced during this study. Further testing is required to determine the cooled air temperature specifications and mist delivery frequency. & COPY; 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Animal Consortium. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

In the context of understanding lameness and injury from slipping, our objective was to characterize hoof impact and slide of 5 cows walking on 6 flooring surfaces commonly used in Ontario dairy farms: diamond-grooved concrete (DC), sanded epoxy-covered concrete (EC), grooved rubber mat (GR), high-profile rubber mat (HR), low-profile rubber mat (LR), and turf grass (TG; Kentucky bluegrass/fescue mix). Surface hardness was measured on each surface using a Clegg Impact Soil Tester. Five trained lactating Holstein cows were each walked over all 6 surfaces sequentially in a randomized order. Walking speeds were determined from 60-fps videos. A 3-axis accelerometer attached to the lateral claw of each hindfoot captured continuous horizontal (aH), vertical (aV), lateral (aTLat), and medial (aTMed) accelerations at 2,500 Hz during each trial, from which peak values were identified. Data from 45°-rosette strain gauges glued to the dorsal surface of both medial and lateral hooves allowed for the calculation of principal strains (ε1 and ε2). From continuous data, several data points were extracted from 3 to 6 stances/trial: peak values of aH, aV, and aT for the impact phase of the stance; midstance values of ε1 and ε2 as proxies for force on the foot; magnitudes of normal (i.e., consistent and repeatable) sliding on the surface during the support phase; and 3 timing events to capture the cadence of the motion. All aH and aV signals were inspected onscreen to identify irregularities between the end of impact and beginning of breakover that indicated hoof slipping, which was observed on all surfaces. The effects on all measured variables of surface, cow, speed, and hoof (and all significant higher-order factors) were assessed by ANOVA in SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.), after verifying data normality. Values of aHmax, indicating grip on the surface from highest to lowest, ranked the surfaces in this order: LR, DC, HR, GR, EC, and TG. Ranking on aVmax, indicating most to least cushioning of the hoof on impact, ranked the surfaces in this order: DC, HR, GR, EC, LR, and TG. Differences in ranking among these and other significant impact variables indicate that future studies of lameness on different surfaces need to include all significant variables identified here. We detected no surface and strain interactions in either the ε1 or ε2 strain, indicating that the surfaces do not affect the overall loads on the foot at midstance. Additionally, lateral and medial hooves may have different roles in a stance. The results highlight the capacity to evaluate flooring types with this technology, and the study provides a tool for future work to examine the role of flooring types in the causation of lameness.

The longitudinal slope of a stall is important for positioning cows in the stall and maintaining cleanliness of the stall surface. The objectives of this study were to determine the short-term effect of increasing free-stall slope from 4.5% to 9.3% on dairy cow lying behavior, rumination, milk production, cleanliness, and preference. In experiment 1, 60 multiparous Holstein cows were divided randomly into two groups and exposed to a 4.5% stall slope (standard in the research facility) and a 9.3% stall slope in a replicated crossover design with four 7-day periods. Each group of cows were housed in a pen with 30 free-stalls and switched between treatments weekly. Lying behavior and rumination were recorded continuously, milk yields were recorded twice per day, and cleanliness scores were collected on the last day of each week. Experiment 2 consisted of an 8-day preference test conducted with 14 cows from experiment 1 in an experimental pen with 32 stalls (16 stalls with a 4.5% slope and 16 stalls with a 9.3% slope). Continuous video monitoring was used to record time spent lying, standing, and perching in each treatment during the last 5 days, and lying time was used to assess preference. In experiment 1, cows spent 12 min/day less time lying down (12.8 vs 12.6 ± 0.28 h/d) and had 0.6 more bouts/day (9.5 vs 10.1 ± 0.38 no./d) with a shorter duration by 6 min/day (1.4 vs 1.3 ± 0.03 h/bout) in stalls with a 9.3% slope. Rumination was 5.5 min less per day in stalls with a 9.3% slope (578.4 vs 572.9 ± 16.56 min/d) and milk yield did not differ between treatments (33.6 vs 33.4 ± 0.78 kg/d). Stall slope did not affect cow cleanliness (1.6 vs 1.6 ± 0.05 points on a 1–5 scale). In experiment 2, cows showed no clear preference for lying, standing, or perching in either stall slope (4.5% and 9.3%) when given a choice. These results indicate that increasing stall slope from 4.5% to 9.3% marginally altered lying behavior, but did not interfere with stall use or influence cow preferences.

