There is scarce information about toxic effects, environmental dynamics and even toxic levels or regulations, mainly in soils, of several elements widely used in agriculture and industry. These so called elements “of emerging concern” have not been studied, mainly regarding their environmental effects or relationships. By the other hand, tons of pharmaceuticals are liberated by effluents of the wastewater treatment plants to the environment and agricultural fields daily. As study case, we have selected an important area in Spain that is affected by high anthropogenic pressures. The target area of study the alluvial plain between the rivers Turia and Jucar (Valencia, SPAIN), with an extension of 486 km2, which is characterized by its dense network of channels and ravines for irrigation one of the most productive agricultural areas of Spain. This area includes a wide zone of rice farming and a Natural Park (L’Albufera). In this study area, 33 sampling zones were selected covering the different water sources and agricultural types, to monitor the distribution of the levels of 15 hazardous metals. Total concentrations of the selected metals (Al, As, B, Be, Bi, Co, Fe, Li, Mo, Se, Rb, Sr, Ti, Tl and V) were determined. Standard analytical methods were used to measure soil physical and chemical properties. Total content of the twelve heavy metals, in soil samples, were extracted by microwave acid digestion and determined by ICP-OES. In the same zones, 32 pharmaceuticals were also studied. soil samples were extracted by pressurized liquid extraction (SPE). and determined by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Maximum average values were determined for Ti, Sr and Rb with 466.36, 263.16 and 63.62 mg/kg, respectively. Highest values for B, Li and Tl were 76.05, 70.91 and 56.37 mg/kg, respectively. The Northern part of the Albufera lake, devoted to rice farming, concentrated the highest values of almost all the selected elements. From the 32 studied pharmaceuticals, 29 were detected being the most frequents Bisphenol A, Caffeine and Tramadol. Maximum values were observed for Alprazolam (67.28 ng/g), Ibuprofen (76.11 ng/g) and Lorazepam (62.02 ng/g). The interactions between metals and pharmaceuticals, and from both with soil characteristics and the influence of environmental factors were also studied. More research is needed to stablish their toxic levels and effects, or even their average concentrations in soils of these elements, very scarcely studied in the majority of them. Acknowledgements This work has been supported by the Generalitat Valenciana (Regional Autonomous Government) through the project CIPROM/2021/032.

Micro-organic contaminants in groundwater harm the environment and human health. They result from current human activities and past pollution. A study in the Palancia River Basin examined the occurrence and concentrations of these contaminants in water. In this study, 10 groundwater and 10 surface water samples were collected, analyzing a total of 100 contaminants for this study. Carbamazepine and caffeine indicate urban pollution, while pesticides and their metabolites (terbuthylazine, desethylterbuthylazine, metolachlor, simazine, propazine) mainly signal crop production. All chosen MO were found in both the aquifer and Palancia River. In groundwater, the most common were terbutylazine (detected in 50 % with a max concentration of 101.0 ng L−1), carbamazepine (40%, 50.0 ng L−1), and desethylterbuthylazine (35%, 15.0 ng L−1). In addition to the selected contaminants identified as indicators of pollution, up to 18 different pesticides, 12 pharmaceuticals, and various industrial-origin products were found. Comparisons with global studies suggest concentrations reflect the specific land use in recharge areas. Acknowledgements.- This work has been supported by Grant PID2022-138556OB-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”

