Introduction: Beta-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP) has higher solubility than hydroxyapatite (HA), allowing it to be more easily resorbed and replaced by newly formed bone. This higher solubility enables the release of calcium and phosphate ions that play important roles in bone remodeling and osteoblast activity; however, excessive ion release may lead to cytotoxic effects. Limestone, mainly composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), can serve as a calcium source for the fabrication of βTCP. βTCP scaffolds can be combined with organic components such as chitosan and gelatin to form composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the cytotoxicity of a β-tricalcium phosphate–chitosan–gelatin composite scaffold as a bone substitute. Methods: Type of research was experimental laboratory. Freeze-drying method was used to produce a composite scaffold which was divided into two groups: chitosan-gelatin scaffold as control group and βTCP-chitosan-gelatin scaffold (each group consisted of three samples) To evaluate cytotoxicity, composite scaffolds were tested on osteoblast cells and the MTT assay was measured and assessed based on time evaluation at 24 hours and 72 hours. Cytotoxicity was determined based on the percentage of viable cells obtained from the MTT assay. Results: Viable cells percentage on the chitosan-gelatin scaffold was 70.32% at 24 h and increased to 99.52% at 72 h. While on the chitosan-gelatin-βTCP scaffold there were 85.11% viable cells at 24 h and increased to 89.54% at 72 h. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA showed no significant difference among all groups (p>0.05). However, Fisher’s LSD test indicated a significant difference in cell viability between 24 hours and 72 hours within the chitosan gelatin group. Conclusion: The βTCP-chitosan-gelatin composite scaffold demonstrated no cytotoxic effect on osteoblast cells, indicating its biocompatibility and potential suitability as a bone substitute material.

Background: Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is widely used in bone grafting due to its biocompatibility and bioresorbability. Recently, there has been growing interest in using sustainable materials, such as green mussel shells, as an alternative source for β-TCP. These shells, rich in calcium carbonate, provide a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative for β-TCP synthesis. Purpose: To fabricate composite blocks from β-TCP derived from green mussel shells, mixed with polyacrylic acid (PAA), using a setting reaction and freeze-drying method. Methods: Beta-tricalcium phosphate powder was obtained via wet precipitation, starting with calcium carbonate from green mussel shells, converting it to calcium oxide, and then to β-TCP. The resulting powder was mixed with PAA, set, and freeze-dried to form composite blocks. Results: Characterization of the composite blocks for porosity and diametral tensile strength (DTS) showed that blocks made with green mussel shell-derived β-TCP had rougher surfaces due to larger particles than control blocks made with commercial β-TCP. Composite blocks with 70% green mussel shell-derived β-TCP and 30% PAA exhibited significantly higher porosity (26.97% ± 2.64%) and DTS (11.76 ± 1.59 MPa) than those made with commercial β-TCP (porosity: 13.40% ± 1.56%; DTS: 7.79 ± 1.29 MPa). Reducing β-TCP content to 60% resulted in increased porosity (34.22% ± 1.84%) and lower DTS (6.41 ± 0.78 MPa). Conclusion: Composite blocks made from green mussel shell-derived β-TCP and PAA showed higher porosity and significantly higher DTS than blocks made from commercial β-TCP. Decreasing β-TCP content increased porosity but decreased DTS.

Composite granules of β-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP) derived from limestone were fabricated by mixing with polyacrylic acid (PAA) for potential bone substitute applications. Samples with varying ratios were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), porosity analysis, and diametral tensile strength (DTS) testing. XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of βTCP, with peak intensities increasing as βTCP content increased. FTIR showed C=O stretching of -COOH and symmetric COO- vibrations, with νs(COO-) bands appearing in composites, indicating interactions between PAA and βTCP through Ca2+-carboxylate coordination. SEM revealed a porous structure in the composite granules, with pore size increased with βTCP content. Porosity was higher in all composite granules compared to PAA granules, while DTS values improved with increasing βTCP, indicating enhanced mechanical strength. In conclusion, composite granules were successfully fabricated by mixing βTCP derived from limestone with PAA, exhibiting promising characteristics as synthetic bone substitutes.

Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are widely used in orthopedic and dental implants; however, implant failure remains a challenge due to the lack of chemical bonding between the implants and the host bone, which can lead to implant loosening. This issue can be addressed by introducing a bioactive layer that promotes chemical bonding to the bone upon implantation. This study is focused on the application of bio-inspired bioactive layers of calcium titanate (CaTiO3) and calcite (CaCO3) on Ti through a hydrothermal method. The initial CaTiO3 layer acts as nuclei for further crystal growth of CaCO3. The coating was obtained by treating Ti in a mixture of calcium acetate (Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O) and NaOH, both with and without the addition of tartaric acid (C4H6O6, TA). TA was a surface modifier to control coating composition and morphology. The morphology features, wettability, adhesion strength, and the interfacial structure between the Ti and the coatings were investigated. In addition, the biocompatibility of this biphasic coating with MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells was initially studied. The coating layer consisted of CaTiO3 and CaCO3 biphasic coating, regardless of the presence of TA. The presence of TA in the coating solution significantly influenced morphology, crystallinity, surface interface, and in vitro cellular response. Cubic calcite crystals were unevenly deposited on the Ti substrate, whereas the substrate showed complete coverage with rod-like crystals and a more homogeneous microstructure with TA modification. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated a firmly adherent mesoporous CaTiO3/CaCO3 to the Ti substrate. Consequently, the bioactive coating with TA modification exhibited higher cell numbers with flattened cell morphology than the surface without TA, as observed with MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells.

Wax is a soft and flexible material obtained from plants and insects or made synthetically and composed of high molecular weight organic molecules. One of the properties of dental wax or wax is the property of distortion, namely the return of the modified form of dental wax or wax to its original shape. Wax patterns or wax models are used as wax patterns in the manufacture of orthodontic appliances, complete dentures, and other prostheses that use plastic construction. Base plate wax is a dental wax for denture patterns based on acrylic resin. To evaluate wax distortion that occurs at room temperature for 24 hours. Testing of 141 wax samples placed at room temperature 25°C for 24 hours. One-way ANOVA test revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) in storage of wax at room temperature for 24 hours. There is an effect of temperature and storage time on the amount of wax distortion that occurs.

Introduction: Periodontopathogenic bacteria are Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria that often cause peri-implantitis such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Objective: This study is to analyze the periodontopathogen antibacterial properties of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and Hydroxyapatite (HA) composites against the growth of F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and A. Actinomycetemcomitans in vitro. Materials and Methods: Inhibition zone of PMMA-HA against periodontopathogenic bacteria was carried out with the well diffusion method. Doxycycline 100 mg was used as a positive control while the treatment group were consisted of 5 groups; 1) the PMMA group, 2) PMMA-HA from balai besar keramik (BBK), 3) PMMA-HA group of nano particle size, 4) the HA-BBK group and 5) the HA-nano group. All samples from the treatment and positive control groups were placed on agar plate that has been inoculated with bacteria are incubated for 24 hours at temperature of 37ᵒC and were measured the inhibition zone diameter by using the digital caliper. The data was analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post-hoc Tukey Honest Significant Different (HSD) test (p<0.05). Results: PMMA-HA has the ability to inhibit the growth of F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, A. Actinomycetemcomitans in vitro. The antibacterial activity of PMMA-HA nanocomposite against F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and A. Actinomycetemcomitans was higher than PMMA-HA-BBK (p=0.0001; p<0.05). Conclusion: PMMA-HA nanocomposite has the ability to inhibit the growth of F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and A. Actinomycetemcomitans better than PMMA-HA-BBK which can be considered as a candidate for dental implant biomaterials with periodontopathogenic antibacterial property to prevent peri-implantitis.

BackgroundGlass ionomer cements (GIC) are valued as inherent fluoride-releasing dental restorative materials, while chitosan binds to negatively charged enamel surfaces, promoting mineral deposition and strengthening teeth. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties of GIC modified with microchitosan derived from Xylotrupes gideon, using an in vitro experimental design. This study uniquely employs micro-scaled chitosan derived from the exoskeleton of Xylotrupes gideon, an insect-based, locally sourced, and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional marine chitosan, to reinforce a conventional GIC.Materials and methodsMicrochitosan was extracted from Xylotrupes gideon and incorporated into conventional GIC at 0.5%, 1% and 2% (w/w). Compressive strength, diametral tensile strength, and surface microhardness were measured using standard testing equipment after immersion in artificial saliva for 24 h and 7 days. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Games-Howell post hoc test, with significance set at p < 0.05.ResultsThe 1% microchitosan-modified GIC exhibited the most significant improvements compared to the unmodified control. After 7 days, compressive strength increased by 35.4%, diametral tensile strength by 51.3%, and surface hardness by 46.6% (p < 0.05). These enhancements are attributed to microscale reinforcement and chemical bonding between microchitosan and the GIC matrix.ConclusionThe addition of 1% microchitosan derived from Xylotrupes gideon significantly improved the mechanical performance of GIC. This bioactive reinforcement shows promising potential for clinical restorative applications, though further investigation into its long-term biocompatibility and fluoride release is warranted. These findings highlight a novel combination of insect-derived micro-scale chitosan and conventional GIC, yielding mechanical gains comparable to those reported for nanochitosan-modified formulations while relying on a more sustainable chitosan source.

