A RKK-1-100 automated X-ray calibration facility has been developed. This system allows studies of surfaces, near-surface layers, interfaces, and multilayer structures within a wide range of wavelengths of 0.1–100 nm. The first results of quantitative certification of the roughnesses of flat quartz substrates and substrates with evaporation-deposited UNi layers have been obtained. X-ray optical constants for thin UNi layers have been measured.

A technology of depleted uranium thin films, which can be used as high-reflectivity X-ray mirrors at a wavelength of 4.5 nm, is presented. The coefficient of X-ray reflection by these mirrors varies from 90 to 10% at grazing angles between 1° and 10°. The stability of the reflection coefficients for 200-Å-thick depleted uranium films covered by a protective carbon layer 100 and 200 Å in thickness and for 200-Å-thick uranium-nickel films with a nickel content of 9 and 23 wt % is studied. A high-reflectivity mirror is fabricated with the goal of increasing the X-ray radiation intensity in RKK-1-100 X-ray calibration equipment. Advice on fabrication of X-ray mirrors based on depleted uranium films is given.

In this paper, we present experimentally determined reflection factors of mirrors based on the depleted uranium and dependence of reflection factor on time of presence of samples on air.

Results are presented from time-resolved measurements of the soft X-ray emission in the 10-to 40-eV spectral range from the plasma of a pulsed capillary discharge in argon at current pulse amplitudes of up to 26 kA and a current rise time of ∼1012 A/s. The experiments were carried out with 0.3-cm-diameter 15.7-cm-long ceramic capillaries filled with argon at a pressure of 0.25–0.5 Torr in the SIGNAL electrophysical facility. The experimental data are interpreted via computer simulations of the magnetohydrodynamics and level-by-level ion kinetics of an argon plasma. The results obtained indicate that soft X-ray laser pulses with a photon energy of 26.4 eV and duration of 1–2 ns are generated ≈33 ns after the beginning of the discharge current pulse.

Results are presented from experiments on the laser generation of X-ray radiation at the wavelength λ=469 Å (ε=26.4 eV) on the 3p(J=0)−3s(J=1) transition of Ne-like Ar ions. Experiments were carried out on the SIGNAL electrophysical facility with a 3.1-mm-diameter 157-mm-long Al2O3 ceramic capillary filled with argon at a pressure of 0.2–1.0 Torr. The discharge current amplitude was I ∼ 25–40 kA, the current rise rate being dI/dt ∼ 1012 A/s. By a vacuum X-ray diode tuned to detect X-ray photons with energies in the range 10–40 eV, laser pulses with a duration of t1 ∼ 1 ns and maximum energy of E1,max ∼ 1 µJ were recorded. The pulses were generated 35 ns after the discharge current was switched on. The line spectra in the wavelength range of 150–500 Å showed the bright λ=469 Å line. The angular divergence of the generated X-ray laser beam was estimated to be Δϑ ∼ 2 mrad.

This paper presents the results of temporal measurements of the soft X-ray radiation intensity in the spectral range of 10-40 eV emitted from the capillary plasma under discharge with a current pulse of 26 kA amplitude and rising rate of about 10(12) A/s. The experiments were carried out on a pulsed-power facility SIGNAL with ceramic capillaries of 0.3 cm inner diameter and 15.7 cm length, which are filled with argon up to pressures in the range of 0.25-0.5 torr. To interpret the experimental results, a sequence of numerical calculations simulating gas dynamics and level-by-level ionic kinetics of argon plasma was used. The effect of X-ray lasing in the Ne-like line was found to be generated with a quanta energy of 26.4 eV, which lasted for approximately 1-2 ns, at a moment of about 33 ns after the current pulse start.

The accelerator SIGNAL [1] is used to study electric discharges in an argon-filled capillary. The discharge current is 20...50 kA and the current rise time equals 30...50 ns. The pre-ionization system is used to create the pre-ionized gas. The pre-ionization current is 10...15 A. The paper describes the system design and experimental conditions. State of argon medium after the pre-ionization pulse studied with the help of streak-, digital photo- and pinhole cameras is characterized. Instability development was not observed.

