Purpose:Curculigo orchioides Gaertn is a plant widely used in Siddha, Ayurveda, and Traditional Chinese Medicine. It contains bioactive compounds such as eburicoic acid with therapeutic potential. Snake venom phospholipase A2 causes severe pathological effects, and plant-derived PLA2 inhibitors are promising. However, the protective role of eburicoic acid (EA) against PLA2-induced toxicity remains unexplored. Aim:This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of EA from Curculigo orchioides on svPLA2 enzymatic and pathological activities using integrated in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches. Methods:The eburicoic acid was extracted from Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. and subjected to molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Enzyme inhibition by svPLA2 assay, intrinsic fluorescence, and Circular Dichroism study. In vivo studies, such as svPLA2-induced edema and hemorrhagic activity assay, were conducted to analyze the anti-inflammatory effect of eburicoic acid. Results:Eburicoic acid from Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. inhibited the catalytic activity of svPLA2 in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 6.7±0.4 µM, the isolated compound eburicoic acid neutralized the svPLA2 activity. The interaction between the inhibitor and svPLA2 increased the relative intrinsic fluorescence intensity and appears to shift the far UV-CD spectrum. Eburicoic acid decreased svPLA2-induced mouse paw edema from 168 to 128% and neutralized indirect hemolytic activity from 96 to 8%. Furthermore, eburicoic acid reduced the hemorrhagic effect caused by the synergistic interaction of svPLA2 and the neurotoxic non-enzymatic peptide (VNTx-II). MD simulation showed that APO, OLA, and EBA complexes remained stable over 100ns, with minimal structural fluctuations and no significant conformational changes. Conclusion:The findings indicate that bioactive compounds from C. orchioides, which inhibit V. russelli sPLA2, highlight the potential of plant-derived molecules as effective alternatives for enhancing anti-venom and anti-inflammatory therapies that are safer and more readily available.

Industrial agricultural operations generate high levels of organic dust in the workplace. Exposure to organic dust is a respiratory hazard associated with the prevalence of inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and COPD. Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) family of enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids to release lysophosphatidic acid and arachidonic acid which are further metabolized into proinflammatory lipid mediators namely, prostanoids, leukotrienes, and platelet activating factor (PAF). Particularly, sPLA2-IIA has been implicated in innate host defense against pathogenic bacteria and inflammatory conditions. In this study, we sought to understand the role and the mechanisms by which sPLA2-IIA mediates poultry organic dust (referred to as organic dust) induced lung inflammation. The effects of sPLA2-IIA inhibitor, oleanolic acid on inflammatory responses induced by organic dust extract were studied in A549 human lung epithelial cells and mouse lungs. Results showed that organic dust extract increased sPLA2-IIA mRNA expression concomitant with increase in sPLA2-IIA and COX-2 activities in A549 cells and mouse lungs. Increase in sPLA2-IIA and COX-2 activities due to dust extract exposure were reduced by oleanolic acid resulting in the suppression of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 production. Oleanolic acid (potent sPLA2-IIA inhibitor) intraperitoneal treatment also mitigated the dust extract induced inflammatory responses in A549 cells and mouse lungs by reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, lung infiltration of immune cells, lung edema, and histological lung inflammatory scores. Additionally, oleanolic acid suppressed the activation of cPLA2, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs in A549 cells and mouse lungs. Our studies have shown that sPLA2-IIA plays critical roles in the control of organic dust induced lung inflammation highlighting it as a therapeutic target for the treatment of occupational lung diseases associated with agriculture and animal farming.

