Invasive plant species present a growing ecological and economic challenge, and often adapt rapidly to their novel environments through complex demographic and evolutionary processes. Invasion genomics offers powerful tools to disentangle these processes, but most studies rely on geographically narrow sampling across native and non-native ranges. Erigeron canadensis is a cosmopolitan weed native to North America that has successfully invaded diverse climates worldwide. We used double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to investigate the genetic diversity and structure of 280 E. canadensis populations across the Northern Hemisphere. We found that native and non-native populations maintained comparable genetic diversity. Population structure analyses revealed four genetic clusters that were mainly differentiated along latitudinal and aridity gradients. However, one cluster was strongly overrepresented in the non-native compared to the native range. In the native range, genetic differentiation was shaped by spatial and environmental gradients, while in non-native regions human-mediated dispersal and repeated introductions disrupted environmentally driven genetic structure. Migration network analyses revealed limited intercontinental connectivity and a possible role of long-distance dispersal in within-range expansions. Genomic offset analyses showed that genotype-environment mismatches in non-native populations associated with reduced growth and reproduction. Together, our results indicate that the invasion dynamics of E. canadensis were driven by multiple introductions, population admixture, and lineage sorting, while some genotypes contributed disproportionately to the spread of this invader. The presence of apparent maladaptation suggests that even long-established invaders may still be evolving in response to their novel environment, raising concerns about potential future expansions.

The article presents the study results on the possibility of burning the bituminous coal instead the lignite in the boiler BKZ-420-140 type. The study objectives are to determine the influence of coals thermal characteristics on the combustion efficiency in a boiler. The boiler efficiency analysis when burning various coal types is carried out on the basis of fuel combustion process numerical simulation. The furnace process assessment was carried out according permissible mechanical unburning of solid fuel, absence of furnace walls slag, the flue gas temperature at the model outlet, the concentration of NOx in flue gases. The studies were carried out for bituminous coals with a change in the lower calorific value in the range from 14.61 to 25.62 MJ/kg. It was found that for most of the studied bituminous coals the unburned carbon loss does not exceed 0.5% (with the exception of Kuznetsk bituminous lean coal). It has been established that with an increase in the calorific value of the bituminous coal, the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the flue gases increases. There was no dependence of the concentration of nitrogen oxides on the lower calorific value found for low-volatile bituminous coals. The effect of bituminous coal humidity on the flue gas temperature at the furnace outlet and on the unburned carbon loss is ambiguous due to small changes.

To assess the carbon sequestration potential of terrestrial ecosystems of the Republic of Tatarstan, vegetation classification was carried out at the class level using the Braun-Blanquet system. 17,000 relevés from the "Flora" database were used as source materials. The classification was carried out using the EuroVeg Checklist expert system in the Juice 7.0 software. A total of 34 classes of vegetation were identified. The 14 largest classes have been selected for vegetation cover modelling.

This study examines the application of unsupervised classification techniques in the mapping of forest vegetation, aiming to align vegetation cover with the Braun-Blanquet classification system through remote sensing. By leveraging Landsat 8 and 9 satellite imagery and advanced clustering algorithms, specifically the Weka X-Means, this research addresses the challenge of minimizing researcher subjectivity in vegetation mapping. The methodology incorporates a two-step clustering approach to accurately classify forest communities, utilizing a comprehensive set of vegetation indices to distinguish between different types of forest ecosystems. The validation of the classification model relied on a detailed analysis of over 17,000 relevés from the “Flora” database, ensuring a high degree of accuracy in matching satellite-derived vegetation classes with field observations. The study’s findings reveal the successful identification of 44 forest community types that was aggregated into seven classes of Braun-Blanquet classification system, demonstrating the efficacy of unsupervised classification in generating reliable vegetation maps. This work not only contributes to the advancement of remote sensing applications in ecological research, but also provides a valuable tool for natural resource management and conservation planning. The integration of unsupervised classification with the Braun-Blanquet system presents a novel approach to vegetation mapping, offering insights into ecological characteristics, and can be good starter point for sequestration potential of forest communities’ assessment in the Republic of Tatarstan.

