Background:Tooth extraction commonly leads to alveolar bone loss, which can compromise future prosthetic rehabilitation. Biomaterial-based socket preservation aims to support hard-tissue healing and stabilize the extraction site. Objective:To assess the effect of a chitosan-gelatin scaffold reinforced with carbonate hydroxyapatite (CG-CHA) on bone healing in Wistar rats extraction sockets by evaluating immunohistochemical expression of Bone morpogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and Receptor activator of nuclear κB (RANK). Materials and methods:A true-experimental randomized post-test only control group design was used with 24 male Wistar rats. Following maxillary molar extraction, rats were assigned to either a control group (extraction only) or a CG-CHA scaffold group (n = 12 each). Mandibles were collected on days 7, 14, and 21 (n = 4 per time point per group). Immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the expression of BMP-2, RUNX2, and RANK. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests with significance at p < 0.05. Results:The CG-CHA group showed greater bone formation and significantly higher BMP-2, RUNX2, and RANK expression at days 7, 14, and 21 compared to controls (p < 0.05). Conclusion:Placement of a CG-CHA scaffold in extraction sockets improved bone healing and increased osteogenic marker expression in rats. These findings indicate that CG-CHA supports favorable socket healing and may be useful for alveolar bone preservation strategies.

Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is a synthetic graft material with excellent biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity. β-TCP may induce adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) osteodifferentiation. This study aims to investigate the osteoinductivity of 300 to 600 and 600 to 1,000μm β-TCP in ADMSCs. ADMSCs were obtained from the visceral adipose tissue of young male rabbits. To determine the osteoinductive ability, bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2), Osterix, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin, and osteonectin expression was examined using an immunochemical assay on ADMSCs conditioned with an osteogenic medium and a β-TCP bioceramic with granule sizes of 300 to 600 and 600 to 1,000 µm (100 ng diluted to 100 nmol as the final concentration). A 3,3′-diaminobenzidine staining kit was used for immunocytochemical staining. Anti-BMP-2, anti-Osterix, anti-Runx2, anti-ALP, anti-osteopontin, and anti-osteonectin monoclonal antibodies were employed at a 1:500 dilution. A light microscope with magnifications of 400× and 1,000× was used to manually observe and examine cultures in five different fields of view. BMP 2, Runx2, Osterix, and ALP expression was higher in ADMSCs + β-TCP 300 to 600 µm compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Osteonectin and osteopontin expression was higher in ADMSCs + 300 to 600 µm β-TCP compared with the control group (p < 0.05) and ADMSCs + 600 to 1,000 µm β-TCP (p < 0.05). ADMSC osteodifferentiation was influenced by β-TCP bioceramic granule size. The considerable difference in osteonectin and osteopontin expression supports the idea that 300 to 600 µm β-TCP induce ADMSCs osteodifferentiation than 600 to 1,000 µm β-TCP.

Background: The development of biomaterial scaffolds is used as one of the solutions for dealing with bone damage. The combination of materials in scaffolds before being applied to clinical practice therefore required several stages for testing the biocompatibility material. One of the material biocompatibility tests involves a cytotoxicity test on osteoblast 7F2 cells. Purpose: To demonstrates the percentage of viable cells for Chitosan-Gelatin:Carbonate HydroxyApatite (C G:CHA) scaffold with a ratio of 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60 (w:w) after crosslinking with 0.25% glutaraldehyde on 7F2 osteoblasts. Methods: MTT assay is a cytotoxicity test used in this research. The research data are analyzed by comparative tests using Shapiro-Wilk, Levene, and One-Way Anova test, post hoc Games-Howell. Results: Statistical tests from the percentage of live cells shows that between the control cell group and the C-G:CHA 20:80 crosslink group, the cell group and the C-G:CHA 20:80 group without crosslink, the C G:CHA group 20:80 crosslink and C-G:CHA group 30:70 without crosslink, C-G:CHA group 20:80 without crosslink and C-G:CHA group 30:70 without crosslink, there are significant differences. Conclusion: Scaffold C-G:CHA with a ratio of 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60 (w:w) after crosslinked with 0.25% glutaraldehyde was found not toxicity to osteoblast cells 7F2 because indirectly cytotoxicity test resulted a percentage of live cells of >50%.