Programmed necrosis, a controlled cell death method that bypasses resistance mechanisms that render apoptosis ineffective, is a potential cancer treatment target. Due to their diverse biological activities and low side effects, natural products are being explored as modulators of programmed necrosis pathways. This review highlights the potential of natural compounds to target cancer cells while preserving healthy tissues and their interaction with essential programmed necrosis mechanisms like ferroptosis and necroptosis. Recent developments have identified various types of programmable necrosis, including necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, proptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition-driven necrosis, and oncosis. Natural compounds are increasingly being utilized as a primary source of anti-cancer medications, providing new cancer treatments. This review demonstrates the molecular mechanisms behind lipid peroxidation, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein, and receptor-interacting protein kinases (RIPK1 and RIPK3) inducing cell death. Recent research has identified natural compounds like polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids that can modulate pathways and benefit preclinical cancer models. The review underscores the potential of natural compounds in developing innovative cancer treatments by integrating pharmacology and cellular signaling knowledge. Integrating natural compound studies and programmed necrosis research presents a promising avenue for oncologists to overcome treatment resistance. Natural compounds have shown potential in developing programmed necrosis as a novel cancer treatment approach, enhancing therapeutic effectiveness and minimizing side effects through preclinical research, pharmacology, and molecular biology.

Purpose:In the current study, the evaluation of anti-inflammatory (in vitro) activity of chemically synthesized Urolithin-C was examined. Methods:The synthesis of Urolithin-C (3,8,9-trihydroxy-6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one) was carried out by chemical method and it was characterized using various techniques. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of synthesized Urolithin-C was studied by membrane stabilization, protein denaturation and protease inhibition assays. In addition, MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay was employed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of Urolithin-C. The anti-inflammatory property of Urolithin-C was further examined using LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) induced RAW 264.7 (Mouse macrophage) cells. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory properties of Urolithin-C was studied by quantifying pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). The mechanism of action of Urolithin-C on NF-κB (Nuclear Factor-kappa B) translocation was studied using CLSM (confocal laser scanning microscopy). While gene expression pattern was analyzed using RT-qPCR (Reverse Transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction). Results:In comparison to the positive control aspirin, Urolithin-C showed a strong anti-inflammatory effect by preventing lysosomal degradation, protein denaturation and inhibition of protease. Furthermore, at the higher dose (200 µg/mL), Urolithin-C was found to be toxic to the mouse macrophages; however, at lower concentration (25 µg/mL) it did not cause toxicity to the said. Thus, 25 µg/mL of Urolithin-C was used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity. Interestingly, Urolithin-C efficiently reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory inducible enzyme (Cox-2), cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine (TGF-beta1), compared to positive control diclofenac (DFC). Urolithin-C effectively abrogated the NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and its translocation to the nucleus as well. Most importantly, Urolithin-C efficiently suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory genes and elevated the expression of anti-inflammatory gene. Conclusion:Urolithin-C exhibited anti-inflammatory properties by regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory inducible enzyme, cytokines and the translocation of NF-κB p65 to the nucleus.

Nanostructured biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for the rapid and sensitive detection of food toxins, ensuring the safety and quality of food products. The chapter focuses on the real-time utilization of nanostructured biosensors to determine food toxins. Biosensors of integrated nanomaterials with biorecognition elements, such as antibodies, aptamers, or enzymes, offer enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and response time compared to traditional analytical methods. Utilizing nanostructures, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanotubes, provides a high surface-to-volume ratio, facilitating efficient immobilization of biorecognition elements and enhancing the overall performance of the biosensors. Real-time monitoring of food toxins is achieved by employing transduction techniques, such as electrochemical, optical, or piezoelectric methods, which convert the biological recognition event into measurable signals. This chapter highlights recent advancements in the development and application of nanostructured biosensors for the determination of various food toxins, including mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, and bacterial toxins. Utilizing these biosensors ensures a rapid and accurate analysis of food samples and reduces the dependence on time-consuming laboratory-based techniques. These biosensors guarantee food safety and quality. Continuation of research in this field can further enhance the biosensor's performance and application scope, which confer safer and healthier food production.