Aims: We introduce ReSurveyEurope - a new data source of resurveyed vegetation plots in Europe, compiled by a collaborative network of vegetation scientists. We describe the scope of this initiative, provide an overview of currently available data, governance, data contribution rules, and accessibility. In addition, we outline further steps, including potential research questions. Results: ReSurveyEurope includes resurveyed vegetation plots from all habitats. Version 1.0 of ReSurveyEurope contains 283,135 observations (i.e., individual surveys of each plot) from 79,190 plots sampled in 449 independent resurvey projects. Of these, 62,139 (78%) are permanent plots, that is, marked in situ, or located with GPS, which allow for high spatial accuracy in resurvey. The remaining 17,051 (22%) plots are from studies in which plots from the initial survey could not be exactly relocated. Four data sets, which together account for 28,470 (36%) plots, provide only presence/absence information on plant species, while the remaining 50,720 (64%) plots contain abundance information (e.g., percentage cover or cover-abundance classes such as variants of the Braun-Blanquet scale). The oldest plots were sampled in 1911 in the Swiss Alps, while most plots were sampled between 1950 and 2020. Conclusions: ReSurveyEurope is a new resource to address a wide range of research questions on fine-scale changes in European vegetation. The initiative is devoted to an inclusive and transparent governance and data usage approach, based on slightly adapted rules of the well-established European Vegetation Archive (EVA). ReSurvey:Europe data are ready for use, and proposals for analyses of the data set can be submitted at any time to the coordinators. Still, further data contributions are highly welcome.

For the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan (Russia), a spatial model of forest communities was built as a basis for assessing the sequestration potential of ecosystems. Combination of multi-temporal and multi-spectral satellite imagery from the Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 platform as input data and Google Earth Engine cloud platform were used. The set of 292 vegetation indices and metrics computed from the pre-processed imagery, were combined into dataset. The Weka X-Means clustering algorithm was trained and applied to study area. The unsupervised classification was carried out by vegetation classes in the Braun-Blanquet system. The results of unsupervised classification were verified using data from more than 17,000 relevés with geographic references from the Flora database. For automatic classification, the EuroVeg Checklist expert system in the JUICE 7.1 package was used. The proposed methodology for obtaining initial data and unsupervised classification, supported by an automated expert system, made it possible to obtain a picture of the vegetation distribution in the study area with sufficient accuracy, and in the future, it will be used to assess the sequestration potential of the ecosystems of the region under study.

The reintroduction of Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber L.) results in significant changes in ecosystems. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the environment-forming activity of C. fiber on the riparian phytocoenoses of the Raifa forest sector of the Volga-Kama State Nature Biosphere Reserve (Middle Volga region, European Russia) after the reintroduction. Phytoindication methods of ecological–coenotic groups and indicator values were used to assess changes in environmental conditions under the influence of beaver activity. The influence of the beaver reintroduction factor on the increase in the moisture regime (by three points according to the Tsyganov indicator values) and the illumination of habitats, the richness of soils in nitrogen, and the acidity and salt regime of soils (by one point) was revealed. Under the conditions of fodder and construction activities of the beaver, an increase in the proportion of aquatic and wetland groups from 10.2% to 28.2% and boreal plant species from 15.0% to 27.6% was detected. An expansive nature of the change in the degree of landscape occupancy with wetland plants was noted. A decrease in the degree of landscape occupancy (3 to 2 points) of the distribution of ruderal species in the riparian zones of the waterbodies of the reserve due to the activity of the beaver was revealed. Based on phytoindication and ecological–coenotic analyses, it was shown that the reintroduction of C. fiber into the waterbodies of the Raifa forest sector of the reserve is responsible for maintaining the necessary microclimatic conditions for the preservation of natural southern boreal communities. The results obtained can be used for predictive assessment of the influence of the beaver on riparian (small rivers and lakes) plant communities of forest ecosystems in the Middle Volga region of European Russia and other regions of the planet with similar environmental conditions.

