Tarımsal mekanizasyon, tarım alanlarını geliştirmek, her türlü tarımsal üretimi yapmak ve ürünlerin işlenmesini de gerçekleştirmek amacıyla kullanılan tüm enerji kaynağı, mekanik araç ve gerecin tasarımı, yapımı, geliştirilmesi, pazarlanması, yayım ve eğitimi, işletilmesi ve kullanılması konularını içermektedir (Zeren ve ark., 1995). Tarımsal mekanizasyon göstergeleri kullanılarak tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyinin belirlenmesi, yörelerin ve ülkelerin tarımsal mekanizasyon seviyelerinin ortaya konmasında önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Kırşehir ili Çiçekdağı ilçesinin tarımsal mekanizasyon özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun (TUİK) 2023 ve 2024 yıllarına ait verileri ile Çiçekdağı İlçe Tarım Müdürlüğü’nden elde edilen veriler materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda Çiçekdağı ilçesinin tarım alet ve makine sayıları (traktör sayısı, biçerdöver sayısı, birinci ve ikinci sınıf toprak işleme alet ve makine sayısı, ekim-dikim ve bakım makinesi sayısı, bitki koruma makinesi sayısı ve hasat-harman makinesi sayısı) da çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Mekanizasyon düzeyi; traktör, biçerdöver, tarım aletleri sayısı tespit edilmiş olup ve tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyi göstergeleri; traktör/1000 ha, ha/traktör, kW/ ha ve ortalama traktör gücü (kW) olarak belirlenmiştir.Verilere göre, traktör sayısı 1000 hektar başına 35,97’den 38,74’e yükselmiş olup , traktör başına düşen arazi alanı ise 27,79 hektardan 25,81 hektara gerilemiştir. Traktör başına düşen güç 2,49 kW/ha’dan 2,68 kW/ha’ya artarken, ortalama traktör gücü 69 kW seviyesinde sabit kalmıştır.

The agricultural machinery manufacturing sector is an area where agriculture and integration develop together and combine with technology. Rapidly increasing industrialization and technological developments also increase the risks to the health and safety of employees. Occupational health and safety provide employees with the opportunity to work in a healthy and safe environment, while also enabling employees to work in a workplace free from dangers. In the study, the characteristics of the agricultural machinery manufacturing industry in Konya province were discussed. For this purpose, when the companies were evaluated according to their sizes, it was determined that approximately 32% of the 49 companies in the province were micro-scale companies, 42% were small-scale companies, and 22% were medium-scale companies. The main purpose of this study is to examine the agricultural machinery manufacturing enterprises in terms of occupational health and safety in Konya. Five medium-sized factories producing agricultural machinery were visited, and observations were made in the working environment. In this study, it is investigated that these enterprises, which are classified as "Dangerous Fines are analyzed by using the Fine-Kinney Risk Analysis Method, and measures are taken against risks. Factory A was classified according to 15 weld of danger and the total number of risks was 117, Factory B was classified according to 15 weld of danger and the total number of risks was 96, Factory C was classified according to 15 weld of danger and the total number of risks was 102, Factory D was classified according to 15 weld of danger and the total number of risks was 91, and Factory E was classified according to 15 weld of danger and the total number of risks was 104. Recognizing the risks in the agricultural machinery manufacturing industry can help companies improve their management and prepare for emergencies.

The research aimed to evaluate the biomethane (CH4) content of biogas generated from various combinations of cattle waste (CW), three different varieties of Switchgrass (SG) (Panicum virgatum L.) plants (Kanlow (SG1), Shawne (SG2), Alamo (SG3), and sugar beet (Beta Vulgaris L.) leaves (BL). A laboratory-scale biomethane application setup was established to determine the biomethane potential. Three different experimental designs were implemented as the 1st application group, 2nd application group, and 3rd application group within the research framework. Biogas produced in the setup was stored using valves and balloons under optimal storage conditions. The Optima Biogas - Portable Biogas Analyzer device was employed to analyze the biomethane content of biogas samples from the materials and mixtures in the application groups. Biogas values were recorded, and glass reactor-specific methane production values were calculated. The highest glass reactor-specific methane production value was found to be 7.28 m3CH4 m-3 Reactor day in the CW (50%)-SG (20%)-BL (30%) mixture. The components of the biogas produced from the treatment groups were identified, and the highest CH4 (biomethane) yield was obtained from BL (beet leaves) at 58.86% in materials and from the CW-BL mixture at 53.76% in mixtures. Biomethane yields of the materials in other mixtures ranged from 53.42% to 43.12%.

