As chemical pesticides are widely applied to farming, rapid and ultrasensitive detection assays should be further designed for food safety and ecological health. Herein, we present a novel localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) optical fiber sensor using bimetallic Au@Pt core-shell nanoparticles for simultaneous detection of Quinalphos and Thiram. Four individual Au@Pt nanostructures (Au@Pt 1-4) were synthesized and a systematic change of the platinum precursor concentration was used to induce controlled evolution of the nanostructure from smooth shells to very dendritic assemblies. Detailed characterization via UV-Vis, FE-SEM, EDS, and HR-TEM revealed that the Au@Pt 3 sample, with a dendritic shell 12.5 nm thick, exhibited the optimal balance of specific surface area and plasmonic "hot spots". When integrated into a PDMS microfluidic channel, the Au@Pt 3-functionalized fiber sensor demonstrated high sensing performance. It could reach the ultralow detection limits (LOD) of 2.01 × 10-14 M for Quinalphos and LOD of 1.37 × 10-11 M for Thiram with a wide linear dynamic range. In addition, the sensor showed good reproducibility (RSD = 1.67%) and short-term stability (CV < 0.1%). These results also demonstrate the crucial influence of bimetallic morphology on LSPR activity and offer a promising platform for ultrasensitive pesticide detection.

Flexible MoS2 nanosheets decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were engineered as highly efficient platforms for ultrasensitive Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) detection. MoS2's S-rich surface sites facilitate direct, spontaneous AuNP anchoring via strong Au-S covalent interactions, avoiding external reducing agents. TEM revealed well-distributed AuNPs (10-15 nm diameter) on MoS2 nanosheets (approx. 200 & times; 200 nm lateral, 1-5 nm thick, few-layer). XRD confirmed AuNP-MoS2 heterostructure formation, displaying prominent peaks for Au(111) and 2H-MoS2(002), validating crystalline integrity and effective deposition. SERS efficacy was evaluated using adenine, detecting distinct Raman signals at 734 cm-1 and 1380 cm-1. Atmospheric plasma treatment markedly enhanced Raman signal intensity and suppressed background interference, attributed to surface cleaning, 'hot-spot' creation, or refined analyte adsorption, improving signal-to-noise ratio for sensitive detection. The optimized SERS platform achieved an LOD for adenine below 10-7 M, demonstrating potential for trace analyte detection. The synergistic integration of plasmonically active AuNPs and MoS2 nanosheets promises diverse applications in advanced chemical and biological sensing, including biomarker detection and environmental pollutant monitoring.

Cancer therapy requires advanced drug delivery systems capable of responding to complex tumor microenvironments through multiple environmental stimuli. In this study, a nanocarrier composed of chitosan (CS), Pluronic F127 (PF127), and silver nanoparticles (AgNP) was developed as a dual stimuli-responsive platform. AgNP were synthesized via a green approach using Ulva lactuca extract, while ibuprofen (IB) was employed as a model drug to evaluate the encapsulation and release performance of the nanocarrier. The structural and physicochemical properties of the system were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and DLS analyses. The nanocarrier exhibited an encapsulation efficiency of 76.6% and a drug loading content of 21.9%. In vitro release studies performed under different temperature (27 and 37 degrees C) and pH (4 and 7) conditions demonstrated dual stimuli-responsive release behavior. At pH 7, cumulative drug release increased from 43.3% at 27 degrees C to 57.7% at 37 degrees C, while release under acidic conditions remained substantially lower. Drug release kinetics were best described by the Higuchi model, indicating that diffusion was the predominant release mechanism. The biological response of the nanocomposite was evaluated using T47D breast cancer cells. CCK-8 and apoptosis assays revealed concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxic effects, with the highest apoptotic cell population observed after 48 h of incubation. Overall, the results demonstrate that the Ag/CS/PF127 nanocomposite exhibits dual pH-and thermo-responsive release characteristics and may serve as a promising platform for stimuli-responsive drug delivery applications.