This study presents a novel approach to synthesizing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using a solution combustion synthesis (SCS) method with Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) leaf extract. The NPs were thoroughly characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Selected area electron diffraction (SAED), elucidating their crystal structure. Notably, the synthesized Ag NPs exhibited a significant dose-dependent decline in viability of the MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell line, with an IC50 value of 13.3 μg/mL, underscoring their potential as potent anticancer agent. Beyond cytotoxicity, the study pioneers an investigation into the biocompatibility of Ag NPs by blood hemolsysis, providing critical insights into their safety and biomedical applicability. Furthermore, this research uncovers a distinctive facet of Ag NPs, revealing their inhibitory effects on the inflammatory enzyme secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), a recognized biomarker for breast cancer. The demonstrated in vitro and in vivo inhibition of sPLA2 highlights the multifaceted potential of Ag NPs in not only targeting cancer cells but also modulating inflammatory responses associated with breast cancer, positioning the study at the forefront of advancements in nanomedicine and cancer therapeutics.

Wound healing is a multifaceted, complex process that factors like aging, metabolic diseases, and infections may influence. The potentiality of polyphenols, natural compounds, has shown anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties in promoting wound healing and their potential applications in wound management. The studies reviewed indicate that polyphenols have multiple mechanisms that promote wound healing. This involves enhancing antioxidant defenses, reducing oxidative stress, modulating inflammatory responses, improving healing times, reducing infection rates, and enhancing tissue regeneration in clinical trials and in vivo and in vitro studies. Polyphenols have been proven to be effective in managing hard-to-heal wounds, especially in diabetic and elderly populations. Polyphenols have shown significant benefits in promoting angiogenesis and stimulating collagen synthesis. Polyphenol treatment has been demonstrated to have therapeutic effects in wound healing and chronic wound management. Their ability to regulate key healing processes makes them suitable for new wound care products and treatments. Future research should enhance formulations and delivery methods to optimize polyphenols’ bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy in wound management approaches.

The field of nanotechnology has shown tremendous potential in delivering ecofriendly solutions for a wide range of applications, such as pest management and pharmaceutics. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become extremely relevant due to their simple to make, improved bioavailability, and various uses in the medical field. In this investigation, Acacia sinuata silver nanoparticles (As-AgNPs) were synthesized in a simple, cost-effective, and eco-friendly manner utilizing the reducing and capping properties of the Acacia sinuata seed extract. The mosquitocidal potential of As-AgNPs was investigated against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi larvae, vectors responsible for the transmission of malaria, dengue, and Zika. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of As-AgNPs was assessed against the human cancer cell lines MG-63 and Caco-2. The NPs were verified and identified using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques which included UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The analysis revealed NPs to be stable, crystalline in nature, most of them to be spherical, size ranging from 4 to 26 nm with an average diameter of 15.54 ± 5.36 nm with polydispersity index of 0.34. As-AgNPs exhibited significant mosquitocidal activity, against 3rd instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (LC50 23.03, LC90 38 ppm) and An. stephensi (LC50 28.71, LC90 46 ppm) after 24 h of exposure. The As-AgNPs also exhibited strong anticancer activity against Caco-2 cell lines, with IC50 values of 1.03±0.13 μg/mL and moderate activity against MG-63 cell lines with IC50 values of 21.03±0.24 μg/mL. These findings imply that green synthesized As-AgNPs have potent larvicidal and anticancer properties, making them useful for targeted drug delivery, cancer treatment, and drug design.