Ülkemizde ve Dünyada son yıllarda yaşanan teknolojik gelişmeler çerçevesinde sürekli artış gösteren bir enerji ihtiyacı söz konusu olmuştur. Bu ihtiyaç çerçevesinde mevcut tükenebilir enerji kaynakları (petrol, doğalgaz vs) yetersiz kalmakla beraber yüksek oranda çevreye zarar vermektedir. Süreç içerisinde yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının (biyogaz, güneş enerjisi vs.) önemi bir daha anlaşılmıştır. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanımı ile sürekli ve temiz bir enerji sağlamak mümkün olacaktır. Bu çalışma da, Konya-Cihanbeyli ilçesinin süt ve besi çiftliklerinden oluşan hayvansal atık ve tarımsal atık yoğunluğu gözlemlenmiş olup; T.C. Enerji ve Tabi Kaynaklar Bakanlığı Enerji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Biyokütle Enerjisi Potansiyeli Atlası (BEPA) verileri, T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Cihanbeyli İlçe Tarım Müdürlüğünün verileri ve kullanılan eşitlikler yardımıyla biyogaz ve biyogaz enerji potansiyeli belirlenmiştir. Büyükbaş hayvanlarda toplam 584935.3 ton, Küçükbaş hayvanlarda toplam 120942.8 ton Kanatlı hayvanlarda ise Toplam 2402.3 ton atık miktarı buna bağlı olarak biyogaz üretiminde kullanılabilir olan atık miktarları sırasıyla, 39483.1; 4716.8; 1094 ton olarak hesaplanmıştır. Toplam tarımsal atık miktarı ise 577038.60 ton olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada yıllık biyogaz potansiyeli toplam 12.41 milyon. m³ /yıl ve enerji eş değeri toplam 343.76 milyon MJ/kg olarak hesaplanmıştır.

In this study, the effects of a pneumatic precision stubble planter with different planter feets on fuel consumption, post-sowing surface profile unevenness and field germination emergence values in second-crop corn production were investigated. Field trials were carried out on the adhesive tape system at Selçuk University Faculty of Agriculture Sarıcalar Research and Production Farm, and laboratory experiments were carried out on the adhesive tape system at Selçuk University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Machinery and Technologies Engineering. Field trials were carried out at a working speed of 5.4 km h-1, and adhesive tape experiments were carried out at a tape speed corresponding to a working speed of 5.4 km h-1. According to laboratory and field conditions; Acceptable seed spacing values of 0.5-1.5Z were found to be over 80%, and 0.5

In this study; soil-driven single-acting disc harrow and PTO-driven single-acting disc harrow machines were used. The single-acting disc harrow, which moves from the soil, was tested with two different disc diameters (610 mm and 660 mm) and three different direction angles (16o- 23o and 30o), while the single-acting disc harrow, which moves from the tail shaft, was tested with two different disc diameters (610 mm and 660 mm), three different direction angles (160- 230 and 300) and three different disc speeds (104.97-119.97 and 143.96 min-1). As a result of the treatments, the effects on soil moisture retention, deformation area, stubble burial rate and stubble amount were compared for both machines. It was determined that the cutting width and working depth increased with the increase in disk diameter and direction angle, and the deformation area increased accordingly. The lowest amount of stubble was obtained from D1N3Y3, D1N3Y2 and D2N3Y3 treatments as 20.67 g m-2, 22.67 g m-2 and 25.33 g m-2, respectively. The highest stubble burial rate was 87.30%, 86.07% and 84.02% in D1N3Y3, D1N3Y2 and D1N2Y3 treatments. While the lowest u/v ratio was obtained from D1N1Y1 with 3.03, the highest u/v ratio was obtained from D2N3Y3 with 4.63, the lowest skidding rate was obtained from D1N3Y1 with 3.17% and the highest skidding rate was obtained from D2Y3 with 11.99