To fabricate supercapacitors with high energy density, a nanoflower-like FeOOH/Ti 3 C 2 T x composite electrode was developed using one-step electrochemical deposition. Leveraging the electrostatic interaction between negatively charged Ti 3 C 2 T x and Fe 3+ ions under an electric field, a nanoflower-like FeOOH/Ti 3 C 2 T x composite formed on the nickel foam. The presence of FeOOH effectively inhibited the restacking of Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets, while the flexible Ti 3 C 2 T x layers mitigated structural deformation and volume expansion of FeOOH during electrochemical cycling, thereby preserving the structural integrity of the electrode. The optimized electrode delivered a high areal specific capacitance of 745 mF cm -2 at 1 mA cm -2 . An asymmetric supercapacitor, assembled with the as-prepared anode and an MnO 2 -deposited carbon paper cathode, achieved an energy density of 270.3 mWh cm -2 at a power density of 1003.5 mW cm -2 , and exhibited outstanding cycling stability, retaining 86% of its initial capacitance after 15,000 cycles at 7 mA cm -2 . These results highlighted the strong potential of the nanoflower-like FeOOH/Ti 3 C 2 T x composite electrode for practical energy storage applications.

Developing a new cost-effective electrode that exhibits outstanding activity and high stability for electrochemical sensors is a challenging task. In this study, simple hydrothermal and ultrasonication techniques were employed to synthesize flower petal-like zinc molybdate embedded on graphene oxide sheets (ZnMoO4/GO) for the electrochemical detection of nitrofurantoin (NFT). The prepared ZnMoO4/GO nanocomposites were characterized using a range of spectrometric techniques. Electrochemical investigations confirmed that the sensing probe that utilized a ZnMoO4/GO modified electrode exhibited exceptional electroanalytical performance, enhanced electrical conductivity, and swift mass transport for NFT detection. Additionally, the prepared ZnMoO4/GO/GCE exhibited an extensive dynamic linear response range from 0.05 to 406.525 mu M, featuring a low detection limit of 0.024 mu M and remarkable sensitivity of 1.041 mu M-1 cm-2, along with notable interferents capability, storage stability, repeatability, and reproducibility. The GCE modified with ZnMoO4/GO successfully detected NFT in various environmental samples, as well as in biological samples during real-time monitoring analysis. These electrochemical tests provide a novel perspective on electrocatalytic activity, demonstrating satisfactory recoveries.

Highly ordered gold-decorated polyamide nanorod (Au@PANR) arrays were fabricated as sensitive SERS substrates through a template-assisted transfer and covalent functionalization strategy. Polyamide nanorods (PANRs), replicated from anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates, were surface-activated via a single-step aqueous photodegradation process to introduce amine groups. Subsequent 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide/N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (EDC/NHS)-mediated coupling of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) enabled the high-density immobilization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through robust AuS linkages. FE-SEM characterization confirmed the formation of uniform PANRs with diameters of ∼70 nm and lengths of ∼600 nm, while XRD patterns verified the crystalline nature of the grafted AuNPs. Systematic optimization of the immersion time revealed that a 48-h incubation maximized the SERS enhancement. Using 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) as a probe, the Au@PANR substrate achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 10-7 M with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.85%, demonstrating exceptional sensitivity and reproducibility. These results highlight the potential of functionalized polymeric nanostructures for the trace detection of environmental toxins and clinical biomarkers.

Uremia can lead to complications such as anemia, metabolic acidosis, and cardiovascular diseases. Traditional methods for detecting uremic toxins, although highly accurate, are costly and time-consuming. In contrast, electrochemical-surface enhanced Raman scattering (EC-SERS) detection offers speed, convenience, and sensitivity advantages. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have high specific surface areas and micropores, providing more active sites for electrochemical detection and the ability to adsorb and concentrate analyte molecules, thereby enhancing detection sensitivity. This makes MOFs potentially applicable in EC-SERS detection. In this study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were in situ reduced on the surface of the metal-organic framework ZIF-67 and deposited on LIG form an AuNPs/ZIF-67/LIG EC-SERS sensor. The Co2+ in ZIF-67 enables redox reactions, while laser-induced graphene provides excellent conductivity, combining the two to achieve sensitive and quantitative EC-SERS detection of uremic toxins. The concentration of 2.5 M of AuNPs coated on the ZIF-67/ LIG sensor exhibits the optimal SERS enhancement for uremic toxins (detection limits of 10-4M for p-cresol and 5 & times; 10-3M for creatinine) and high quantitative analysis capability in CV measurements. The AuNPs(2.5 M)/ZIF-67/LIG sensor realizes dual-function detection through Raman and electrochemical measurements, offering a new alternative for monitoring and detecting chronic kidney disease and uremic toxins.