Nanohybrid composite resin is well-known because of its good aesthetic properties. It has high water sorption, allowing various coloring substances such as papaya juice to penetrate. Papaya juice enzymes may also cause a rougher composite resin surface. This study determined the effect of papaya juice on color and surface roughness of nanohybrid composite resin using laboratory experiment. This study used posttest with control group design containing 27 samples of nanohybrid composite resin (B & E Korea XS-FIL A3.5) with diameter of 10 mm and thickness of 2 mm. The samples were divided into 3 groups: immediate, control, and treatment group. The samples of immediate group were tested directly for color and surface roughness. The treatment group was immersed in papaya juice for 3 hours followed by 21 hours in distilled water, while the control group was immersed in distilled water for 24 hours. All samples were immersed in an incubator at 37 °C for 4 days. Changes in color and surface roughness were tested using a VITA Easyshade V spectrophotometer and a Taylor Hobson surface roughness tester, respectively. ANOVA and post hoc Tukey showed a significant (p < 0.05) change in color (p = 0.003) and surface roughness (p = 0.000); significant (p = 0.033) color change was obtained between the immediate group (E = 6.933) and the treatment group (E = 7.959). In terms of surface roughness, significant (p = 0.000) results were obtained between the treatment group (Ra = 1.974 μm) with the immediate group (Ra = 1.411 μm) and the control group (Ra = 1.404 μm). In conclusion, papaya juice causes changes in color and surface roughness of nanohybrid composite resin.

Background: Fabrication of the composite scaffold was carried out by combining chitosan, gelatin, and β-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP) derived from limestone. The extraction of βTCP was based on the abundance of limestone containing calcium carbonate, which can be a source of βTCP synthesis. Purpose: This study evaluates the degradation of the combination of chitosan–gelatin (ChG) and chitosan–gelatin–βTCP (ChG-βTCP) composite scaffolds. Methods: The freeze-drying method was used to obtain the composite scaffold, which was a mixture of chitosan, gelatin, and βTCP. Degradation was measured by immersing the samples in a simulated body fluid solution at 37°C for 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. For statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Fisher’s least significant difference were performed. Results: The ChG scaffold shows better degradability than the ChG-βTCP scaffold. The ChG scaffold shows higher weight degradation than the ChG-βTCP scaffold up to 21 days. Conclusion: In conclusion, the scaffold containing βTCP has lower degradation than the ChG scaffold.

Titanium is a gold standard material in dental implant treatment due to its biocompatibility and excellent mechanical strength. However, titanium has no bioactivity and osteoconductivity. This has led to studies to develop the osteoconductivity by modifying the surface morphology, such as the thread pitch, which affect the implant stability and bone formation around the implant. This study aims to evaluate the effect of various size of gaps (equivalent to thread pitch) on the bone formation in titanium rods implantation. Initially, titanium rods were cut with different blade sizes: 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mm. The gaps were equivalent to dental implant thread pitch. Titanium rods were implanted in the rat’s femur and inserted into the bone marrow. After 2 and 4 weeks of implantation, the rats were euthanized and the implanted femur were extracted. The femurs were resin-embedded and cut into 1-mm thickness. The specimens were observed by backscattered SEM. Two weeks after implantation, new bone started to form and penetrated the pitch. In the wider gaps, the bone penetration was found to be particularly high, and vice versa. After 4 weeks, the new bone formation was greater compared to 2 weeks of implantation, and more bone penetration was observed in the wider pitch. This study is an observational research with qualitative reading of the backscattered SEM images. In conclusion, wider pitch could increase osseointegration by providing larger space for bone formation.