In this study, it was aimed to determine the power consumption, work capacity and some properties of the pellet feed of the pelletizing machine used in the pelleting of animal feeds consisting of small and granular mixtures. A pellet machine with a die hole inlet diameter of 8 mm, an outlet diameter of 5 mm and a flat die with a diameter of 195 mm was used to pellet the feeds. In the experiments, two different feed materials consisting of mixed feed and barley only were used. The bulk weight of the pellets (kg m-3), durability (%), compression resistance (N mm-2), pellet moisture (%) were determined. In addition, hourly pelleting capacity (kg h -1), required energy consumption (kW), specific energy consumption (kW kg -1) of the pelletizing machine were determined.As a result of the trials, the capacity of the pellet feed making machine was 172.80 kg h-1 in the pelleting process from barley and 170 kg h-1 in the pelleting process from mixed feed. The required electrical energy consumption was 7.63 kW, in barley pelleting and 9.18 kW in mixed feed pelleting. Specific energy consumption 0.044 kW kg-1 in barley pelleting, 0.054 kW kg-1 in mixed feed pelleting

In the study, the mean germination time (MED) was determined as 16.6 days, 21.08 days, and 9.75 days in the traditional sowing method, cross double row sowing method and Parallel double row planting method, respectively, and the germination rate index (ERI) in the same order. It was found as 0.31 - 0.52 - 0.40 pieces/m.day. Grain yield was 15260 kg/ha in traditional sowing method, 22330 kg/ha in cross double row sowing method and 18300 kg/ha in parallel double row sowing method. As a result of the experiments and calculations, the net energy yield was found to be 297,353.23 Mj/ha, 238.986.57 Mj/ha, 194.782.97 Mj/ha, respectively, than the cross double row planting method, parallel double row planting method and traditional planting method. The maximum energy efficiency was obtained in the cross double row planting method as 0.79 kg/Mj, followed by the parallel double row planting method and the traditional planting method with the values of 0.66 kg/Mj and 0.55 kg/Mj, respectively. The maximum output/input ratio was found in cross double row planting with 11,54%, then parallel double row planting with 9,59% and traditional planting with 8,03%. This study reveals that the cross-planting method is more advantageous than other methods and that this method can be used economically.

In the study, the mean germination time (MED) was determined as 16.6 days, 21.08 days, and 9.75 days in the conventional sowing method, cross double row sowing method and parallel double row planting method, respectively, and the germination rate index (ERI) in the same order. It was found as 0.31-0.52-0.40 pieces/m day. Grain yield was 15260 kg/ha in conventional sowing method, 22330 kg/ha in cross double row sowing method and 18300 kg/ha in parallel double row sowing method. As a result of the experiments and calculations, the net energy yield was found to be 297.353,23 MJ/ha, 238.986,57 MJ/ha, 194.782,97 MJ/ha, respectively, then the cross-double row planting method, parallel double row planting method and conventional planting method. The maximum energy efficiency was obtained in the cross-double row planting method as 0.79 kg/MJ, followed by the parallel double row planting method and the conventional planting method with the values of 0.66 kg/MJ and 0.55 kg/MJ, respectively. The maximum output/input ratio was found in cross double row planting with 11.54%, then parallel double row planting with 9.59% and conventional planting with 8.03%. This study reveals that the cross-planting method is more advantageous than other methods and that this method can be used economically.