Phytochemicals or secondary metabolites are non-nutritive plants derivatives required for a variety of animal bodily functions. Plant growth and available soil nutrients decide the primary and secondary metabolites. Soil pH has a significant impact on both soil nutrient availability, plant uptake, and growth. Soil pH also decide the distribution of plant species in around the world. Still, the significance of soil pH on phytochemical concentration has not been reported. The goals of this study were to find out how soil pH affects phytochemical content and their antioxidant activity. The model's accuracy in predicting phytochemical effects in various soil pH (3.8, 4.7, 5.7, 6.5, 7.6, and 8.3) was tested in a pot experiment. The soil's pH was adjusted using Ca(OH)2 and HNO3 (pH 3.8-8.3) and soil nutrients were maintained by KCl (8.3), MgSO4 (2.5), Ca(HPO4) (5) (mg kg-1 soil. Monocot species viz Oryza sativa, and Zea mays, and dicot species viz Cicer arietinum, Macrotyloma uniflorum were selected for study. Whole plants were collected between 5th to 8thday and analysed for growth and phytochemicals like phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids. The result showed acidic soil pH (5.7) and a slightly acidic pH (6.5) is suitable for O. sativa and Z. mays, C. arietinum growth respectively. Whereas slightly alkaline soil pH (7.6) is best for M. uniform growth. Phytochemical scarcity in plants was observed despite the presence of all nutrients in the soil. The quantity and quality of phytochemicals are affected by soil pH. DPPH, ABTS, and anti-lipid peroxidation activity also directly proportional to plant growth and soil pH. This suggests that soil pH has a direct impact on nutrient uptake and phytochemical constituents of plants.

Introduction and Aim: Worldwide, mosquitoes are the main vectors of many deadly diseases like malaria, dengue, chikungunya, etc., Anopheles stephensi mosquito which transmits malaria whereas dengue is transmitted mainly by mosquito Aedes aegypti. Current controlling methods such as chemical or microbial pesticides, repellents, biological control agents against mosquito larvae are not so effective. The leading cause of death worldwide is cancer. Nanotechnology can provide alternative effective methods for malaria, dengue and cancer control, diagnosis and treatment. This study investigated the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from Acacia sinuata seed extract and their mosquito larvicidal potential was tested against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi larvae. The cytotoxic activity of NPs was also analyzed against human cancer cell lines osteosarcoma (MG-63) and colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2). Materials and Methods: The biosynthesized NPs were confirmed and characterized by conventional techniques UV- visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, HR-TEM, EDX and SAED. Results: The XRD demonstrated the NPs were face-centred, cubic, and crystalline in nature, EDX study confirmed elemental analysis of gold, SAED illustrated the crystalline nature. The HR-TEM studies revealed NPs shape which were mostly spherical and average size of 5.38nm-8.86nm. Third instar larvae of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, were susceptible to the larvicidal effects of AuNPs. The synthesized NPs showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect against the Caco-2 and MG-63 cell lines, with IC50 (inhibitory concentrations) of 21.31± 0.15 ug/ml and 86.78± 0.23 ug/ml, respectively. Conclusion: These findings reveal that biosynthesized AuNPs have substantial larvicidal and anticancer properties, suggesting they could be used in mosquito control and cancer treatment.

The use of photocatalysts without noble metals is of great interest in the industrial field for the degradation of organic pollutants. In this study, a CuO/ZnO heterostructure was synthesized using the microwave hydrothermal method and characterized using various analytical techniques. The synthesized CuO/ZnO photocatalyst exhibited a low bandgap energy of 2.4 eV, enabling efficient visible light absorption. The photocatalytic activity of the CuO/ZnO heterostructure was evaluated for the degradation of Methyl Orange (MO) dye and showed a high degradation efficiency of 99 % due to its excellent electron-hole charge separation. The biological activity of the synthesized CuO/ZnO catalyst was further investigated through protein docking studies, which showed promising results. The CuO/ZnO was also evaluated for its anticancer and antibacterial properties. It exhibited effective anticancer activity against prostate cancer cells (PC-3) in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 6.87 ± 8. In addition, it demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereous and Pseudomonas aeruginola. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of CuO/ZnO heterostructures as promising materials for various applications in the fields of photocatalysis, biomedicine and antimicrobial materials. Future research in this area will focus on further optimizing the properties of the CuO/ZnO heterostructure to enhance its performance in these applications.