Vertically oriented graphene (VG) has been widely studied on silicon substrates, yet its potential for biomedical interface engineering remains underexplored. In this work, we demonstrate that VG grown by PECVD develops distinct temperature-dependent morphologies, ranging from dot-like nuclei at 500 degrees C to columnar structures at 640 degrees C and continuous sheet-like nanowalls at 700 degrees C. When directly deposited onto stainless steel, the VG films exhibit robust interfacial integration and preserve their vertically aligned, interconnected wall architecture. This structure enables a high-water contact angle of 128.5 degrees, indicating pronounced hydrophobicity, and effectively suppresses biofouling on stainless-steel surfaces as well as excellent corrosion resistance. These results suggest that VG offers a promising materials-based strategy for reducing biological contamination on surgical instruments and other biomedical devices.

Flexible MoS₂ nanosheets decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were engineered as highly efficient platforms for ultrasensitive Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) detection. MoS₂’s S-rich surface sites facilitate direct, spontaneous AuNP anchoring via strong AuS covalent interactions, avoiding external reducing agents. TEM revealed well-distributed AuNPs (10–15 nm diameter) on MoS₂ nanosheets (approx. 200 × 200 nm lateral, 1–5 nm thick, few-layer). XRD confirmed AuNP-MoS₂ heterostructure formation, displaying prominent peaks for Au(111) and 2H-MoS₂(002), validating crystalline integrity and effective deposition. SERS efficacy was evaluated using adenine, detecting distinct Raman signals at 734 cm−1 and 1380 cm−1. Atmospheric plasma treatment markedly enhanced Raman signal intensity and suppressed background interference, attributed to surface cleaning, ‘hot-spot’ creation, or refined analyte adsorption, improving signal-to-noise ratio for sensitive detection. The optimized SERS platform achieved an LOD for adenine below 10−7 M, demonstrating potential for trace analyte detection. The synergistic integration of plasmonically active AuNPs and MoS₂ nanosheets promises diverse applications in advanced chemical and biological sensing, including biomarker detection and environmental pollutant monitoring.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor has rapidly evolved into a transformative analytical technology capable of ultrahigh sensitivity, molecular specificity, and portability, meeting growing demands across biomedical, environmental, and food safety monitoring. As the field advances, flexible SERS substrates have emerged as one of the most dynamic branches, leveraging innovations in polymeric matrices, nanomaterials, and hybrid architectures. Recent breakthroughs underscore the impact of nature-inspired designs, such as bio-mimetic replicas of insect wings, and the utilization of organic semiconductors and metallic nano-islands with precisely tuned dimensions for the optimal generation of plasmonic hotspots. These flexible substrates, often fabricated via scalable and low-cost processes, offer robust enhancement factors and reproducible performance, enabling highly sensitive and multiplexed detection on curved and non-traditional surfaces. Moreover, the integration of SERS with electrochemical protocols, especially through the combination of MOFs, gold nanoparticles, and laser-induced graphene supports, has led to synergistic improvements in detection limits and analyte selectivity, further expanding SERS utility for rapid in situ quantification of clinically and environmentally relevant molecules. Despite these advances, several challenges remain, including substrate fouling, response stability in complex matrices, and mass-manufacturing scalability. Ongoing efforts are focusing on substrate passivation, antifouling coatings, and intelligent data analytics to increase robustness and operational reproducibility. In this review, we elucidate the key design principles and landmark achievements of flexible SERS platforms as reported in recent literature, critically discuss their performance metrics, and outline future directions for real-world adoption. The convergence of advanced material science and rational device engineering poises SERS as a next-generation sensing modality for integrated, wearable, and point-of-need analytical applications, heralding a new era for molecular diagnostics and environmental monitoring.