Free-stalls for dairy cows promote cleanliness, provide cows with a defined space to lie down, and decrease labor and bedding required for maintenance. However, current stall features can restrict behavior and reduce stall use. The objective of this study was to assess the short-term effect of a novel free-stall design (flexible single-bar partition, no neck rail, increased slope) on stall cleanliness and the lying behavior, rumination, milk production, and preferences of dairy cows in comparison to standard free-stalls (metal loop partitions, neck rail). In the first experiment, 60 Holstein cows were randomly divided into two groups and switched between standard and novel stalls in a replicated crossover design with four 7-day periods. Lying behavior and rumination were recorded continuously. Milk yields were recorded 2x/day, and stall cleanliness scores were collected on the last four days of weeks 3 and 4. The second experiment was a 6-day preference test where 14 cows from experiment 1 were given free access to 16 standard and 16 novel stalls. Lying behavior was recorded continuously. On day 6, standing, perching, and intention, lying, and rising movements were recorded. In experiment 1, cows spent 12 min less time lying down (14.1 vs 14.3 ± 0.48 h/d), had one fewer lying bouts (8.8 vs 9.8 ± 0.23 bouts/d), and had longer lying bouts by 6 min (1.4 vs 1.5 ± 0.05 h/bout) in novel stalls. Rumination time (547.3 vs 548.9 ± 4.66 min/d) and milk yield (35.0 vs 35.2 ± 0.51 kg/d) did not differ between stall types. However, novel stalls were more than twice as soiled as standard stalls (32.8 vs 14.2 ± 1.38% of rear half soiled). In experiment 2, the cows most recently housed in the novel stalls showed a clear preference for lying down in those stalls, whereas cows most recently housed in standard stalls showed no preference. Intention and lying down movements were longer in standard stalls when other cows were present in diagonally opposite stalls, but were similar between stall types when not occupied. All cows preferred standing in novel stalls. Novel stalls may have improved stall use compared to standard free-stalls, and the design requires further development to address cleanliness concerns. Future work is required to provide comfortable stalls without sacrificing cleanliness.

The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of glycerol to the diet of dairy cows would stimulate milk protein yield in the same manner as the addition of corn grain. Twelve multiparous lactating dairy cows at 81 ± 5 d in milk were subjected to 3 dietary treatments in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design for 28-d periods. The diets were a 70% forage diet considered the basal diet, the basal diet with 19% ground and high-moisture corn replacing forages, and the basal diet with 15% refined glycerol and 4% added protein supplements to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous with the corn diet. Cows were milked twice a day and samples were collected on the last 7 d of each period for compositional analysis. Within each period, blood samples were collected on d 26 and 27, and mammary tissue was collected by biopsy on d 28 for Western blot analysis. Dry matter intake increased from 23.7 kg/d on the basal diet to 25.8 kg/d on the corn diet and 27.2 kg/d on the glycerol diet. Dry matter intake tended to be higher with glycerol than corn. Milk production increased from 39.2 kg/d on the basal diet to 43.8 kg/d on the corn diet and 44.2 kg/d on the glycerol diet. However, milk yield did not differ between corn and glycerol diets. Milk lactose yields were higher on the corn and glycerol diets than the basal diet. Milk fat yield significantly decreased on the glycerol diet compared with the basal diet and tended to decrease in comparison with the corn diet. Mean milk fat globule size was reduced by glycerol feeding. Milk protein yield increased 197 g/d with addition of corn to the basal diet and 263 g/d with addition of glycerol, and the glycerol effect was larger than the corn effect. The dietary treatments had no effects on plasma glucose concentration, but plasma acetate levels decreased 27% on the glycerol diet. Amino acid concentrations were not affected by dietary treatments, except for branched-chain amino acids, which decreased 22% on the glycerol diet compared with the corn diet. The decreases in plasma acetate and branched-chain amino acid concentrations with glycerol and the larger effects of glycerol than corn on milk protein and fat yields suggest that glycerol is more glucogenic for cows than corn grain.