Background: Tissue engineering represents an integrative approach that combines cells, biomaterials, and biological signaling factors to facilitate tissue regeneration, including the formation of new bone. In the context of bone regeneration, osteocalcin serves as a critical biomarker because it is synthesized during the late stages of osteoblast differentiation and plays an essential role in matrix mineralization and the overall quality of the bone extracellular matrix. Objective: This statement explains the role of tissue engineering in promoting bone formation and highlights the importance of osteocalcin as an indicator of osteoblast maturation. Discussion: The success of bone tissue engineering relies on scaffolds capable of supporting the adhesion and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells. Throughout this process, osteocalcin serves as a key parameter reflecting osteoblastic activity and matrix mineralization. An increased secretion of osteocalcin indicates that the biomaterial or scaffold provides a conducive microenvironment for the formation of new bone tissue. Conclusion: Tissue engineering plays a significant role in supporting bone regeneration, and osteocalcin serves as a key marker for evaluating the effectiveness of this process. The measurement of osteocalcin provides essential insight into the quality and success of new bone formation within tissue-engineering applications.

This study investigates the relationship between the thickness of articular cartilage, subchondral, and cancellous bone with the biomechanical behaviour of the osteochondral unit, aiming to identify the dominant roles of these structures. The findings could assist in designing structures with compatible morphology, materials, and cartilage repair procedures for surgeons. Using bovine hindlegs, measurements of articular cartilage thickness were taken, and indentation and three-point bending tests were performed. The study found that the cartilage thickness was greater in the medial tibial plateau, particularly in the middle region, while the lateral plateau exhibited lower thickness but higher instantaneous modulus and stiffness, especially in the anterior region. Strong correlations were observed between osteochondral bone properties and the thickness of subchondral and cancellous bone in the medial tibial plateau. The biomechanical behaviour of the osteochondral unit showed regional variation, with bone thickness influencing the medial plateau cartilage thickness impacting the lateral plateau. This study provides a possible reference for surgeons to design effective strategies for treating cartilage damage.

Introduction: Currently, various biomaterials in the biomedical field have been developed to be utilized as bone grafts. Bone graft is a living tissue that is transplanted into bone defects and thus help the bone healing process. One of the bone grafts that has been developed and has many advantages is Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP). BCP is a combination of Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP) and Hydroxyapatite (HA). HA has strong osteoconductive properties but has the disadvantage of low tensile stress and very slow resorbability, while β-TCP is known as a material with fast resorbability. The rate of bone regeneration produced by BCP is faster than the use of HA or β-TCP alone because it has been shown to have strong osteoconductive property. The purpose of this scoping review is to review the literature to determine the osteoconductive properties of BCP as a bone graft in the bone regeneration process. Method: To obtain journal data, a search was conducted using three databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Of the three found 239 journals. Data were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The title, abstract and full text of each study were carefully analysed. Data extraction was made based on histology, histomorphometry, micro-CT, and bone regeneration osteogenic gene expression. Result: There were 40 selected articles and the results showed the osteoconductivity of BCP in accelerating the process of bone regeneration through histology, histomorphometry, micro-CT, and osteogenic gene expression. Conclusion: Osteoconductivity of BCP can be used as bone graft in bone regeneration process.