β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is a widely used bioceramic material. In dentistry, it is commonly used as bone graft material. β-TCP is osteoconductive, bioresorbable, bioactive, and has biocompatibility properties. This study aims to evaluate the optimum molarity of CaO and H3PO4 to synthesize β-TCP from a natural source (Perna viridis linn). This is laboratory experimental research conducted by reacting calcium compounds from green mussel shells and phosphoric acid using the dissolution precipitation method with variations in molarity ratio. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were used to identify the characteristics of β-TCP synthesized from green mussel shells. The XRD chart pattern showed the formation of peaks identical to the β-TCP (Sigma-Aldrich). However, formation of whitlockite phase was also seen in the results. FTIR results showed that phosphate, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups were shown on the graph and could be identified as β-TCP. SEM characterization showed that the sample consisted of small particles irregularly shaped to form like aggregates. β-TCP synthesized using molarity ratio of 0.6M CaO: 0.4M H3PO4 had characteristics resembling β-TCP (Sigma-Aldrich).

Abstract: Irreversible hydrocolloid impression materials or alginate is commonly used in dental practice. Its setting time range is 1–4.5 minutes. The setting time is affected by several factors such as water temperature mixed with the alginate powder. There are previous studies evaluated the effect of water temperature on the alginate’s setting time, however, the collected data is still minimal. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of water temperature on alginate’s setting time on larger scale. There were total of 423 samples divided into three groups: cold, moderate, and warm temperature of water mixed with alginate; each group consisted of 141 samples. Differences in setting times of the qroups were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Tukey’s HSD. Alginate powder used in this study was the normal-set type. Mixing the alginate powder with water was performed as the factory instruction, and then the mixture was poured into molds and the setting times were measured. The results showed that the setting times of the three groups were significantly different. Group I (cold) had the highest setting time (211 seconds), followed by Group II (room temperature) which was 147 seconds, and Group III (warm) had a setting time of 106 seconds. In conclusion, water temperature has an effect on setting time, that is, the higher the temperature, the faster the setting time, and vice versa. Keywords: alginate; irreversible hydrocolloid; setting time; water temperature Abstrak: Bahan cetak hidrokoloid ireversibel atau alginat merupakan bahan umum yang digunakan di praktek kedokteran gigi, dan memiliki setting time antara 1–4,5 menit. Setting time ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor di antaranya suhu air yang digunakan dalam mencampur bahan cetak tersebut. Terdapat penelitian-penelitian terdahulu yang mengevaluasi efek suhu terhadap setting time, namun data yang dikumpulkan masih minimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek suhu terhadap setting time bahan cetak alginat dalam skala besar. Terdapat tiga kelompok penelitian yaitu menggunakan suhu air yang dicampurkan dengan alginat dingin, sedang (suhu ruang), dan hangat. Besar sampel penelitian ini ialah 141 sampel per kelompok, sehingga total sampel ialah 423 sampel. Perbandingan setting time dari tiga kelompok kemudian dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis dan Tukey’s HSD untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya perbedaan bermakna dari kelompok-kelompok tersebut. Bubuk alginat yang digunakan merupakan alginat tipe normal. Pencampuran bubuk alginat dengan air dilakukan sesuai dengan instruksi pabrik. Adonan yang telah diaduk dituang ke dalam cetakan dan dilakukan pengukuran setting time. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan setting time dari ketiga kelompok berbeda secara bermakna. Kelompok I (dingin) memiliki setting time tertinggi yaitu selama 211 detik, diikuti kelompok II (sedang) selama 147 detik, dan kelompok III (hangat) selama 106 detik. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah suhu air memiliki efek terhadap setting time, yaitu semakin tinggi suhu air maka semakin singkat setting time, demikian pula sebaliknya. Kata kunci: alginat; hidrokoloid ireversibel; setting time; suhu air

Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) and Hydroxyapatite (HA) utilization as single materials are rarely used as dental implant materials. There is a promising hope by combining these two materials as a dental implant fixture. Nevertheless, there is a limited information of PMMA/HA composite utilization as dental implant material. The aims of this narrative review is to describe the potential of PMMA/HA composite utilization as biomaterial candidate for porous trabecular dental implant fixture development. This narrative review finds the potential of PMMA/HA composite as biomaterial candidate for porous trabecular dental implant. The keywords "Biomaterial," "Dental Implant," "Hydroxyapatite," "Osseointegration," and "Polymethyl Methacrylate" were used in a web-based search of PubMed, NCBI, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate databases. PMMA is non-toxic, cost-effective, biocompatible, simple to manipulate, and has strong mechanical properties in the oral cavity. Furthermore, osteoblastic cell adhesion, development, and differentiation are aided by the use of HA as a biomaterial to induce bone formation. Nonetheless, due to its rapid absorption and degradation, single HA is seldom used as a dental implant material. Developing dental implant composite has been extensively studied, among them are the fabrication of PMMA/HA. PMMA/HA has fairly good physical characteristics with a compressive strength, good bioaffinity properties, biocompatible with bone cells. The osteoconductivity of HA enhance the bioactivity of the composite materials, thus making the dental implant to have an excellent osseointegration. We propose that there is a possibility of utilization of PMMA/HA composite as biomaterial candidate for porous trabecular dental implant fixture.