Increasing international demand for high quality dairy and meat products as well as greater awareness of climate change has put pressure on the livestock industry to deliver quality products while reducing its environmental impact. Enteric methane from cattle is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and is a target of reduction through improving cow feed efficiency (FE) and reducing methane emissions (ME). The overall goal of this project is to produce genomic predictions for FE and ME that are ready for breeding application in the dairy cattle industry. Breeding for improved FE and less methane emitted will lower feed costs and reduce the industry's environmental footprint. Collecting phenotypes required for genetic improvement is presently very difficult and expensive, and to date, there has been limited to no direct selection for these traits in dairy cattle breeding. Recent genomic approaches provide the opportunity to finally select for these traits, but require a large reference population with accurate phenotypes. Data of individual feed intake and ME are being collected from dairy cows and heifers, and whole DNA (Genome) and RNA (Transcriptome) sequence information will be used to identify new markers or mutations that influence the traits. The expanded Canadian database will be combined with international data from the United States, UK, Australia and Switzerland to create the world's first database to routinely validate genomic predictions for FE and ME. Milk spectral records will also be used to further develop predictions of FE and ME. In addition, research will be conducted to analyze the economic, environmental and social costs and benefits of the two traits, as well as the economic and social factors affecting the adoption of the technology at farm, industry and national levels.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of enhanced whole-milk (WM) feeding systems in calves from birth to 8 wk of age on subsequent first-lactation performance. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design consisting of 2 treatment groups. At birth, 152 Holstein heifer calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: (i) 4 L of WM/d or (ii) 8 L of WM/d. The calves were bucket fed 2 or 4 L of WM twice daily at 0700 and 1600 h. Each calf was housed individually in temperature-controlled nurseries and had ad libitum access to water and textured calf starter daily. Calves consumed greater volumes of textured calf starter when fed 4 versus 8 L of WM/d. Water intakes mirrored starter intakes, leading to greater water consumption at weaning. Calves reared on 8 L of WM/d were heavier at d 56 than calves reared on 4 L of WM/d. The average daily gain of the calves offered 8 L of WM/d from d 0 to 56 was greater than that of calves offered 4 L of WM/d. Structural measurements were significantly greater for calves that consumed 8 L of WM/d. The differences observed in withers height and live BW due to WM feeding level were not apparent by 3 and 12 mo of age, respectively. Rumen pH was higher in calves that consumed 8 L of WM/d than in calves that consumed 4 L of WM/d. Whole-milk feeding level did not affect age at first calving or milk-production parameters. These results suggest that enhanced WM feeding improved growth performance until 3 mo of age. However, first-lactation results indicated no lactation-performance benefits of increased nutrition and growth performance during the milk-fed period in dairy calves.

The current study investigates regulation of mRNA expression of components of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in transition dairy cows. Longissimus dorsi muscle (exp. 1) and liver (exp. 2) biopsies were collected from Holstein dairy cows at 27 and 16 d pre-partum, respectively, and 3 and 10 d post-partum, respectively. Regulation of C8, E2, and ubiquitin mRNA expression was determined. Upregulation of skeletal muscle C8 (P = 0.09) and ubiquitin (P = 0.004) mRNA expression occurred post-partum compared with pre-partum. No regulation of hepatic mRNA expression was observed. In conclusion, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis may contribute to skeletal muscle protein degradation during the periparturient period, and could provide a potential mechanism for attenuation of body protein loss at the onset of lactation.Key words: Lactation, ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic pathway, muscle (skeletal), liver