We report a data set of disturbance indicator values identifying mean optima along gradients of natural and anthropogenic disturbance for 6,382 vascular plant species based on the analysis of 736,366 European vegetation plots and using an expert-based characterization of disturbance regimes in 236 habitat types. The indicator values presented here are crucial for integrating disturbance niche optima in large-scale assessments of vegetation and macroecological studies. The data set contains five main continuous indicator values for European plants: disturbance severity, disturbance frequency, mowing frequency, grazing pressure and soil disturbance. The first two indicators are provided separately for the whole community and the herb layer. Reference: Midolo, G., Herben, T., Axmanová, I., Marcenò, C., Pätsch, R., Bruelheide, H., Karger D.N., Aćić, S., Bergamini, A., Bergmeier, E., Biurrun, I., Bonari, G., Čarni, A., Chiarucci, A., De Sanctis, M., Demina, O., Dengler, J., Dziuba, T., Fanelli, G., Garbolino, E., Giusso del Galdo, G., Goral, F., Güler, B., Hinojos-Mendoza, G., Jansen, F., Jiménez-Alfaro, B., Lengyel, A., Lenoir, J., Pérez-Haase, A., Pielech, R., Prokhorov, V., Rašomavičius, V., Ruprecht, E., Rusina, S., Šilc, U., Škvorc, Ž., Stancic, Z., Tatarenko, I., & Chytrý, M. (2022). Disturbance indicator values for European plants. Global Ecology and Biogeography (Accepted for publication)

In this paper, numerical simulation of coal combustion in the invert furnace of a boiler for a 500 MW power unit designed to operate on advanced ultra-supercritical steam parameters (A-USC) is performed. The use of A-USC technology makes it possible to reduce fuel costs for electricity production compared to steam turbine units of previous generations. Also it influences to reduce the level of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Modeling of the invert furnace at the nominal boiler load was carried out for the developed direct-flow burners and nozzles arrangement of burning coal. After numerical simulation the results were obtained and made it possible to analyze the furnace aerodynamics and the temperature distribution inside the furnace volume. The calculation of the indicators of efficiency and environmental friendliness was carried out and their values appeared smaller than regulatory permissions, which allows us to recommend the developed burners arrangement scheme for its use in invert furnaces. The furnace operation simulation at reduced loads of 70% and 50% was carried out and the results showed the reliability of the developed combustion scheme.

The article presents the results of research and optimization of the furnace volume aerodynamics for furnaces equipped with straight-flow burners with solid slag removal in combusting Kuznetsk lean coal. The research was carried out using the ANSYS Fluent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) system. Recommendations for the development of the solid fuel combustion schemes using straight-flow burners and nozzles are given along with a methodology for conducting research and optimization of the furnace volume aerodynamics. Optimization criteria are formulated, and input data for carrying out the study are selected. A general schematic layout of straight-flow burners and nozzles (in relative dimensions) has been developed. The overall layout is divided into three zones over height with subsequent stage-by-stage optimization of the placement of burners and nozzles in each zone. The optimal number of vertical planes for placing the burners and nozzles has been chosen. The previously developed mathematical model of slag deposition on furnace waterwalls was applied to estimate the waterwall slagging probability. Based on the results from the accomplished optimization of the solid fuel combustion scheme, high performance indicators of the combustion chamber have been obtained.

Statistically significant changes in microclimatic environmental factors under the influence of the activity of the European beaver in the territory of the Raifa section of the Volga-Kama Nature Reserve were revealed. The influence of the beaver reintroduction factor on the change in the moisture and illumination regimes of habitats, the richness of soils with nitrogen, the acidity and salt regime of soils has been established. In the conditions of fodder and construction activities of the beaver, an increase in the proportion of groups of aquatic, wetland and boreal plant species was noted, as well as the expansive nature of the change in their activity. There was a decrease in the activity of the distribution of ruderal species in the conditions of beaver activity. Based on phytoindication analysis, it has been shown that the reintroduction of the beaver into the water bodies of the Raifa section of the Volga-Kama Reserve is responsible for maintaining the necessary microclimatic conditions to preserve the natural boreal communities.