Human Group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) enzyme plays a crucial role in several chronic inflammatory diseases such asasthma, atherosclerosis, gout, bronchitis, etc. Several studies showed that the antioxidants exert an anti-inflammatory function by inhibiting the sPLA2-IIA enzyme. Hence, the present study evaluated an antioxidant molecule, sinapic acid, for sPLA2-IIA inhibition as an anti-inflammatory function. Initially, the antioxidant efficacy of sinapic acid was evaluated, and it showed greater antioxidant potency. Further, sinapic acid inhibited 94.4 ± 4.83% of sPLA2-IIA activity with an IC50 value of 4.16 ± 0.13 µM. The mode of sPLA2-IIA inhibition was examined by increasing the substrate concentration from 30 to 120nM and the calcium concentration from 2.5 to 15 mM, which did not change the level of inhibition. Further, sinapic acid altered the intrinsic fluorescence and distorted the far UltraViolet Circular Dichroism (UV-CD) spectra of the sPLA2-IIA, indicating the direct enzyme-inhibitor interaction. Sinapic acid reduced the sPLA2-IIA mediated hemolytic activity from 94 ± 2.19% to 12.35 ± 2.57% and mouse paw edema from 171.75 ± 2.2% to 114.8 ± 1.98%, demonstrating the anti-inflammatory efficiency of sinapic acid by in situ and in vivo methods, respectively. Finally, sinapic acid reduced the hemorrhagic effect of Vipera russelli venom hemorrhagic complex-I (VR-HC-I) as an anti-hemorrhagic function. Thus, the above experimental results revealed the sinapic acid potency to be an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hemorrhagic molecule, and therefore, it appears to be a promising therapeutic agent.

Background:Inflammation is generally connected to tumour progression and development. The secretory phospholipase A2IIa (sPLA2IIa) is an important inflammatory enzyme that catalyse the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids into arachidonic and lysophosphatidic acid, which are the precursors for production of a lot of pro-inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and platelet activating factors, which involved in the proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, investigating safe and effective sPLA2IIa inhibitors as a therapeutic agent to treat cancer is indeed in need.Methods:Anti-inflammatory function of corosolic acid was evaluated by docking it with sPLA2IIa enzyme, sPLA2IIa inhibition, calcium and substrate concentration-dependent assays; intrinsic fluorescence and UV-CD analysis; neutralisation of sPLA2IIa induced indirect hemolytic and edema. Evaluated the anticancer activity of corosolic acid by MTT assays and caspase-3 expression; the anti-tumour activity by EAC-induced cell line and interleukin 6 expression.Results:The corosolic acid inhibits sPLA2IIa activity to 82.21±2.82%. The inhibition was evaluated by increasing calcium from 2.5 to 15 µM and substrate from 20 to 120 nM, it did not affect the level of inhibition. Corosolic acid altered the intrinsic fluorescence and UV-CD spectra of sPLA2IIa enzyme, indicating the direct interaction. It neutralised sPLA2IIa induced hemolytic activity from 97±1.23% to 15.75±1.44% and edema from 171.51±2.39% to 119.3±2.6%. Further, as antiproliferative activity, corosolic acid reduced the PC3 cell viability from 99.66±0.57% to 23±2.64% and suppressed LPS-induced IL-6 level from 94.35±2.2% to 34.36±2.4%. It increased mean survivability time from 30 to 38 days and displayed the drug-like qualities.Conclusion:All the experimental results have proven the corosolic acid as an anti-inflammatory and anticancer molecule that may further be used to develop it as a drug.