The increasing worldwide release of anthropogenic chemicals compounds into the aquatic ecosystems has led serious contamination of freshwater resources. This study investigated the chemical composition of the water and sediments of L'Albufera Natural Park, Valencia, Spain, an area heavily impacted by intensive agriculture, surrounded by an industrial belt, highly urbanized and historically polluted. The goal was to assess the different water sources and anthropogenic influence in this managed area using nontarget analysis (NTA) combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Surface water and sediment samples were collected from 51 sites during two sampling events in the May/June 2019 and September/October 2019. These two periods were selected because the most relevant crop in the area are rice fields and these two periods coincides with the starting of the cultivation and the harvest. The HRMS data was processed using Compound Discoverer™ version 3.3, and the results were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Agricultural practices are one of the most important sources of contaminants (mostly pesticides) including at concentrations >100 ng L-1 acetamiprid, azoxystrobin, chlorfenvinfos, chlorpyrifos, difenoconazole, dimethoate, fluvalinate, imazalil, imidacloprid, omethoate, propazine, tebuconazole, terbumeton deethyl, terbuthylazine, thiabendazole and tricyclazole. Increased presence and intensity of organic contaminants along the waterway was observed, indicating significant anthropogenic influence in the area. The NTA and post-processing were evaluated for reproducibility, demonstrating robustness with a 71.2% average reproducibility for compounds detected the 2 sampling trips. A detection frequency of 80% was the set criterion for detected compounds suggested as tracers. To prioritize samples, hierarchical cluster analysis was employed, and potential tracers for each water source were determined. Additionally, urban-influenced contaminants such as insect repellents, pharmaceuticals, and non-agricultural herbicides were identified along the channels that transports treated wastewater to the Natural Park. This study highlights the impact of human activities on L’Albufera Natural Park and demonstrates the effectiveness of NTA in differentiating and tracking water sources. The results emphasize the importance of reproducibility in NTA and provide guidance on implementing monitoring strategies by prioritizing samples based on chemical compositions.

This article presents a dataset on 71 pesticide levels and the identification of additional synthetic organic chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and industrial compounds, conducted during May-June (spring) and end of September- October (autumn) 2019, timed to the rice cultivation cycle, the region's main agricultural activity. A total of 130 samples (100 water and 30 sediments) were collected from 51 strategically selected sites, including rivers, irrigation channels, Albufera Lake, and Mediterranean outlets, utilizing a combination of targeted and non-targeted screening (NTS) methods. The dataset encompasses physical-chemical parameters for both spring and autumn seasons. Advanced analytical techniques, such as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), were employed to detect contaminants beyond traditional methods, providing critical insights for environmental management and policy development. The findings contribute to addressing gaps in knowledge regarding contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and their distribution across different environmental compartments. These data supplement the findings of the research article "Fingerprinting of Emerging Contaminants in L'Albufera Natural Park (Valencia, Spain): Implications for Wetland Ecosystem Health". (c) 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Wetlands are crucial ecosystems that are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities. L'Albufera Natural Park, the second-largest coastal wetland in Spain, faces significant pressures from surrounding agricultural lands, industrial activities, human settlements, and associated infrastructures, including treated wastewater inputs. This study aimed at (i) establishing pathways of emerging pollutants entering the natural wetland using both target and non-target screening (NTS) for management purposes, (ii) distinguishing specific contamination hotspots through Geographic Information System (GIS) and (iii) performing basic ecological risk assessment to evaluate ecosystem health. Two sampling campaigns were conducted in the spring and summer of 2019, coinciding with the start and end of the rice cultivation season, the region's primary agricultural activity. Each campaign involved the collection of 51 samples. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was employed, using a simultaneous NTS approach with optimized gradients for pesticides and moderately polar compounds, along with complementary NTS methods for polar compounds, to identify additional contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Quantitative analysis revealed that fungicides comprised a substantial portion of detected CECs, constituting approximately 50% of the total quantified pesticides. Tebuconazole emerged as the predominant fungicide, with the highest mean concentration (>16.9 μg L-1), followed by azoxystrobin and tricyclazole. NTS tentatively identified 16 pesticides, 43 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), 24 industrial compounds, and 12 other CECs with high confidence levels. Spatial distribution analysis demonstrated significant contamination predominantly in the southwestern region of the park, gradually diminishing towards the north-eastern outlet. The composition of contaminants varied between water and sediment samples, with pharmaceuticals predominating in water and industrial compounds in sediments. Risk assessment, evaluated through risk quotient calculations based on parent compound concentrations, revealed a decreasing trend towards the outlet, suggesting wetland degradation capacity. However, significant risk levels persist throughout much of the Natural Park, highlighting the urgent need for mitigation measures to safeguard the integrity of this vital ecosystem.