Wettability plays a key role in scaffold performance by supporting fluid interaction and nutrient diffusion. Chitosan-Gelatin-Carbonate Hydroxyapatite (C-G:CHA) scaffolds are highly biocompatible, yet glutaraldehyde crosslinking may alter pore structure and surface chemistry, thereby affecting the contact angle as an indicator of wetting ability. To analyze differences in surface wettability between non-crosslinked and 0.25% glutaraldehyde-crosslinked C-G:CHA scaffolds and to compare the 30:70 (w/w) and 40:60 (w/w) ratios. C-G:CHA scaffolds were synthesized using freeze-drying at ratios 30:70 and 40:60 and divided into non-crosslinked and crosslinked groups. Wettability was assessed using the sessile drop method with SBF and measured with a contact angle goniometer. Statistical analyses included Shapiro-Wilk, Levene’s test, One-Way ANOVA, and Tukey HSD. The mean contact angles for non-crosslinked scaffolds were 64.833° (30:70) and 76.333° (40:60), increasing to 106.16° and 118.167° after crosslinking. ANOVA showed significant group differences (p < 0.001). Tukey HSD indicated significant differences among groups except between the crosslinked 30:70 (w/w) and 40:60 (w/w). Glutaraldehyde 0.25% crosslinking increases contact angle and reduces wetting ability. Significant differences were found between treatments and ratios, except between crosslinked 30:70 (w/w) and 40:60 (w/w) scaffolds.

Introduction: Periodontopathogenic bacteria are Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria that often cause peri-implantitis such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Objective: This study is to analyze the periodontopathogen antibacterial properties of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and Hydroxyapatite (HA) composites against the growth of F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and A. Actinomycetemcomitans in vitro. Materials and Methods: Inhibition zone of PMMA-HA against periodontopathogenic bacteria was carried out with the well diffusion method. Doxycycline 100 mg was used as a positive control while the treatment group were consisted of 5 groups; 1) the PMMA group, 2) PMMA-HA from balai besar keramik (BBK), 3) PMMA-HA group of nano particle size, 4) the HA-BBK group and 5) the HA-nano group. All samples from the treatment and positive control groups were placed on agar plate that has been inoculated with bacteria are incubated for 24 hours at temperature of 37ᵒC and were measured the inhibition zone diameter by using the digital caliper. The data was analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post-hoc Tukey Honest Significant Different (HSD) test (p<0.05). Results: PMMA-HA has the ability to inhibit the growth of F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, A. Actinomycetemcomitans in vitro. The antibacterial activity of PMMA-HA nanocomposite against F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and A. Actinomycetemcomitans was higher than PMMA-HA-BBK (p=0.0001; p<0.05). Conclusion: PMMA-HA nanocomposite has the ability to inhibit the growth of F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and A. Actinomycetemcomitans better than PMMA-HA-BBK which can be considered as a candidate for dental implant biomaterials with periodontopathogenic antibacterial property to prevent peri-implantitis.

Bone damage is one of the most common cases in dentistry. Tissue engineering is advancing in biotechnology to aid bone regeneration using scaffolds. Scaffolds need to be biocompatible, bioactive, and bioresorbable. Purpose: Analyzing the characteristics of scaffold C-G:CHA after crosslinking with 0.25% glutaraldehyde. Methods: The scaffold is synthesized from C–G:CHA in ratios of 40:60, 30:70, and 20:80 (w/w) using a freeze-drying technique and crosslinked with 0.25% glutaraldehyde. Compressive strengths are tested with a Universal Testing Machine Mini Autograph. FTIR, XRD, and SEM EDX were used to identify the most optimal base of each ratio. Data are analyzed with a one-way ANOVA parametric test. Results: The FTIR test showed that adding 0.25% glutaraldehyde formed a new chemical group. The XRD test indicated the use of 0.25% glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent contributed to the scaffold having an amorphous form. The SEM test results of the porosity of the C-G:CHA were 88.41% to 91.14%. After crosslinking the porosities slightly decreased. The EDX analysis showed that the Ca/P ratio in the C-G:CHA scaffold is 1.79 to 2.07. The average compressive strength of the C-G:CHA scaffold increases after being crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. Conclusion: Scaffold C-G:CHA crosslinked with 0.25% glutaraldehyde effective to increase compressive strength. The 30:70 ratio is ideal because it has a Ca/P ratio and average pore size closest to bone.