Background: Limestone primarily consists of CaCO3 (calcium carbonate), which have a similarity to one of human bone component, hydroxyapatite (HA), an element of apatite group (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2). There were several setbacks in the use of artificial hydroxyapatite in the bone repair process; one of them was its relatively higher crystallinity level compared to those of human bone apatite. The addition of carbonate element to hydroxyapatite could improve its characteristics, such as increasing the solubility, decreasing the crystallinity, and changing the morphology of the crystal. That caused carbonate hydroxyapatite is preferable to help in the bone repair process. Aims: This study aimed to find the effect of limestone-based CHA on viability and proliferation of hUMSCs, thus discovering the potential of CHA as a bone graft biomaterial candidate derived from limestone. Methods: This study used FTIR, EDX, and XRD assays to CHA powder sample derived from limestone found in Padalarang and Cirebon extracted by BBK. Two grams of the sample were placed in the sample holder and examined by computer software. EDX assay was conducted three times in three different points, and the means were recorded. In the XRD assay, a carbon tip was put to the sample holder to allow sample attachment. The recorded data was compared to JCPDS data. Toxicity and proliferation examination of CHA were conducted through MTT assay in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUCMSC) cell lines with four different doses: 50µg/ml, 25µg/ml, 12,5µg/ml, and 6,25µg/ml. Results: Limestone-based CA has hydroxyl (OH-), phosphate (PO42-), and carbonate (CO32-) functional groups. It has crystal particle formation and consists of O, Ca, and P elements. The result of the MTT assay showed limestone-based CHA is not toxic in all concentrations and has the proliferative ability. There were significant differences between the control and treatment groups. Conclusion: CHA has OH-, PO42-, and CO32- function group. It has crystal particle formation and O, Ca, and P elements as its composition, with a Ca/P ratio of 1,67. It shows no toxicity to hUCMSC in all doses and has the ability to stimulate hUCMSC proliferation.

Beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta TCP) granules are commonly used as an artificial bone graft material. Meanwhile, the surface morphology of the bone graft is an important factor for cellular response. In this study, feasibility study on surface morphology regulation of beta TCP bone graft for enhancing cellular response were investigated. The regulation was achieved on the basis of a multistep heating process. Briefly, initial heat treatment of beta TCP granules at 1300 degrees C for 12 h resulted in fabrication of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (alpha TCP) granules with interconnected micropores. In the second heat treatment, exposure of alpha TCP granules to 100% relative humidity at 100 degrees C resulted in partial hydrolysis of alpha TCP, leading to the fabrication of needle-like calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (cdHAp) crystals on the alpha TCP surface. After the third heat treatment at 1100 degrees C, both cdHAp and alpha TCP converted back to beta TCP, and interconnected micropores with a roughened surface structure were formed. In vitro cell evaluation demonstrated that beta TCP granules obtained by the series of heat treatments exhibited 24 times higher cell proliferation at day 9, and four times higher alkaline phosphatase activity compared with untreated beta TCP granules. Therefore, we concluded that regulation of surface morphology by a series of heat treatments is useful for improving cellular response to beta TCP bone grafting materials.

This study aimed to fabricate and evaluate the properties of a chitosan-gelatin scaffold reinforced by betatricalcium phosphate (beta TCP) powder derived from limestone as a composite scaffold for application in bone tissue engineering. Preparation of beta TCP powder involved obtaining calcium hydroxide from limestone and mixing it with phosphate solution through wet precipitation and calcination. To fabricate the scaffold, chitosan was dissolved in acetic acid solution and mixed with gelatin-in-water solution. beta TCP powder was then added to the mixture and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The slurry was dispensed into a mold and then freeze-dried. Dried chitosan-gelatin-beta TCP scaffolds were then characterized. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) results showed that chitosan-gelatin scaffolds incorporated with beta TCP displayed the phase composition corresponding to the beta TCP reference. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results showed increasing intensity of amide I and amide II at a lower beta TCP amount because of the increasing amount of chitosan and gelatin where amide I and amide II groups were a characteristic of both materials. A porous structure was present in all scaffolds, as shown by scanning electron microscopy observation. The pore size as well as porosity (85.76% +/- 0.77%) decreased with increased beta TCP amount up to 70%, affecting the compressive strength of the scaffolds, with the highest value up to 3.27 +/- 0.29 MPa. In conclusion, porous scaffolds suitable for bone tissue engineering applications were fabricated using a combination of limestone-derived beta TCP powder, chitosan, and gelatin.