SUMMARYSensitivity analysis is routinely carried out in the evaluation of simulation models to identify the degree to which parameters influence model outputs. This type of sensitivity analysis is much less frequently applied to real systems, but a technique called metabolic control analysis (MCA) was developed in the 1970s for the purpose of experimentally identifying the degree to which individual enzymes in a metabolic pathway influence flux through the pathway. MCA is applied to the results of inhibition, activation or genetic manipulation of enzymatic steps in a biochemical pathway. Flux control coefficients for each enzyme are defined as the fractional change in steady-state flux through the entire pathway for an infinitesimal change in the activity of that one enzyme. The sum of control coefficients in a linear, non-branching pathway is equal to one. It is a common finding in MCA that the control, or sensitivity, is distributed over multiple enzymes and not in a single rate-limiting enzyme. The fundamental principles of MCA are reviewed and an overview of experimental methods to measure control coefficients is provided, with the objective of introducing this approach to the fields of agricultural biochemistry and modelling, where it is little known. The application of MCA to the study of glucose metabolism and fatty acid synthesis in bovine mammary tissue are reviewed. The analyses indicated that mammary hexokinase activity exerts more control than transmembrane transport of glucose over lactose synthesis, and that control of cytosolic fatty acid synthesis is shared between acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase, contrary to the widely held view that acetyl CoA carboxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme. It is suggested that MCA could be a valuable aid in the integration of proteomic and metabolomic data with metabolic flux measurements to engineer desired changes in the composition of milk from dairy animals.

Experiments were conducted to investigate the use of added flavor in drinking water of Holstein calves and lactating dairy cattle to determine effects on dry feed intake. Nine calves were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design, and water offered was unflavored or flavored with orange or vanilla. All calves were offered commercial starter. Feed intake of the dry starter was increased in calves offered the orange flavor treatment compared with the control or the vanilla treatment. The increased dry feed intake agreed with the significant increase in weight gain measured in calves on the orange treatment. Further experiments were performed with 4 second-lactation cows using the addition of another orange flavor to the water compared with unflavored water under conditions of free access or time-restricted water access. No significant changes were found for dry matter intake, water consumption, or milk yield. These findings demonstrate an important finding that flavoring agents need not be added only to the starter feed for calves, but flavor can stimulate dry feed intake and BW gain when used in drinking water.

Forced exile was important to Chilean politics both during the military regime and after the dictatorship's end in 1990. Exile was central to Pinochet's strategy for eliminating the left in Chile and consolidating and retaining absolute political power. At the same time, exile kept the opposition alive when the left was decimated in Chile, as exiles reconstituted their parties abroad and fought the dictatorship from the “external front.” Exiles' return in the mid-1980s contributed to the success of the opposition effort to defeat Pinochet in the 1988 plebiscite. Finally, the exile experience was central to the reconfiguration of Chilean politics, particularly the “renovation” of the Socialists, which led to the breakup of the long-standing Socialist-Communist alliance and the formation of the Socialist—Christian Democrat alliance, the core of the Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia, which has elected presidents and majorities in the Chamber of Deputies in each election since 1989.