This study focuses on the alluvial plain spanning between the Turia and Jucar rivers (486 km2) in Valencia, Spain - a highly productive agricultural area that also involves a Natural Park (La Albufera). Thirty-five points across different water sources and land uses were sampled to map the spatial distribution of 14 heavy metals (Al, As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl, and Zn), and to study the potential influence of water characteristics and environmental factors on them. Two pollution indexes were applied, Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) and Water Pollution Index (WPI), to assess the water quality state in the area. High levels were predominantly found in the southern region, particularly within rice farming areas. For B, Sr, and Tl, all samples exceeded WHO limits, EU legislation, or EPA benchmarks, with 61.76% and 85.71% of samples surpassing standards for Al and Li, respectively. Water salinization parameters greatly influenced the dynamics of Al, As, B, Li, Sr, and Tl. Analysis using both indexes (HEI and WPI) revealed poor water quality in the area, particularly in rice fields, posing potential toxic effects on ecosystems and human health. The findings of this work are valuable for understanding elements of concern in coastal wetlands under global change.

The chronological information provided by sediment cores about the beginning and evolution of anthropogenic contaminants is crucial for understanding the influence of humans on the environment. The dataset provides information about the vertical distribution of these contaminants (OCs) including heavy metals (HMs) and metalloids, contemporary contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and pesticides; as well as persistent organic contaminants (POPs) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in sediment cores of two different sampling areas (North and South) of L'Albufera lake. Additional information about the 14C-data of the organic matter present in the different layers of the sediment cores, and the 14C-data of the seashells found in some of them are shown. The dataset includes physico-chemical analyses of sediment characteristics at the different selected depth levels such as Organic Carbon (Corg), Inorganic Carbon (IC), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Sulphur (TS) and texture. Furthermore, ecological risk assessment of these contaminants in the surface sediment layers is performed to ascertain is potential toxicity. These data supplement the findings presented and considered in the research article “Exploring Organic and Inorganic Contaminant Histories in Sediment Cores Across the Anthropocene: Accounting for Site/Area Dependent Factors”. Therefore, these data altogether are useful for researchers seeking to assess long-term impact of contamination.

Sedimentary records help chronologically identify anthropogenic contamination in environmental systems. This study analysed dated sediment cores from L'Albufera Lake (Valencia, Spain), to assess the occurrence of heavy metals (HMs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), pesticides and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). The results evidence the continuing vertical presence of all types of contaminants in this location. The sediment age was difficult to establish. However, the presence of shells together with an historical estimation and the knowledge of sedimentary rates could help. HMs contents are higher in the upper layer reflecting the most recent increase of the industrial and agricultural practices in the area since the middle 20th century. Higher availability index of these HMs in the upper sediment layers is associated with point and diffuse contamination sources in the area. PAHs and OPFRs were homogeneous distributed through the sediments with few exceptions such as phenanthrene in the North and fluoranthene in the South. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were detected throughout the sediment core while short -chain PFASs (except perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA)) were detected only in the top layer. Pesticides and PPCPs showed appreciable down -core mobility. The vertical concentration profiles of organic contaminants did not exhibit a clear trend with depth, then, it is difficult to develop a direct relationship between sediment age and contaminant concentrations, and to elucidate the historical trend of contamination based on dated sediment core. Consequently, linking contaminant occurrence in sediments directly to their historical use is somewhat speculative at least in the conditions of L'Albufera Lake.