Human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (GIIA) is a key enzyme in inflammatory reactions, worsening the condition of several chronic inflammatory diseases. The natural inhibitors of GIIA potentially block the production of inflammatory mediators. In the present study, elemolic acid, a triterpenoid from Boswellia serrata inhibited the GIIA enzyme in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 value of 5.70 ± 0.02 µM. The mode of GIIA inhibition was studied by increasing the concentration of the substrate from 30 to 120 nM, and calcium from 2.5 to 15 mM, the level of inhibition was not changed. The inhibitor-enzyme interaction was examined by fluorimetry and Circular Dichroism (CD) studies; elemolic acid altered intrinsic fluorescence intensity and shifted far UV- CD spectra of GIIA enzyme, suggesting the direct interaction with GIIA. Elemolic acid neutralized the GIIA mediated indirect hemolytic activity from 94.5 to 9.8% and reduced GIIA induced mouse paw edema from 171.75 to 113.68%. Elemolic acid also reduced the hemorrhagic effect of GIIA along with Vipera russelii neurotoxic non-enzymatic peptide -VNTx-II (VR-HC-I). Thus, the elemolic acid has been proven as a potent inhibitor of GIIA enzyme and modulated the GIIA induced inflammatory response by in situ and in vivo methods.

Human phospholipase A2 group IIa (sPLA2IIa) is an inflammatory enzyme that plays a significant role in tumorigenesis. Inhibiting the sPLA2IIa enzyme with an effective molecule can reduce the inflammatory response and halt cancer progression. The present study evaluates quercitrin, a biflavonoid, for sPLA2IIa inhibition and anticancer activity. Quercitrin inhibited sPLA2IIa activity to a greater extent—at 86.24% ± 1.41 with an IC50 value of 8.77 μM ± 0.9. The nature of sPLA2IIa inhibition was evaluated by increasing calcium concentration from 2.5 to 15 µM and substrate from 20 to 120 nM, which did not alter the level of inhibition. Intrinsic fluorescence and far UV-CD studies confirmed the direct interaction of quercitrin with the sPLA2IIa enzyme. This significantly reduced the sPLA2IIa-induced hemolytic activity and mouse paw edema from 97.32% ± 1.23–16.91% ± 2.03 and 172.87% ± 1.9–118.41% ± 2.53, respectively. As an anticancer activity, quercitrin reduced PC-3 cell viability from 98.66% ± 2.51–18.3% ± 1.52 and significantly decreased the IL-6 level in a dose-dependent manner from 98.35% ± 2.2–37.12% ± 2.4. It increased the mean survival time (MST) of EAC-bearing Swiss albino mice from 30 to 35 days. It obeyed Lipinski’s rule of five, suggesting a druggable property. Thus, all the above experimental results were promising and encouraged further investigation into developing quercitrin as a therapeutic drug for both inflammatory diseases and cancers.

Introduction and Aim: Garcinia indica is a wild edible fruit plant distributed in tropical regions of India. Fruits of G. indica were traditionally used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, etc., But the basis of anti-inflammatory function of the fruit is not understood. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory function of G. indica. Initially phytochemical screening of G. indica was carried out, tested antioxidant potency of G. indica fruit and evaluated its anti-inflammatory function by inhibition of secretory phospholipase A2 IIA (sPLA2IIA) enzyme. Methodology: The Soxhlet extraction method was used for the preparation of extracts of G. indica fruit. DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assays were carried out to estimate the antioxidant activities of G. indica fruit. The inhibition of sPLA2IIA, modulating indirect hemolytic and edema inducing activity and protein denaturation assays were done to evaluate the anti-inflammatory function. Results: Aqueous and solvent extracts of G. indica fruit showed a wide variety of phytochemicals. The ethanol extract of G. indica fruit showed greater antioxidant activity (79.12 % ±1.2) and reduction power (68.14% ± 4.4). The extract showed sPLA2IIA inhibition to a greater extent (50%), neutralized sPLA2IIA induced indirect hemolysis (IC50 45.518 µg/mL) and mouse paw edema (119.35% ± 2.74) with the IC50 value of 45.12 ±1.36µg. Conclusion: The extracts of G. indica contain a wide variety of phytochemicals. The ethanol extract of G. indica fruit exhibited a greater antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, the results defended the traditional usage of the G. indica fruit in the indigenous system of medicine.