Background Tooth extraction without socket preservation will lead to reduction in the dimensions and volume of the alveolar bone. Bone defects resulting from tooth extraction not only hinder prosthetic reconstruction but also present aesthetic issues and complicating dental implant treatment. Purple leaves contains flavonoids, steroids, tannins, saponins,and non-toxic alkaloids. These compounds play roles as antimicrobials, immunomodulators, antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, analgesics. Hydroxyapatite has good biocompatibility, and can induce osteoblast differentiation. Aim To investigate the effects of the combining nanoemulsion extract of purple leaves and hydroxyapatite on the expression of RUNX2, OSX, OPN, ALP, and calcium deposition. Method This research used MTT Assay, ICC, and Alizarin Red staining. The study groups were as follows: Group 1: Ad-MSCs; Group 2: Ad-MSCs + αmem; Group 3: Ad-MSCs + osteogenic medium + 1 % nano-extract of Purple leaves & Hydroxyapatite; Group 4: Ad-MSCs + osteogenic medium + 2 % nano-extract of Purple leaves & Hydroxyapatite. Observations were conducted on days 7, 14, and 21. Results The combination of nanosuspension extract of Purple leaves and hydroxyapatite significantly increased the expression of RUNX2, OSX, OPN,ALP and calcium deposition compared to other groups. The combination of nanoemulsion extract of Purple leaves and hydroxyapatite were significant (P < 0.05) compared to the control group on each day 7, day 14 and day 21. Conclusion The combination of nanosuspension extract of Purple leaves and hydroxyapatite was able to enhance the expression of RUNX2, OSX, OPN, ALP, and calcium deposition on days 7,14,21.

Background: Permanent tooth loss without replacement results in impaired chewing function, aesthetics, phonetics, and balance of the masticatory organs which can lead to more complex dental and oral health problems. Dental implants are the best treatment alternative today to restore masticatory function, aesthetics, and phonetics more perfectly. The use of implants allows tooth replacement that resembles the patient's previous natural teeth, both in terms of aesthetics and comfort. Until now, many types of materials have been studied and applied as dental implant materials. Objective: This review aims to analyze the latest developments regarding materials used for dental implants. Methods: A literature search was conducted on the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and Scopus databases until December 2023 using predetermined keywords and the results were limited to articles published in 2018-2023 with full-text open-access. Conclusion: The selection of ideal implant material for patients can be adjusted to the patient's needs taking into account the physical, mechanical, and biocompatibility properties of the material.

Tooth extraction may cause bone defects that require regenerative therapy. Chitosan, gelatin, and carbonate hydroxyapatite can help increase osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, which plays a role in the bone regeneration process. Scaffold made from chitosan-gelatin carbonate hydroxyapatite has promising characteristics that may help enhance the bone regeneration process. This study aimed to determine the effect of chitosan-gelatin carbonate hydroxyapatite (CG:CHA) scaffold application towards the number of osteoblasts on alveolar bone defect in Wistar rats after tooth extraction. In vivo experimental laboratory research conducted with post-test-only control group design. The Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups, tooth extraction was conducted, and in the treatment group the C-G:CHA scaffold was applied on the sockets afterward. After 7, 14, and 21 days of scaffold application, jaw resection was done to observe the number of osteoblasts by HE histological examination. The result data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test. Data analysis using one-way ANOVA test results in P=0 (P <0,05) which indicates a significant difference between the control and treatment groups. The chitosan-gelatin carbonate hydroxyapatite (C-G:CHA) scaffold can increase the number of osteoblasts.

The B-type carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHA) containing Mg cations was synthesized through the dry mechanomilling between Indonesian limestone-based hydroxyapatite (HA) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO3). The novelty in this research is the selection of MgCO3 as a precursor that will donate CO32- and Mg2+ to the HA structure to form CHA-containing Mg cations. The crystalline phases and chemical structure of synthesized CHA were studied by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscope, and a particle size analyzer. The feasibility of this work is to be able to produce B-type CHA containing Mg cations that have the potential to be developed for biomaterial application.