During the expeditionary research, we specified the modern actual border of naturalization of in the European territory of Russia. This border passes through Kursk Region, as well as the north of Voronezh and Saratov regions. The total length of the expeditionary routes was around 8900 km with 777 locations surveyed. In order to identify the potential for its further spread to the north we performed comparative ecological and geographical analysis and modeling of the ragweed distribution in the north of its secondary range in the European Russia and in the primary range in Canada. Insufficient heat supply during the seed ripening period is the main factor limiting the spread of ragweed to the north. To determine the ecological and geographic niche of ragweed, we compiled a global map of the distribution of accumulated degree days above 10 °C for the period from the transition of the day length under 14 hours to the stable frosts in autumn (ADDfp). The ADDfp values were determined at the northernmost points of naturalization of in the European Russia and in Canada. Comparison of the ecological and geographical boundaries regarding the heat supply in the European Russia and in Canada showed that the ecological and geographical niche realized by ragweed in the North America is now generally wider than the one on the European Russia. We considered the possible reasons for the under-occupation of a potential ecological niche in the European Russia and made assumptions about the possibility of its further spread to the north. Regarding the factor of heat supply in the European Russia, ragweed can spread further to the north - in Bryansk, Oryol, Lipetsk, Tambov, Saratov, Orenburg regions, southern half of Penza Region, the south of Ulyanovsk and Samara regions and Bashkortostan. Additional difficulties with the species’ distribution in the northeastern direction in the European Russia can be attributed to an adverse effect of an additional factor: insufficient moisture supply, since in the Saratov Region and to the east ragweed is in the ecological pessimum simultaneously in terms of heat and moisture supply at its northern limit of distribution.

Field studies made it possible to specify the actual modern Ambrosia artemisiifolia naturalization boundary in European Russia. This boundary passes through the southern parts of Bryansk, Kursk, and Saratov oblasts and through the northern part of Voronezh oblast. The total mileage of field survey routes was some 8900 km; 777 sampling points were surveyed. A comparative ecogeographical analysis and modeling of the species distribution in northern parts of its secondary range in European Russia and primary range in Canada were performed to determine the Ambrosia artemisiifolia potential for further northward expansion. It is established that the main factor limiting its northward expansion is insufficient heat supply during the seed ripening period. To determine the ecogeographical niche of A. artemisiifolia, a global map reflecting the distribution of accumulated degree days >10°C was produced for the period starting from the date of the day length transition through 14 h after the summer solstice and ending with the sustainable transition of autumn temperatures through 0°C (accumulated degree days taking into account the photoperiodic threshold (ADDppt)). ADDppt values were determined for the northernmost annual ragweed naturalization points in European Russia and in Canada. A comparison of ecogeographical limits performed on the basis of the heat supply factor showed that the ecogeographical niche currently realized by the species in North America is generally wider in comparison with that in European Russia. Possible reasons behind the insufficient occupation of the A. artemisiifolia environmental niche in European Russia were examined; an assumption that the species can continue its northward expansion has been made. On the basis of the heat supply factor, annual ragweed can spread further to the north in European Russia: to Bryansk, Oryol, Lipetsk, Tambov, Saratov, and Orenburg oblasts; to the southern half of Penza oblast; and to southern parts of Ulyanovsk and Samara oblasts and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The northeastward expansion of the species can be hindered by adverse effects of another factor: insufficient moisture supply. At the northern distribution limit of A. artemisiifolia in Saratov oblast and east of it, the species is in the ecological pessimum zone in terms of both heat and moisture supply.

The paper presents recent data on the demographic structure and population size of C. calceolus in European Russia. The assessment of the species distribution and population size is based on the global classification of terrestrial ecoregions. The long-term dynamics of the number and age structure (150 populations) of C. calceolus were revealed for the 20-year research period, 1997–2020. It has been reliably determined that the number of reproductive plants is positively related to temperature indicators, while the number of pre-reproductive individuals depends on humidity factors and negatively on temperature. Three types of basic age spectra were identified: (1) centered 3:10:47:40 (juvenile (j): immature (im): virginal (v): reproductive (g)), the most common in the European part of the Russian Federation (RF); (2) bimodal 15:26:33:26 (j:im:v:g), mainly found in the western regions; (3) right-hand 0:3:13:82:2 (j:im:v:g:s), which steadily appears in the continental climate of eastern regions of European Russia. The current baseline spectra of C. calceolus populations differ from the baseline spectrum of the species given in the 20th century. The base spectra significantly depends on ecological-phytocoenotic plant community structure and abiotic features of habitats, it shown using the ecological indicator values.