Chemie Ingenieur TechnikVolume 73, Issue 6 p. 726-726 Article Methods of Track Membrane Surface Modification V.A. Pronin, V.A. Pronin Russian Federal Nuclear Center-All Russian Institute of Technical Physics, P.O. Box 245, Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk region, 456770, Russia.Search for more papers by this authorV.I. Ostashev, V.I. Ostashev Russian Federal Nuclear Center-All Russian Institute of Technical Physics, P.O. Box 245, Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk region, 456770, Russia.Search for more papers by this authorP.A. Loboda, P.A. Loboda Russian Federal Nuclear Center-All Russian Institute of Technical Physics, P.O. Box 245, Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk region, 456770, Russia.Search for more papers by this authorB.V. Mchedlishvili, B.V. Mchedlishvili Shubnikov institute of crystallography of Russian academy of science. Leninsky prosp. 59, 117333, Moscow, Russia.Search for more papers by this authorA.N. Nechayev, A.N. Nechayev Shubnikov institute of crystallography of Russian academy of science. Leninsky prosp. 59, 117333, Moscow, Russia.Search for more papers by this author V.A. Pronin, V.A. Pronin Russian Federal Nuclear Center-All Russian Institute of Technical Physics, P.O. Box 245, Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk region, 456770, Russia.Search for more papers by this authorV.I. Ostashev, V.I. Ostashev Russian Federal Nuclear Center-All Russian Institute of Technical Physics, P.O. Box 245, Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk region, 456770, Russia.Search for more papers by this authorP.A. Loboda, P.A. Loboda Russian Federal Nuclear Center-All Russian Institute of Technical Physics, P.O. Box 245, Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk region, 456770, Russia.Search for more papers by this authorB.V. Mchedlishvili, B.V. Mchedlishvili Shubnikov institute of crystallography of Russian academy of science. Leninsky prosp. 59, 117333, Moscow, Russia.Search for more papers by this authorA.N. Nechayev, A.N. Nechayev Shubnikov institute of crystallography of Russian academy of science. Leninsky prosp. 59, 117333, Moscow, Russia.Search for more papers by this author First published: 12 July 2001 https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2640(200106)73:6<726::AID-CITE7261111>3.0.CO;2-OAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume73, Issue6Juni 2001Pages 726-726 RelatedInformation

It is demonstrated that the simplest model of a surface, assuming step-like variation of the dielectric permeability at a vacuum-matter interface, does not permit the quantitative description of all the features of x-rays reflection and scattering observed in experiment, even though the effects of the surface roughness are taken into consideration accurately. These features are much more pronounced for metals having a large number of the conductivity electrons which are bound slightly with individual atoms. Evidently, the wavefunction of the electron gas of a metal cannot abrupt sharply at a surface but decreases gradually into vacuum at a distance of several angstroms.To validate or disprove the hypothesis for the presence of a near surface transition layer of the electron density in metals, a set of experiments is performed. Reflection and scattering of hard and soft x-rays, and cold neutrons (which are sensitive to nuclear density distribution and insensitive to the electron one) from metal samples are measured. The independent measurements of the surface microtopography are performed with the use of atomic force microscopy. The results obtained demonstrate the presence of a near surface layer, which is caused by gradual change of electron density, with a thickness of several angstroms.

The potentialities of the x-ray scattering method (XRS) for quantitative testing of supersmooth surfaces, thin films, and multilayer structures are discussed. The results of the surface roughness study with the use of XRS technique in hard and soft x-ray spectral regions are compared with independent measurements of the roughness by atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is demonstrated that the results obtained by XRS and AFM are in a very good agreement in spite of different physical principles underlying the methods. XRS technique is applied for the roughness study of thin films which are used in applications for x-ray and UV optics. The XRS method is demonstrated to enable quantitative evaluation of PSD functions of both the film interfaces and the correlation between the substrate and film roughnesses. X-ray investigations of the correlation of the roughnesses of short-period multilayer structures are discussed as well. The use of the whispering gallery effect is demonstrated to extend the XRS method to control of the concave surface roughness.

We propose to extend x-ray scattering method to the investigation of concave surface roughness. Our approach is based on the use of the whispering gallery effect, which consists in that an x-ray beam falling tangentially on to a concave surface slides along a surface due to successive total external reflections. During its propagation the beam gradually broadens because the scattering transfers some part of radiation to the range of larger glancing angles. Fitting of a simulated angular distribution of outgoing beam to a measure done enables the determination of statistical parameters of concave surface roughness. Possible experimental schemes are analyzed by using ray-tracing technique, radiation scattering by surface roughness being modeled by the Monte Carlo method. Results of experiments in x-ray spectral region are discussed. Carbon-coated cylindrical surfaces with the radius of curvature of 6 cm and the arc angle of 45 and 60 degrees are studied with soft x-rays. The measured angular distributions of outgoing radiation are shown to agree quantitatively with the theoretical calculations when the scattering of x-rays by the surface roughness are taken into account. The rms roughness and the correlation length of the studied surface are found to be about 1.2 nm and 0.3 micrometers , respectively. The possibility of the study of concave surface roughness with the use of hard x-rays is also discussed.

It is experimentally demonstrated that a soft X-ray beam (lambda = 67.6 Angstrom) may be turned by a cylindrical surface through an angle of 45 degrees with an efficiency of about 50%. The spatial and angular distributions of the deflected beam intensity have been measured and the results are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical calculations. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The results of recent laser-solid interaction experiments carried out at the PROGRESS-P facility are described for the following parameters of laser radiation: lambda = 1.053 mu m, energy up to 500 mJ, pulse duration similar to 2 ps, focal spot diameter of 20 mu m. The spectrum of soft X-ray (epsilon < 1.5 keV) and the hard X-ray (epsilon=5 divided by 80 keV) were measured for solid targets from Al, glass, Ta used in these experiments. The fast electrons temperature is estimated to be about of 10 keV. The soft X-ray spot size about of 20 mu m was measured by pinhole camera. The X-ray lines of He-like Al ions were registered by the spectrometer using plane gypsum crystal.

A new approach is proposed to investigate the roughness of concave surfaces on the basis of the whispering gallery effect in the x-ray range. A computer simulation of two possible experimental setups showed that it should be possible to extract information on the statistical properties of the surface roughness from measurements of the angular distribution and power of an x-ray beam which bends along a concave surface.