Methyl parathion (MPT), an organophosphorus pesticide, is widely used in agriculture for the protection of crops. However, the residual toxicity of MPT causes severe health issues by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, leading to neurological disorders. Therefore, the development of sensitive and reliable detection methods is essential for food safety. In this work, a novel 3D-2D Type-II Pr2S3/Bi2S3@GO heterojunction composite was successfully synthesized using a hydrothermal method, integrating the strong electrocatalytic activity of Pr2S3/Bi2S3 with the porous structure of graphene oxide (GO). The composite was characterized using XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, and XPS, confirming its crystal phase, morphology, and elemental composition. Electrochemical measurements were performed using Pr2S3/Bi2S3@GO-modified GCE in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7). The fabricated sensor demonstrated a wide linear detection range (0.01-1124 μM), high sensitivity (1.423 μA μM-1 cm-2), and an ultralow detection limit of 2.9 nM. The sensor also exhibited excellent selectivity among various interfering species, good repeatability, and long-term stability (RSD <5 %). The practical performance was verified by the detection of MPT in river water, apple, and cabbage, yielding an excellent recovery value (97.12-99.64 %). Overall, these results highlight the Pr2S3/Bi2S3@GO as a promising and cost-effective sensing platform for precise and reliable monitoring of pesticide residue in environmental and food samples.

Chitosan (CS) is a cationic linear polysaccharide rich in functional groups (-OH and -NH2) that enable diverse biochemical interactions, making it a promising candidate for the electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA), and ascorbic acid (AA). However, its poor electrical conductivity and limited thermal stability restrict its standalone performance, thus requiring the formation of composites with other materials. In this study, we report the synthesis of a chitosan/Fe3O4/graphene nanoplatelet (CS@Fe3O4/GNP) nanocomposite for the highly sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of DA, UA, and AA. The nanocomposite integrates the superior conductivity and high surface area of GNP, the electrocatalytic activity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and the biocompatibility and adhesive nature of chitosan. The CS@Fe3O4/GNP composite with various CS concentration (0.0625, 0.125, and 0.25%) was synthesized via a facile in-situ co-precipitation method. Electrochemical studies demonstrated that the 0.25% CS@Fe3O4/GNP-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibited excellent detection performance toward DA, UA, and AA, with limits of detection (LOD) of 28.37 nM (range 30-488 nM), 566.27 nM (range 0.98-15.6 μM), and 26.54 μM (range 31.25-500 μM), respectively. The sensor also achieved recovery rates of 87.83-92.68% (DA), 82.41-91.61% (UA), and 88.83-95.04% (AA) in human blood serum samples.

The accumulation of neonicotinoid pesticides in soil poses a threat to human health and wildlife. Conventional biochar has poor or even delayed degradation of thiamethoxam (TMX) in soil, while advanced oxidation technologies require mixing and stirring in a slurry form, which is more suitable for small-scale polluted soil. The alkali-modified biochar and ball-milled FeS2/Fe3O4 alkali-modified biochar developed in this study enable efficient remediation of TMX-contaminated soil. 0.1% alkali modified high-temperature biochar in soil achieved a 75% TMX degradation rate within 7 days by producing 1O2 for degradation. The ball-milled modified biochar effectively activated K2S2O8 to degrade TMX, which was mainly degraded by producing ·OH in soil. This method achieved a degradation rate of 98% for TMX in soil and was suitable for soils with severe pollution. These modified materials also demonstrated significant degradation of imidacloprid (IMI) and dinotefuran (DIN) in soil. Materials also exhibited significant degradation effects in neutral and alkaline soils. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to infer TMX degradation pathways. This study provided two novel methods for removal of neonicotinoid pesticides from soil, with the potential for in-situ removal.