In this study; A single-acting disc harrow is used, which takes its movement from the tractor PTO. PTO driven single-acting disc harrow was tested with disc diameters of 610 and 660 mm, disc direction angles of 160 - 230 and 300, and disc revolutions of 104.97 - 119.97 and 143.96 min-1. Single-acting disc harrow moving from PTO was compared in terms of disc diameter, directional angle and disc revolutions. The lowest draft force requirement was obtained from D1N1Y1, D2N1Y1 and D1N1Y2 applications, with values of 0.48 kW, 0.61 kW and 0.79 kW, respectively. The highest draft power requirement was obtained from D2N3Y3, D2N3Y2 and D1N3Y3 applications with 7.80 kW, 6.97 kW and 5.25 kW values, respectively. The lowest PTO power take-off power requirement from the applications was obtained from the D1N1Y1, D1N2Y1 and D1N3Y1 applications, with values of 22.80 kW, 22.88 kW and 24.82 kW, respectively. The highest PTO power take-off power requirements were obtained from the D2N3Y3, D1N3Y3 and D2N3Y2 applications, with power requirements of 41.15 kW, 39.40 kW and 38.62 kW, respectively. In terms of fuel consumption, the lowest fuel consumption was determined in D1N1Y3, D1N1Y2 and D1N1Y1 applications with 11.40 L ha-1 11.63 L ha-1 and 11.95 L ha-1 values. The highest fuel consumption was obtained from 18.34 L ha-1, 17.78 L ha-1 and 17.58 L ha-1, respectively, and D2N3Y3, D2N3Y2 and D2N3Y1 applications.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, tarımsal faaliyetlerin zamanında yapılmasını sağlayarak, en az sayıda geçişle, toprağı daha iyi parçalanıp karıştırılması, yüzey profil düzgünsüzlüğü, penetrasyon direnci ve kesilme direnci bakımından kuyruk milinden tahrikli tek etkili bir diskli tırmığın ve hareketini topraktan alan serbest hareketli diskli tırmığın, toprağın bazı fiziksel özelliklerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada; topraktan hareket alan tek etkili diskli tırmık ile kuyruk milinden hareketli tek etkili diskli tırmık makineleri kullanılmıştır. Topraktan hareket alan tek etkili diskli tırmık denemeleri iki farklı disk çapı (610 mm ve 660 mm) ve üç farklı yön açısında (160- 230 ve 300) yapılmıştır. Kuyruk milinden hareketli tek etkili diskli tırmık ise iki farklı disk çapı (610 mm ve 660 mm), üç farklı yön açısı (160- 230 ve 300) ve üç farklı disk devirlerinde (104.97- 119.97 ve 143.96 min-1) denemeleri yapılmıştır. Bütün denmeler traktörün (4.14 kmh-1) sabit ilerleme hızında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uygulamalar sonucunda, toprak kesilme direnci, penetrasyon direnci, toprağın ağırlıklı ortalama çapı, toprak işleme sonrası yüzey düzgünsüzlüğü belirlenmiştir. Bütün uygulamalarda penetrasyon direnci 0.39-2.65 MPa arasında, toprak kesilme direnci 0.32 – 2.08 N cm -2 arasında, yüzey düzgünsüzlük değeri %23.98- %35.05 arasında ve ağırlıklı ortalama çap değeri 2.05- 4.70 mm arasında elde edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda her iki çapta, bütün devirlerde ve 230 - 300 yön açılarında kuyruk milinden hareketli diskli tırmığın hareketini topraktan alan tek etkili diskli tırmığa kıyasla daha üstün olduğu söylenebilir.

One of our most valuable natural resources is soil. Sustainable agricultural production is achieved with proper soil management. Tillage is considered to be one of the largest operations, as the most energy need in agricultural production occurs in tillage. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of chisel tine on draft force and disturbed soil area and estimate them using artificial neural networks (ANN) and multiple linear regression equations (MLR). The experiments were carried out in a closed soil bin filled with clay loam soil at an average moisture content of 13.2% (on dry basis). The draft force and disturbed soil area were evaluated as affected by the share width at two levels (60 and 120 mm), forward speed at four levels (0,7, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 ms-1) and working depth at four levels (160, 200, 240 and 280 mm) at three replications. The draft force varied from 0,5 to 1.42 kN, depending on the controlled variables, while the disturbed soil area varied from 260 to 865 cm2. Test results show that share width, forward speed and working depth were significant on the draft force and disturbed soil area. Input variables of the ANN models were considered share width, forward speed and working depth. In prediction of required draft force and disturbed soil area respectively, on account of statistical performance criteria, the best ANN model with coefficient of determination of 0.999 and 0.998, root mean square error of 0.010 and 0.016 and mean relative percentage error of 0.960 and 1.673 was better performed than the MLR model.