The objectives of this research were to determine the flux control coefficients for acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase using an in vitro preparation of bovine mammary homogenate. For an enzyme to be considered rate limiting with the use of metabolic control analysis, its control coefficient would be equal to unity. The hypothesis for this experiment was that the control coefficient for acetyl CoA carboxylase was not equal to unity, and that this enzyme was not, therefore, the rate-limiting step. Mammary tissue was isolated from lactating Holstein cows at slaughter and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Tissue was ground, homogenized, and centrifuged to obtain a postmitochondrial supernatant for use in in vitro incubations containing labeled acetate. Specific inhibitors for acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase were used to fractionally inhibit de novo synthesis for the calculation of flux control coefficients. The composition of fatty acids synthesized in the absence of enzyme inhibitors was similar to the composition of fatty acids in the presence of inhibitors. Calculations following avidin inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase determined the flux control coefficient was 0.63 +/- 0.15, which means that 63% of the control of fatty acid synthesis is exerted by acetyl CoA carboxylase. The remaining control (37%) was from fatty acid synthase, which indicates a significant degree of control over the flux of acetate in de novo synthesis resides with this enzyme. The rate-limiting status ascribed to acetyl CoA carboxylase was not supported, because the flux control coefficient was less than unity. Metabolic control analysis, through its use of pathway product measurements, allows for potential interactions in the pathway such as feedback inhibition contribution to the flux control coefficients, which would not otherwise be considered in studies measuring enzyme kinetics with purified enzymes.

In vitro incubations using bovine mammary post-mitochondrial supernatant were conducted using a stable isotope of acetate to measure de novo fatty acid synthesis. Incubations were done with and without enzyme inhibitors for acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase to determine the effects of partial inhibition on total enzyme activity on the fatty acids synthesized. There was no signifi cant change in composition of fatty acids synthesized and the results of this experiment confi rm that the use of enzyme inhibition in this pathway is suitable for experiments to apply metabolic control analysis.

The effect of supplemental fishmeal in combination with feathermeal at two different proportions in the diet on milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was investigated. Recently, benefits to human health have been attributed to the consumption of this fatty acid, which is normally present in marine lipids. Six Holstein cows past peak lactation were used in a Latin square design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Fish- and feathermeals were prepared as pellets at 4:1 and 1:4 combinations and offered at 3.75, 11.75, and 27% of the diet. The supplements were top-dressed onto a basal diet based on corn silage that was progressively replaced by supplement. Nitrogen balance measures were made during the experiment because of the wide range in crude protein content of experimental diets. Milk protein content increased with level of supplementation in the diet reflecting the protein quality of the supplements used. There was overall higher milk DHA content when cows consumed the supplement containing more fishmeal than feather meal. Milk DHA content increased in a quadratic fashion, as more of either supplement was included in the diet. Apparent transfer efficiency of DHA from diet to milk declined with increasing amount of DHA in the diet. Results from this experiment suggest that transfer of docosahexaenoic acid from diet to milk may depend on diet composition and quantity present in the diet.

Physical, chemical, sensory and processing properties of milk produced by feeding a rumen-undegradable fish meal protein supplement to Holstein cows were investigated. The supplement contained (as fed basis) 25% soft-white wheat, 60% herring meal, and 15% feather meal. The total fat level in the milk decreased to 2.43%. For both pasteurized and ultra-high temperature processed drinking milk, no difference was found between fish meal (FM) milk and control milk in terms of color, flavor and flavor stability; in particular, no oxidized flavor was observed. Cheddar cheese made from FM milk ripened faster after 3 mo of ripening and developed a more desirable texture and stronger Cheddar flavor. The yield efficiencies for FM and control cheese, 94.4 (+/- 2.44 SE) and 96.4 (+/- 2.26 SE), respectively, were not different. Relative to controls, average fat globule size was smaller in FM milk and churning time of FM cream was longer. FM butter had softer texture and better cold spreadability, and butter oils from FM enriched milk had lower dropping points compared to control butter oil (average 32.89 versus 34.06 degrees C). These differences in physical properties of butter fat were greater than expected considering that iodine values were not different. This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing high quality products from milk naturally supplemented with FM, but the results also show that dietary changes affect processing properties.