Background: To achieve efficient solar-to-chemical energy conversion in photocatalysis, it is crucial to develop visible-light-driven catalysts with excellent charge transport properties and superior activity. Methods: Here, p-n heterostructured Bi2O3/BiVO4 (BO/BVO) composites were synthesized via a spray-drying method, incorporating synergistic effects of oxygen vacancies and asphaltene-derived carbon coating. Significant findings: The built-in electric field at the p-type BO and n-type BVO interface, combined with the electron sink effect of the coated graphitic carbon layer, enhances charge transfer while suppressing charge recombination. As a result, the carbon coated BO/BVO (C-BO/BVO) heterojunction reveals markedly improved efficiency for photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) in comparison with pure BO and BVO. Under visible light irradiation, the C-BO/BVO composite achieves an MB decomposition efficiency of 92.1 %, which is approximately 1.78, 2.23, and 2.98 times higher than that of BO/BVO, pure BVO, and pure BO, respectively. As a result, the C-BO/BVO composites exhibit superior degradation performance for MB and tetracycline (TC), achieving high rate constants of 6.51 & times; 10-2 min-1 and 7.55 & times; 10-3 min-1, respectively. The C-BO/BVO photocatalysts also exhibit exceptional antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Additionally, their biocompatibility has been assessed using an in vivo zebrafish embryo model, highlighting their potential for future biomedical applications.

Developing versatile surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates for complex environmental analysis requires balancing mechanical robustness, sensitivity, and sustainability. Here, we report a flexible composite paper comprising GO and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNs) decorated with in situ grown gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Notably, the TOCNs are derived from recycled Kaoliang sorghum dregs, valorizing an abundant agro-industrial residue into a high-crystallinity fibrous scaffold. Uniform nucleation of ∼10 nm AuNPs across the GO@TOCN matrix establishes dense plasmonic centers, while the resulting film exhibits a 7- to 8-fold increase in tensile strength compared to pristine TOCN paper, maintaining integrity under deformation. The substrate achieves limits of detection below 10-7 M for rhodamine 6G and direct blue. This sensitivity arises from a synergistic mechanism coupling electromagnetic hotspots between proximal AuNPs with chemical enhancement driven by analyte-GO charge transfer and fluorescence quenching. Furthermore, tuning the GO/TOCN ratio enables on-paper chromatographic separation of mixed analytes prior to Raman interrogation, enhancing signal resolution. By integrating sustainable feedstock, mechanical durability, and chromatographic enrichment with ultrasensitive readout, this platform offers a scalable solution for multiplexed point-of-care diagnostics and environmental monitoring.

Diphenylamine (DPA) is widely used as an anti-scald agent in post-harvest fruit preservation, yet its persistence and toxicity necessitate sensitive and reliable analytical methods for food and environment monitoring. In this current work, a novel hafnium/nickel binary oxide integrated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (HNM) based electrochemical sensor was developed for the ultrasensitive detection of DPA. The HNM nanocomposite was synthesized via a hydrothermal route followed by sonochemical assembly with MWCNTs, and its structural, morphological, and chemical characteristics were comprehensively confirmed using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. Electrochemical investigation using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated that the synergistic interaction of HfO2/NiO with conductive MWCNTs significantly reduced charge-transfer resistance and enhanced electrocatalytic activity. Under optimized conditions, the HNM-modified glassy carbon electrode displayed a broad linear detection range from 0.005 to 3786.64 & micro;M, a low detection limit of 0.014 nM, and a high sensitivity of 0.857 & micro;A & micro;M- 1 cm- 2 towards DPA. The sensor showed excellent sensitivity against DPA, along with remarkable stability, reproducibility and repeatability. Practical applicability was validated through successful recovery of DPA from real fruit and water samples, highlighting the potential of the HNM platform for routine food safety and environmental surveillance.

To fabricate supercapacitors with high energy density, a nanoflower-like FeOOH/Ti3C2Tx composite electrode was developed using electrochemical deposition. Leveraging the electrostatic interaction between negatively charged Ti3C2Tx and Fe3+ ions under an electric field, a nanoflower-like FeOOH/Ti3C2Tx composite formed on the nickel foam. The presence of FeOOH effectively inhibited the restacking of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets, while the flexible Ti3C2Tx layers mitigated structural deformation and volume expansion of FeOOH during electrochemical cycling, thereby preserving the structural integrity of the electrode. The optimized electrode delivered a high areal specific capacitance of 745 mF cm-2 at 1 mA cm-2. An asymmetric supercapacitor, assembled with the as-prepared anode and an MnO2-deposited carbon paper cathode, achieved an energy density of 270.3 µWh cm-2 at a power density of 1003.5 µW cm-2, and exhibited outstanding cycling stability, retaining 86