Motivation Assessing biodiversity status and trends in plant communities is critical for understanding, quantifying and predicting the effects of global change on ecosystems. Vegetation plots record the occurrence or abundance of all plant species co-occurring within delimited local areas. This allows species absences to be inferred, information seldom provided by existing global plant datasets. Although many vegetation plots have been recorded, most are not available to the global research community. A recent initiative, called 'sPlot', compiled the first global vegetation plot database, and continues to grow and curate it. The sPlot database, however, is extremely unbalanced spatially and environmentally, and is not open-access. Here, we address both these issues by (a) resampling the vegetation plots using several environmental variables as sampling strata and (b) securing permission from data holders of 105 local-to-regional datasets to openly release data. We thus present sPlotOpen, the largest open-access dataset of vegetation plots ever released. sPlotOpen can be used to explore global diversity at the plant community level, as ground truth data in remote sensing applications, or as a baseline for biodiversity monitoring. Main types of variable contained Vegetation plots (n = 95,104) recording cover or abundance of naturally co-occurring vascular plant species within delimited areas. sPlotOpen contains three partially overlapping resampled datasets (c. 50,000 plots each), to be used as replicates in global analyses. Besides geographical location, date, plot size, biome, elevation, slope, aspect, vegetation type, naturalness, coverage of various vegetation layers, and source dataset, plot-level data also include community-weighted means and variances of 18 plant functional traits from the TRY Plant Trait Database. Spatial location and grain Global, 0.01-40,000 m(2). Time period and grain 1888-2015, recording dates. Major taxa and level of measurement 42,677 vascular plant taxa, plot-level records. Software format Three main matrices (.csv), relationally linked.

EUNIS-ESy is an expert system for automatic classification of European vegetation plots to habitat types of the EUNIS Habitat Classification. The EUNIS classification and the principles of the expert system are described by Chytrý et al. (2020). The classification of a set of vegetation plots can be run using the JUICE program (Tichý 2002; https://www.sci.muni.cz/botany/juice/), TURBOVEG 3 program (Hennekens 2015) and an R script (Bruelheide et al. 2021). This dataset contains two parts: (1) the expert system and related files necessary for running it; (2) characterization of EUNIS habitats based on the results of the expert system classification. 1. Expert system and related files necessary to run it 1.1. EUNIS-ESy-2021-06-01.txt – a file containing the script for the classification of vegetation plots by EUNIS-ESy. This version contains tested definitions for the revised classification vegetated Marine (coastal saltmarshes), Coastal, Wetland, Grassland, Shrubland, Forest, Inland sparsely vegetated and Man-made habitats, and preliminary non-tested definitions of the older classification of Marine, Aquatic and Inland sparsely vegetated habitats. 1.2. Nomenclature-translation-from-Turboveg-2-databases.zip – an archive containing the scripts for automatic translation of taxon concepts and names used in individual European Turboveg 2 databases (Hennekens & Schaminée 2001; https://www.synbiosys.alterra.nl/turboveg/) to the nomenclature that can be used as an input for EUNIS-ESy. 1.3. EUNIS-ESy-User-Guide.pdf – a brief user guide to the classification of vegetation plots by EUNIS-ESy using the JUICE program. Please read this guide carefully before running the expert system to avoid misclassifications. 2. Characterization of the EUNIS habitats based on the results of the EUNIS-ESy classification 2.1. EUNIS-habitats-2021-06-01.xlsx – the current list of EUNIS habitats. 2.2. Habitat-factsheets-EUNIS-habitats-2021-06-01.pdf – a summary of data on EUNIS vegetated Marine (coastal saltmarshes), Coastal, Wetland, Grassland, Shrubland, Forest, Inland sparsely vegetated and Man-made habitats. These data were extracted from vegetation plots from the European Vegetation Archive (EVA; Chytrý et al. 2016; http://euroveg.org/eva-database) and other databases classified by EUNIS-ESy v2021-06-01. Each habitat is described in a factsheet that includes a brief habitat description, distribution map, corresponding alliances of EuroVegChecklist (Mucina et al. 2016; https://www.synbiosys.alterra.nl/evc/) and characteristic species combination divided into diagnostic, constant and dominant species. 2.3. Characteristic-species-combinations-EUNIS-habitats-2021-06-01.xlsx – a database of habitats' characteristic species combinations in a spreadsheet format. 2.4. Data-sources-EUNIS-classification-2021-06-01.pdf – a list of data sources used to produce the distribution maps and characteristic species combinations. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Differences from the previous version (2020-06-08) Vegetated Marine (coastal saltmarshes) and Inland sparsely vegetation habitats were added to the expert system. New vegetation-plot records added to the EVA database by 7 April 2021 were used to characterize habitat types. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recommended citation of this version of the EUNIS-ESy expert system Chytrý et al. (2020), version 2021-06-01 Chytrý M., Tichý L., Hennekens S.M., Knollová I., Janssen J.A.M., Rodwell J.S., Peterka T., Marcenò C., Landucci F., Danihelka J., Hájek M., Dengler J., Novák P., Zukal D., Jiménez-Alfaro B., Mucina L., Abdulhak S., Aćić S., Agrillo E., Attorre F., Bergmeier E., Biurrun I., Boch S., Bölöni J., Bonari G., Braslavskaya T., Bruelheide H., Campos J.A., Čarni A., Casella L., Ćuk M., Ćušterevska R., De Bie E., Delbosc P., Demina O., Didukh Y., Dítě D., Dziuba T., Ewald J., Gavilán R.G., Gégout J.-C., Giusso del Galdo G.P., Golub V., Goncharova N., Goral F., Graf U., Indreica A., Isermann M., Jandt U., Jansen F., Jansen J., Jašková A., Jiroušek M., Kącki Z., Kalníková V., Kavgacı A., Khanina L., Korolyuk A.Yu., Kozhevnikova M., Kuzemko A., Küzmič F., Kuznetsov O.L., Laiviņš M., Lavrinenko I., Lavrinenko O., Lebedeva M., Lososová Z., Lysenko T., Maciejewski L., Mardari C., Marinšek A., Napreenko M.G., Onyshchenko V., Pérez-Haase A., Pielech R., Prokhorov V., Rašomavičius V., Rodríguez Rojo M.P., Rūsiņa S., Schrautzer J., Šibík J., Šilc U., Škvorc Ž., Smagin V.A., Stančić Z., Stanisci A., Tikhonova E., Tonteri T., Uogintas D., Valachovič M., Vassilev K., Vynokurov D., Willner W., Yamalov S., Evans D., Palitzsch Lund M., Spyropoulou R., Tryfon E. & Schaminée J.H.J. (2020) EUNIS Habitat Classification: expert system, characteristic species combinations and distribution maps of European habitats. Applied Vegetation Science, 23, 648–675. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12519