In this study, three different strip tillage applications were used as an alternative to Conventional Tillage (CT). While Original Strip-Till (OST) machine made by the Maschio Gaspardo was used in one of the applications of the strip tillage, the other two Machines [Horizontal (MHST) and Vertical (MVST) shaft rotary Tillers] were modified and used in strip tillage. Depending on the strip tillage application used, about 35–40% of soil surface was tilled. For the three applications, the penetration resistance and shear stress of soil ranged from 0.45 to 1.91 MPa and from 0.36 to 0.48 N cm, respectively. The energy ratio, energy productivity, specific energy, net energy gain, and energy intensiveness were calculated. There were significant differences (P< 0.01) among the treatments in terms of various energy indices and corn silage yields. In the experiments with no hoeing, the silage yield ranged from 3,714 to 3,953 kg ha; whereas, with hoeing, the yield increased, ranging from 3,964 to 4,952 kg ha. The average net energy gain of corn silage production with and without hoeing applied was 156,155.68 and 131,037.75 MJ ha, respectively. Energy use efficiency was the highest in the MHST method with hoeing. As a result, in terms of energy use efficiency, MHST (Modified Horizontal shaft Strip-Till system) method with hoeing can be suggested for use in the Middle Anatolian

Günümüzde yem bitkileri üretim alanlarının artırabilmesi için mevcut yem bitkileri çeşitliliğinin artırılması ve ekim nöbetinde kullanılmaları zorunludur. Bu alanlarda ekolojik şartların elverdiği ölçüde ekonomik üretim modelini geliştirmek gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma 2018 yılında, Konya Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Sarıcalar Uygulama ve Araştırma Çiftliğinde yem bitkilerinin çeşitliliğinin artırılması amacı ile yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada; İtalyan çiminin mekanizasyon özelliklerinin ve enerji verimliliğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Üretiminde kullanılan makine ve ekipmanların yakıt tüketimleri, toplam enerji girdi ve çıktıları ile enerji verimliliği hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; En fazla yakıt tüketimi hasat grubu makinelerde 43.2 l ha-1 ile balya makinesinde, toprak işleme grubu makinelerinde ise 17.2 l ha-1 ile pullukla çalışmada tespit edilmiştir. Toplam enerji çıktısı 81572.40 MJ ha-1 ve toplam enerji girdisi 34197.97 MJ ha-1 olarak hesaplanmış ve bunlara bağlı olarak net enerji verimliliği 47374.43 MJ ha-1, enerji oranı 2.39 ve enerji verimliliği de 0.14 kg MJ-1 olarak bulunmuştur. Özgül enerji olarak tanımlanan bir kg ürünün elde edilmesi için gerekli enerji miktarıda 7.31 MJ kg-1, Net enerji veriminin toplam enerji girdisine oranını ifade eden net enerji oranı da 0.58 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Enerji girdileri içinde doğrudan enerji %45.62, dolaylı enerji %54.38 yenilenemeyen enerji %65.38 ve yenilenebilir enerji ise %34.62 paya sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

In this study conducted in province of Konya, the effect on grain yield and energy productivity of three different tillage methods (conventional tillage, reduced tillage and direct seeding) in safflower production were investigated. Yield values obtained were 921 kg ha -1 for conventional tillage, 903 kg ha -1 for reduced tillage, and 822 kg ha -1 for direct seeding. In growing of safflower, it was found that the highest share in total input energy is fertilizer energy, followed by fuel-oil, seed, herbicide, and machine energy respectively. In conventional tillage, reduced tillage and direct seeding, the share of fuel-oil energy in total input were 22.86%, 14.40%, 6.20% respectively. The highest value 5.67 of the energy output-input rate was obtained from direct seeding. This rate was 5.45 for reduced tillage, and 4.97 for conventional tillage. Of all these methods, direct seeding had the least energy consumption per safflower plant produced, which was found as 3.44 MJ kg -1 . The highest value was also obtained in conventional tillage as 3.95 MJ kg -1 .