Background: Dye waste in waters, such as malachite green (MG), can be degraded using semiconductor photo-catalysts, one of which is ZnO. However, ZnO has several disadvantages, such as a high electron-hole pair recombination rate and low photocatalytic ability in the visible light range. Here, we fabricate copper(II) oxide-zinc oxide/reduced graphene oxide (CuO-ZnO/rGO) nanocomposites for the photodegradation of MG dye. Methods: The CuO-ZnO/rGO with variation of concentration 0.3 wt% (composite A), 0.9 wt% (composite B), and 1.5 wt% (composite C) was synthesized using the one-pot hydrothermal method (8 h, 180 degrees C). Significant findings: FESEM observations show that CuO-ZnO/rGO nanocomposite has plate-rod like structures. Then, the EDS mapping shows that the sample contained Zn, Cu, O, and C elements, confirming the presence of the expected elements. XPS reveals that Zn-O, Cu-O, and the functional group of rGO are chemically bonded. Composite C can degrade MG dye by 94.4 and 90.8 % under UV and visible light irradiation, respectively and also shows a good level of reusability, about 87.4 and 83.1 % after 5 repetitions. TRPL measurement shows composite C has the longest electron-hole recombination time, namely 1.54 and 1.45 ns under UV and visible light irradiation, respectively.

Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are promising large-scale energy storage systems; however, their performance is constrained by the low activity and poor wettability of conventional graphite felt (GF) electrodes. In this study, spinel NiCo2O4 particles were directly deposited onto GF using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ), enabling simultaneous surface activation and catalyst formation in a single, chemical-free, and binderfree process. The APPJ deposition effectively introduces surface defects, oxygen-containing functional groups, and uniformly distributed crystalline NiCo2O4 nanoparticles, as confirmed by FESEM, TEM-SAED, XRD, and XPS analyses. These modifications substantially enhance the electrode's wettability, surface area, and catalytic activity. Electrochemical measurements show that the modified electrodes exhibit a significantly reduced chargetransfer resistance (down to 4.44 Omega) and a higher Ipc/Ipa ratio, demonstrating improved redox reversibility. Single-cell VRFB tests reveal that the optimized P60 electrode delivers more than a 15% improvement in energy efficiency across current densities from 40 to 200 mA/cm2, along with stable long-term cycling performance at 120 mA/cm2. These results demonstrate that APPJ deposition provides an efficient, environmentally sustainable route to fabricate high-performance VRFB electrodes and offers a promising strategy for scalable energy storage applications.

Skin rehabilitation is a highly coordinated process involving sequential cellular and molecular events that ultimately restore the integrity and function of damaged tissue, yet this cascade is frequently disrupted by infection, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Precise and controllable drug delivery is the key to enhance the efficacy of skin rehabilitation and reduce the systemic side effects. Although exosomes, as natural drug carriers, possess low immunogenicity and excellent biocompatibility, they still face challenges such as rapid in vivo clearance and insufficient targeting ability. The smart hydrogels, with their three-dimensional polymeric network structure and stimulus-responsive properties (such as pH, reactive oxygen system and glucose), can not only serve as a "reservoir" for exosomes but also act as their "intelligent switch". Therefore, the smart hydrogel-exosome platforms can enhance the efficacy of skin rehabilitation by enabling local, continuous, targeted and controllable drug release. Excitingly, by reducing secondary infection risk, enabling responsive inflammatory regulation, and preventing the tissue damage associated with frequent dressing changes, this system addresses the key limitations of conventional therapies, including topical agents, wound dressings, intralesional injections, and skin grafting. This article reviews the construction of these smart hydrogel-exosome drug delivery platforms, focusing on the sources, isolation and drug-loading strategies of exosomes, as well as the response mechanisms and fabrication strategies of the smart hydrogels. It also summarizes the mechanism and latest progress of this system in skin rehabilitation. Finally, this article looks forward to the challenges and future directions in this field, with the aim of providing new strategies for precise treatment of skin.