The seven chapters of this book, all originally published between 1992 and 1999, range from biography to international relations, from electoral analysis to bibliography to film. Five were published in the UK, three of those as occasional papers of the Institute of Latin American Studies at the University of London. This addition to the series coedited by Dunkerley thus makes some interesting material conveniently available to a broader readership.Dunkerley’s long-standing interest in Bolivia underpins three of the essays. “The Third Man: Francisco Burdett O’Connor and the Emancipation of the Americas” narrates the story of a member of a well-to-do, politically active Irish family who joined Bolívar in 1819 and fought as an officer in the battles of Junín and Ayacucho that ended Spanish power in South America. He then settled in southern Bolivia where he started a family that remains prominent; he died in 1871 having made such a mark that a province of the Department of Tarija bears his name. Dunkerley extracts from O’Connor’s diaries interesting insights into the logistics of the Peruvian campaign and details of life in postindependence Bolivia that challenge the standard image of a country immersed in constant turmoil.“Barrientos and Debray: All Gone or More to Come?” traces the lives of the Bolivian general/president and the French philosopher/journalist, “the principal surviving protagonists” (p. 2) of Che Guevara’s 1967 guerrilla campaign (though Barrientos lastcd only 18 months after Che’s death). The bigger question about these lives, framed by Francis Fukuyama’s The End of History and the Last Man (1992), is whether the likes of Barrientos and Debray, the warrior and the radical scribe, may have any significant role to play in the era of neoliberal economics and formal democracy. Among the possible challengers of the new order, Dunkerley cites Hugo Chávez, at that time a failed coup leader, and Abimael Guzmán of the Sendero Luminoso. While the Sendero has effectively passed from the scene, as Guzmán languishes in prison, we have heard much more of Chávez, not a little about Subcomandante Marcos, and not the last from the FARC, to name but a few of today’s obstacles to the ineluctable march of progress.In “The 1997 Bolivian Election in Historical Perspective,” Dunkerley combines a close analysis of the contest that returned former dictator (1971–78) and Plan Cóndor collaborator Hugo Banzer to the presidency with a review of Bolivian politics since the 1952 revolution. Supported by extensive tables on elections since 1951, this chapter offers a succinct primer on half a century of Bolivia’s political history. Addressing the seeming folly of electing a tyrant-cum-democrat, Dunkerley explores both the man and the Bolivian political system, concluding that Bolivia is “a political society at least as mature in its calculations as some supposedly more sophisticated electorates” (p. 69). His assessment of contemporary Bolivia suggests that despite the historic failure of democracy to germinate in the country’s hard soil and the exacerbation of economic problems, Bolivia’s political transition since 1985 has been solid.Dunkerley’s experience as an administrator, editor, and veteran academic gives “The Study of Latin American History and Politics in the United Kingdom: An Interpretive Sketch” the patina of authority. He unearths the works of virtually every historian and political scientist working on Latin America in the UK as well as the publications of British expatriates and foreigners who studied in Britain, producing a comprehensive reference work. More than a dry recounting of publications by discipline and theme, this is a breezy insider’s look at thirty years (1965–95) of scholarly production in context. He discusses trends in higher education, universities, departments, programs, journals, presses, professors and their students, successful and ordinary careers, even the possibilities of transatlantic travel for research. He does not refrain from gentle iconoclasm: the work of Hugh Thomas “has ranged from Spain to Cuba to Mexico (with an occasional intermezzo on the world as a whole) and is no less characterized by the length of the studies than by the controversy they spark” (p. 100).The remaining three chapters require little comment. In “All That Trouble Down There: Hollywood and Central America,” Dunkerley assesses U.S. films on the Central American crisis, labeling the bulk of them “rank tat” (p. 76). “Beyond Utopia: The State of the Left in Latin America,” a review essay on Jorge Castaneda’s 1993 book on the post-cold war Left, is interesting at this point as a reminder of the provenance of Vicente Fox’s foreign secretary. “The United States and Latin America in the Long Run (1800–1945),” is a chapter from V. Bulmer-Thomas and Dunkerley, eds., The United States and Latin America: The New Agenda (1999). This book confirms the breadth of Dunkerley’s expertise and the value of his scholarship while offering in a single volume a series of essays that merit greater exposure than most have had.