Strip tillage might offer an option to produce high silage maize yields at lower costs and improved erosion control compared to full width tillage practices. However, the strip tillage is not included in the agricultural production practice of the farmers in our country. In this study, three different strips tillage application have been used as a alternative to traditional practices(CT). While the machine made by the Maschio Gaspardo(OST) is used in one of the applications of the strip tillage, the other two machines (horizontal (MHST)and vertical shaft rotary tillers(MVST)) have been modified and used in strip tillage. The width of the strips of applications varied between 25-28cm. As a depending on strip tillage applications, 35-40 % of soil surface was tilled. While the penetration resistance of the strip tillage applications ranged from 0.45-1.91 MPa, the surface roughness of the strips were found to be about 11 %. Results of fuel consumption were 4.92, 1.82, 1.3 and 0.73 l da-1 for the full width tillage, OST, MVST and MHST respectively. Seedling emergence degree were approximately 6 % higher for MVST and OST compared to CT. An average increasing of 12 % plant emergence rate index (ERI) under MVST compared with other applications was found.

Bu araştırmada, mısır üretiminde farklı çift sıra ekim yöntemlerinin tane verim ve verim parametreleri üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Denemeler; Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Sarıcalar Araştırma ve Üretim Çiftliğinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Denemelerde; geleneksel (U1), çift sıra çapraz (U2), çift sıra (U3)ve geleneksel çapraz çift sıra (U4) mısır ekimi olmak üzere 4 farklı ekim yöntemi uygulamaya alınmıştır. Araştırmada Dekalb DKC5783 Fao 500 grubu mısır tohumu kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada bitki sıklığı U1, U2 ve U3 uygulamaları için yaklaşık olarak 8900 tohum/da, U4 uygulaması için 16400 tohum/da ile ekim işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; en yüksek verim 2,233 ton/da ile geleneksel çapraz çift sıra mısır ekim yönteminde (U4), en düşük verim ise 1,526 ton/da ile geleneksel tek sıra mısır ekim yönteminden (U1) elde edilmiştir.

This research was conducted at the experimental field of Polatli Agricultural farms to the General Directorate of Farm Enterprises (TIGEM) in 2008 and 2009 for determination the effect of four different tillage systems on yield and yield components of a chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) variety under Central Anatolian conditions of Turkey. Traditional, minimum (reduced), no-till (direct seeding) and no-till + herbiсide treatments were applied in the experiment. According to the results of the research tillage systems constituted significant differences for seed yield, plant height, legume number per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and 1000-seed weight. Average seed yield values of chickpea in the traditional, minimum, no-till and no-till+herbicide treatments were 1558.25 kg.ha -1 , 1240.10 kg.ha -1 , 1637.30 kg.ha -1 and 1874.85 kg.ha -1 , respectively. Relationships between yields’ data and tillage systems were R 2 =0.469** and 0.412** indicating a significant influence of tillage systems. In this way, the results revealed that direct seeding can be offered for chickpea cultivation in Central Anatolian Region.

Today, depending intensive tillage on arid and semi-arid regions, wind erosion is an important environmental problem. Reduced tillage practices are often considered as effective in reducing erosion. In this study, the effects on the wind erosion of different soil tillage applications were examined. Trials were conducted at wind speeds of 13ms-1 in a wind tunnel. After tillage, stubble amount and cover ratio, and mean weighted diameter of soil values were measured. These values were varied from 42.67 to 128 gm-2 for stubble amount, 1.27 to 19.32 % for stubble surface cover ratio and 6.53 to 13.57 mm for mean weighted diameter. At 13 ms-1, sediment transport rates varied from 176 to 1365 gm-2h-1 as depending on different soil tillage. The results showed that the relationships between erosion and shear stress of soil, stubble amount, and mean weighted diameter were found significantly and regression coefficient of relation were R2=0.79, R2=0.95 and R2=0.95 respectively.