Background: One of the main components in tissue engineering is the scaffold, which may serve as a medium to support cell and tissue growth. Scaffolds must have good compressive strength and controlled biodegradability to show biological activities while treating bone defects. This study uses Chitosan-gelatin (C–G) with good flexibility and elasticity and high-strength carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHA), which may be the ideal scaffold for tissue engineering. Purpose: To analyze the compressive strength and static biodegradation rate within various ratios of C–G and CHA (C–G:CHA) scaffold as a requirement for bone tissue engineering. Methods: The scaffold is synthesized from C–G:CHA with three ratio variations, which are 40:60, 30:70, and 20:80 (weight for weight [w/w]), made with a freeze-drying method. The compressive strengths are then tested. The biodegradation rate is tested by soaking the scaffold in simulated body fluid for 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. Data are analyzed with a one-way ANOVA parametric test. Results: The compressive strength of each ratio of C–G:CHA scaffold 40:60 (w/w), 30:70 (w/w), and 20:80 (w/w), consecutively, are 4.2 Megapascals (MPa), 3.3 MPa, 2.2 MPa, and there are no significant differences with the p= 0.069 (p>0.05). The static biodegradation percentage after 21 days on each ratio variation of C–G:CHA scaffold 40:60 (w/w), 30:70 (w/w), and 20:80 (w/w) is 25.98%, 24.67%, and 20.64%. One-way ANOVA Welch test shows the result of the p-value as p<0.05. Conclusion: The compressive strength and static biodegradation of the C–G:CHA scaffold with ratio variations of 40:60 (w/w), 30:70 (w/w), and 20:80(w/w) fulfilled the requirements as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering.

Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) has been spread fast so World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. In Indonesia, data from the first patience until October 2021, this pandemic has infected more than four million Indonesians citizen, soon after government made policies for people to stay at home if there is no urgent need to leave the house. Transmission of COVID-19 which is through droplets and airborne causing contact from people to other should be limited if it is not necessary, as well as in conditions of fulfilling dental and oral care needs. The main transmission conditions through droplets like this cause health workers, especially the dentistry sector to be at high risk for infected by COVID-19, because dentists must have direct contact with the patients oral cavity who may also have become carriers of COVID-19, this can be done through direct contact with saliva, patient's blood and can also be caused by touch a tool or object which surfaces has been contaminated by this virus. Although it is recommended not to go to dentist for treatment, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) still give recommendations to patient to be treated for emergency cases. So education and literacy are needed to increase public knowledge about what cases included to an emergency cases, how to go or get treatment in dental and oral health needs during the pandemic, so that people can still get treatment if they are in a condition that is really needed.

Background: Limestone primarily consists of CaCO3 (calcium carbonate), which have a similarity to one of human bone component, hydroxyapatite (HA), an element of apatite group (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2). There were several setbacks in the use of artificial hydroxyapatite in the bone repair process; one of them was its relatively higher crystallinity level compared to those of human bone apatite. The addition of carbonate element to hydroxyapatite could improve its characteristics, such as increasing the solubility, decreasing the crystallinity, and changing the morphology of the crystal. That caused carbonate hydroxyapatite is preferable to help in the bone repair process. Aims: This study aimed to find the effect of limestone-based CHA on viability and proliferation of hUMSCs, thus discovering the potential of CHA as a bone graft biomaterial candidate derived from limestone. Methods: This study used FTIR, EDX, and XRD assays to CHA powder sample derived from limestone found in Padalarang and Cirebon extracted by BBK. Two grams of the sample were placed in the sample holder and examined by computer software. EDX assay was conducted three times in three different points, and the means were recorded. In the XRD assay, a carbon tip was put to the sample holder to allow sample attachment. The recorded data was compared to JCPDS data. Toxicity and proliferation examination of CHA were conducted through MTT assay in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUCMSC) cell lines with four different doses: 50µg/ml, 25µg/ml, 12,5µg/ml, and 6,25µg/ml. Results: Limestone-based CA has hydroxyl (OH-), phosphate (PO42-), and carbonate (CO32-) functional groups. It has crystal particle formation and consists of O, Ca, and P elements. The result of the MTT assay showed limestone-based CHA is not toxic in all concentrations and has the proliferative ability. There were significant differences between the control and treatment groups. Conclusion: CHA has OH-, PO42-, and CO32- function group. It has crystal particle formation and O, Ca, and P elements as its composition, with a Ca/P ratio of 1,67. It shows no toxicity to hUCMSC in all doses and has the ability to stimulate hUCMSC proliferation.

