OBJECTIVE:To determine the effect of flushing of the common bile duct (CBD) on hepatobiliary markers and short-term outcome in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy for the management of gallbladder mucocele (GBM).STUDY DESIGN:Randomized, controlled, prospective study.ANIMALS:Thirty-two client-owned dogs.METHODS:Dogs were allocated randomly to either a "flush" group or a "non-flush group." Flushing was performed in a normograde fashion, followed by a routine cholecystectomy. Data collected included presenting clinical signs, preoperative and 3-day postoperative hepatobiliary markers (alkaline phosphatase, ALP; alanine aminotransferase, ALT; gamma glumatyl-transferase, GGT; bilirubin; cholesterol; triglycerides), duration of hospitalization, and complications. These data were compared between groups.RESULTS:Sixteen dogs were enrolled in each group. One dog (in the flush group) was excluded following diagnosis of hepatic lymphoma. Border terriers were overrepresented (20/31). Overall, there were marked reductions from preoperative to 3 days postoperative in serum bilirubin (p = .004), ALP (p = .020), ALT (p < .001), GGT (p = .025), and cholesterol (p < .001) values. There was no difference in any marker between groups. Survival to discharge was 90.3% (28/31 dogs).CONCLUSION:Cholestatic markers decreased significantly 3 days postcholecystectomy. No short-term clinical or clinico-pathological benefits were identified when flushing the CBD in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy for GBM.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:The findings of the study do not support routine flushing of the CBD during cholecystectomy for GBM in dogs.

OBJECTIVE:To identify complications associated with and short- and long-term outcomes of surgical intervention for treatment of esophageal foreign bodies (EFBs) in dogs.ANIMALS:63 client-owned dogs.PROCEDURES:Patient records from 9 veterinary hospitals were reviewed to identify dogs that underwent surgery for removal of an EFB or treatment or an associated esophageal perforation between 2007 and 2019. Long-term follow-up data were obtained via a client questionnaire.RESULTS:54 of the 63 (85.7%) dogs underwent surgery after an unsuccessful minimally invasive procedure or subsequent evidence of esophageal perforation was identified. Esophageal perforation was present at the time of surgery in 42 (66.7%) dogs. Most dogs underwent a left intercostal thoracotomy (37/63 [58.7%]). Intraoperative complications occurred in 18 (28.6%) dogs, and 28 (50%) dogs had a postoperative complication. Postoperative complications were minor in 14 of the 28 (50%) dogs. Dehiscence of the esophagotomy occurred in 3 dogs. Forty-seven (74.6%) dogs survived to discharge. Presence of esophageal perforation preoperatively, undergoing a thoracotomy, and whether a gastrostomy tube was placed were significantly associated with not surviving to discharge. Follow-up information was available for 38 of 47 dogs (80.9%; mean follow-up time, 46.5 months). Infrequent vomiting or regurgitation was reported by 5 of 20 (25%) owners, with 1 dog receiving medication.CLINICAL RELEVANCE:Results suggested that surgical management of EFBs can be associated with a high success rate. Surgery should be considered when an EFB cannot be removed safely with minimally invasive methods or esophageal perforation is present.

OBJECTIVESTo describe the CT appearance of anal sac adenocarcinoma lesions in a population of dogs including the relations between primary tumour, and locoregional and distant metastasis.MATERIALS AND METHODSRetrospective review of dogs with confirmed anal sac adenocarcinoma and available CT images of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis.RESULTSA population of 70 dogs were included in the study. No association was found between anal sac mass size and presence or absence of iliosacral lymph node enlargement. The prevalence of local metastatic disease characterised by iliosacral lymphadenomegaly in this study was 71%, with pulmonary metastases identified in 11% of cases. There were no cases of distant pulmonary metastasis without concurrent locoregional lymphadenomegaly.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEIn our population of dogs local metastatic spread of anal sac adenocarcinoma was common, with a relatively low prevalence of pulmonary metastasis. The study demonstrates the importance of thorough rectal examination and/or imaging to assess the iliosacral lymph centre in this disease irrespective of the size of the anal sac mass.

A five-month-old French bulldog was referred for assessment and management of regurgitation. Investigations suggested a type IV hiatal hernia, with the stomach and spleen found to be within the thorax. This was surgically managed with a phrenoplasty and fundic gastropexy. The dog recovered well and was free from clinical signs for four months, at which point he presented with sudden onset tachypnoea and increased respiratory effort. Radiographs identified a distended stomach within the thorax. An emergency coeliotomy identified that the stomach had torsed 180° around the gastropexy and herniated, along with the spleen, through the oesophageal hiatus. A sternotomy was required to decompress and subsequently reduce the stomach and spleen into the abdomen. The gastric torsion was corrected, and a right-sided gastropexy, a phrenoplasty and oesophagopexy were performed. The dog was doing well with no evidence of regurgitation four months following surgery.

Case summary A 9-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat was referred for assessment of a chronic non-weightbearing left forelimb lameness that had an acute onset following a suspected cat bite to the distal limb 4 weeks previously. There was minimal improvement following conservative management. On examination there was discomfort on palpation of the left palmar metacarpal region. An orthopaedic examination performed under sedation identified a moderate effusion of the left fourth metacarpophalangeal joint. A CT scan was performed, which identified fragmentation of the medial palmar sesamoid of the fourth digit (sesamoid V). Arthrocentesis of the fourth metacarpophalangeal joint identified septic inflammation. Surgical removal of the fragmented palmar sesamoid was performed and was submitted for histopathology and bacteriology analysis. Postoperative CT confirmed the removal of all fragments. Pasteurella species were isolated from the sesamoid fragments. Histopathology revealed osteomyelitis, neutrophilic inflammation and multifocal necrosis, with evidence of fibrosis present. The cat was re-examined 3 months postoperatively, at which point there was no evidence of lameness and orthopaedic examination of the limb was unremarkable. Relevance and novel information To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of fragmentation of a palmar sesamoid in a cat. This case study describes the diagnosis and the successful management of a cat with fragmentation of a palmar sesamoid, following an altercation with another cat.

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OBJECTIVE:To identify prognostic information and provide recommendations for management of feline trauma patients.METHODS:Retrospective analysis of case records for 185 cats presented as emergency trauma cases to a referral hospital between February 2009 and December 2013. Each case was assigned a severity score from 1 (very minor injuries) to 6 (moribund, dying). The data were analysed using Mann-Whitney U and Spearman's rank correlation tests. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios.RESULTS:Out of 185 cats, 22 (11%) did not survive to discharge. Those presenting with a higher severity score had a higher rate of mortality and a longer period of hospitalisation. Road traffic accidents were the most common cause of trauma (104/185) and had the highest mortality and complication rates. Cats with circulatory shock and multiple injuries were identified as having a higher rate of mortality.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:Cats involved in road traffic accidents and that present with signs of shock or multiple injuries following a traumatic event have an increased mortality rate. Cats with a higher severity score had an increased duration of hospitalisation.