Aims: To develop a syntaxonomic classification of the xero-mesophytic broad-leaved oak forests of the Republic of Tatarstan with a preliminary analysis of their unique ecological features. Study area: The Republic of Tatarstan (European part of the Russian Federation). Methods: A total of 91 relevés were processed. Most of them (73.6%) were sampled in Tatarstan during 2016 and 2017, the remaining ones (26.4%) were historical published data. They were classified by means of a modified TWINSPAN algorithm using total inertia as a heterogeneity measure. Diagnostic, constant, and dominant species were identified using analytical tools in the JUICE 7.0 program. Results: The xero-mesophytic forests of the study area were assigned to four clusters. We describe two of them as new associations: Astragalo ciceri-Quercetum roboris ass. nova and Sanguisorbo officinalis-Quercetum roboris ass. nova. We classify them within the class Quercetea pubescentis. Conclusions: Our study is the first attempt to classify thermophilous and xero-mesophytic oak forests of the Republic of Tatarstan using the Braun-Blanquet system. Taxonomic reference: Czerepanov (1995). Syntaxonomic reference: Mucina et al. (2016) unless stated otherwise in the text. Abbreviations: GIVD = Global Index of Vegetation-Plot Databases; NMDS = Non-metric multidimensional scaling.

The "Flora of Russia" project on iNaturalist brought together professional scientists and amateur naturalists from all over the country. Over 3800 people participate in data collection. In one year, the participants collected over 220000 photo observations on 5689 species of the Russian flora. This is the third largest dataset of open distributional data on the country's biodiversity (and the second largest for plants), a leading source of data on the current state of the nation's flora. For most alien species, the resulting maps are the most reliable distribution maps within Russia. For many municipalities, the resulting species lists are the most complete and accurate floristic information. All project data are available under free licenses and can be freely used in scientific, educational and environmental activities.