While doing daily physiological activities, the trabecular bone will experience a certain amount of deformation which leads to the bone marrow movement. The movement can affect the bone remodelling process and the properties of the bone itself. The bone marrow plays a role as a hydraulic stiffening of the trabecular structure. However, previous studies analysed on trabecular bone and bone marrow separately, which is not considered as the actual condition. Thus, it is crucial to consider combine analyses of the bone marrow with the trabecular structure simultaneous. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of bone marrow on the mechanical environment and the structure of trabecular bone during normal walking loading. Hence, this study used the Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) approach as a finite element method to discover the effect of bone marrow to the trabecular structure and vice versa. The findings show the shear stress value along normal walking phase was found in a range of 0.01–0.27 Pa which is sufficient to regulated cell response minimally. This study provides insight into understanding the related mechanobiological responds towards supply of nutrients onto bone cells.

The tissue engineering field has developed a scaffold that can be used to increase the bone regeneration process. Carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHA) is a well-known scaffold due to its human bones resembling components. The scaffold was synthesized from K, G, and limestone-based CHA using a freeze-drying method with K-G/CHA ratios (w/w) of 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, and 10:90. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), a scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the scaffold. The FTIR test showed some functional groups, such as hydroxyl. amide I, amide II, carbonate, and phosphate. The SEM-EDX test showed micropore (<50 um) and macropores (>50 um) structures as well as elements of C, N, O, Mg, Al, Si, P, and Ca. The XRD analysis obtained crystalline and amorphous particles. The water content percentage (WCP) values obtained were 61.29%, 64.30%, 67.71%, and 67.78%. The K-G/CHA composite scaffold with a ratio of 30:70 has ideal characteristics, a swelling ratio, and a water content percentage.

A composite scaffold was successfully fabricated using beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta TCP), which is extracted from limestone by first sintering and then reacting it with phosphoric acid through wet precipitation method. The resultant substance is then mixed with chitosan and gelatin. This novel method utilizes limestone, which is abundant in nature. This study optimizes the composite scaffold fabrication by using beta TCP from limestone and evaluating the effect of glutaraldehyde on scaffold characteristics. The freeze-drying method was used to obtain a porous scaffold. The compressive strength of the cross-linked scaffolds (3.3 +/- 0.3 MPa) was significantly higher than that of scaffolds without glutaraldehyde (1.7 +/- 0.2 MPa). In contrast, the porosity of the cross-linked scaffolds was lower (85.8 +/- 0.8 %) than the non-cross-linked scaffolds (89.1 +/- 0.4 %). It is clear that the porosity had a considerable impact on the compressive strength, wherein lower porosity led to a higher compressive strength. In conclusion, glutaraldehyde is an effective cross-linker for the fabrication of chitosan-gelatin-beta TCP composite scaffolds and significantly improves their compressive strength.

Synthetic carbonate apatite is generally used in bone tissue engineering because of their similar chemical composition with the inorganic component of hard tissue. In natural hard tissue, apatite is supplemented by tracing ions such as carbonate. Carbonate apatite is more bioactive than stoichiometric hydroxyapatite. In this study, carbonate apatite powders were prepared by dry mechanosynthesis method, the powder mixture of hydroxyapatite (HA) powders from Center for Ceramic based on Indonesian limestone and carbonate sources came from CaCO3 (Cirebon origin) and MgCO3. The synthesized results were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dry mechanosynthesis method produced carbonate apatite, which is formed by a solid-solid reaction between hydroxyapatite and carbonate sources. The XRD patterns peaks around 31.6 - 33° confirmed the formation of the apatite phase. Based on FTIR spectra, the mixture of HA and MgCO3 forms type B of carbonate apatite as predominant and type A is not dominant. SEM image shows that the particles have an irregular shape with interconnected agglomeration between fine particles to form large particles. Hence, dry mechanosynthesis is a simple method to produce carbonate apatite from Indonesian natural sources. Moreover, this method can reduce waste and cost during production.