A composite scaffold was successfully fabricated using beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta TCP), which is extracted from limestone by first sintering and then reacting it with phosphoric acid through wet precipitation method. The resultant substance is then mixed with chitosan and gelatin. This novel method utilizes limestone, which is abundant in nature. This study optimizes the composite scaffold fabrication by using beta TCP from limestone and evaluating the effect of glutaraldehyde on scaffold characteristics. The freeze-drying method was used to obtain a porous scaffold. The compressive strength of the cross-linked scaffolds (3.3 +/- 0.3 MPa) was significantly higher than that of scaffolds without glutaraldehyde (1.7 +/- 0.2 MPa). In contrast, the porosity of the cross-linked scaffolds was lower (85.8 +/- 0.8 %) than the non-cross-linked scaffolds (89.1 +/- 0.4 %). It is clear that the porosity had a considerable impact on the compressive strength, wherein lower porosity led to a higher compressive strength. In conclusion, glutaraldehyde is an effective cross-linker for the fabrication of chitosan-gelatin-beta TCP composite scaffolds and significantly improves their compressive strength.

This study aims to fabricate composite a scaffold using a mixture of chitosan-gelatin and limestone-extracted βTCP for better antibacterial properties. Limestone is abundantly available in nature and can provide calcium in the production of calcium phosphate (CaP) materials. However, the elemental impurities present in limestone-extracted βTCP may affect the properties of the CaP-fabricated scaffolds. βTCP powder could be used to fabricate bone scaffold using calcination and wet precipitation method. For example, the preparation of βTCP powder involved the transformation of calcium carbonate in limestone to calcium hydroxide, followed by a reaction with phosphoric acid and sintering treatment to form βTCP. In order to fabricate the scaffold, chitosan was first dissolved in acetic acid and then mixed with a gelatin-in-water solution, followed by adding βTCP powder (limestone-extracted βTCP and commercial βTCP). Then, the mixture was placed in a mold and freeze-dried. Our method improved the antibacterial activity of chitosan–gelatin–βTCP compared to the chitosan–gelatin scaffold. Limestone-extracted βTCP also exhibited higher inhibitory action against bacteria than commercial βTCP. This method's effectiveness evaluation was confirmed by the measurement of X-ray fluorescence analysis, which showed that βTCP scaffolds had more antibacterial elements than the chitosan–gelatin scaffold. These new research results contribute to enhanced antibacterial properties of the material due to elemental impurities in βTCP, especially the limestone-extracted βTCP. However, further evaluation on controlling βTCP impurities is essential for better outcomes in clinical applications.

Context: The most common biomaterial used for dental implants is titanium. However, the release of metal ions and the risk of allergic reactions to metals that may occur in some patients cannot be avoided. Hydroxyapatite-polymethylmethacrylate (HA-PMMA) composite biomaterials are proposed to have potential as dental implant biomaterials due to their mechanical, chemical, and biological properties. HA-PMMA may induce osseointegration, biocompatible, less allergic reactions, and no metal ions released. In addition, HA-PMMA can be obtained from Indonesia’s abundant natural resources. Aims: To explore HA-PMMA composites through molecular docking as a biomaterial candidate for dental implants in silico. Methods: Structure data format (sdf), molecular weight, and identity number (CID) of HA-PMMA ligand samples were obtained from PubChem database and minimized through OpenBabel. 3D structure, selection method, resolution, atom count, weight, sequence length, and ID protein BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, alkaline phosphatase (AP), osteonectin, osteopontin, and osteocalcin on RCSB-PDB native ligand and water sterilization on PyMol were carried out with the aim of to maximize the formation of binding affinity during molecular docking simulations. Results: HA-PMMA composites can enhance the activity of proteins associated with osseointegration such as BMP-2/4/7, AP, osteocalcin, osteonectin, and osteopontin in silico. HA-PMMA composites have the strongest binding to osteonectin and are predicted to enhance the AP activity in silico. Conclusions: HA-PMMA composites are potential candidates for dental implant biomaterials with the osteointegration ability through binding with BMP-2/4/7, AP, osteocalcin, osteonectin, and osteopontin in silico.