In recent years increasing attention has been paid to a to a group of inorganic elements widely used but not well known, mainly in their toxicological aspects. Because of this lack of knowledge their possible toxic levels have not been regulated for many of them in the different environmental compartments. It is for these reasons that they have been included in the group of “emerging contaminants” or “contaminants of emerging concern”.In this work, the presence and spatial distribution of 15 elements (Al, As, B, Be, Bi, La, Li, Mo, Rb, Se, Sr, Ti, Tl and V), considered as emerging contaminants and most of them scarcely studied, in waters and sediments of the Natural Park of L’Albufera of Valencia (Spain) have been studied, together with the influence of the environment (land uses, water sources, etc.). The Natural Park of La Albufera (Valencia, Spain), is one of the most important marshland of Europe, included in the RAMSAR agreement, but it suffers impacts derived from the high human and industrial occupation, and of the hydrological contributions from the connected irrigation systems. It includes a coastal lagoon, marshlands, dunes and pinewoods, surrounded by rice fields, orchard and citrus crops in its not urbanized part.In this study area, 57 sampling zones were selected covering the different water sources and agricultural types. Total concentrations of the selected 15 elements were evaluated. Standard analytical methods were used to measure water physical and chemical properties. Total content of the elements in water and sediment samples were extracted by microwave acid digestion and determined by ICP-OES-MS.Taking in to account that for many of these elements there are not regulations or even benchmarks, Al, Li, Sr and Tl showed levels above the stablished legislation for waters with maximum values of 5182.14, 77.83, 4310.03 and 11.37 µg/L, respectively. For sediments values above the existent legislation or benchmarks were observed for As, Sb and Se with maximums of 40040.25, 17.03 and 22.17 mg/kg. Water channels that irrigates rice crops at the south of the target area, and surrounding the lake showed the highest levels in almost all metals.This study can be a solid base to assess the state of water quality of this wetland area, extrapolable to others in the Mediterranean, and to help in the knowledge of the dynamics of metals scarcely known such as Be, Mo, Se, Sr, Ti or Tl.AcknowledgementsThis work has been supported by the Generalitat Valenciana (Spain) through the project with reference CIPROM/2021/032.

<p>Sediments are excellent archives for studying the long-term variations of pollutants in the environment. For this reason, records derived from the chemical analysis of sediment cores are useful to trace the history of pollutant emissions.</p> <p>This study aimed to study the vertical variation of organic contaminants (OCs) and metals sediment cores collected in two sites (northern and southern part) of the L´Albufera Natural Park (Valencia, Spain) to obtain information regarding historical variation in the composition of sediments. Other sediment characteristics, such as organic matter, organic carbon content, humidity, were also studied.</p> <p>A sediment core sampler (57 mm inner diameter, 1.00 m length; Beeker, Eijelkamp) was used to extract the cores from the lake of L’Albufera. The cores were sampled from boat. The sediment cores were 80–87 cm in length and 5 cm in diameter. The tubes were kept upright in a bucket with ice until they arrived at the laboratory where they were frozen. Once frozen, the tubes were cut into 8 segments of the same thickness (8 slices of 10 cm) using a stainless steel cutter. Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, poly and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and phosphorous flame retardants (PFRs) were analysed using Orbitrap Exploris 120 mass spectrometer. The compounds were extracted by different extraction methods and determined both, using wide target screening against a positive list of compounds and non-target screening applying ddMS2 of the 4 more intense ions in each cycle as well as all ions fragmentation. Both positive and negative ionization were used.</p> <p> Several pollutants, especially pesticides such as Azoxystrobin, Imazalil, Molinate, Tebuconazole, Thiabendazole and Tricyclazol were detected in the sediment in contact with water. Some infiltration of the compounds in the inner layers of sediments were also detected. Superficial sediments provide information on the actual deposited material and the actual status of pollution but the study of sediment profiles provides information on the historical variation in the composition of sediments settled. These sediments can also be used to examine pollution mechanisms, which are significant for predicting future pollution tendencies and assessing potential environmental risks.</p> <p>Acknowledgments: This work has been supported by Grant RTI2018-097158-B-C31 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe” and the grant of the Generalitat Valenciana Prometeo Programme CIPROM/2021/032. Y. Soriano also thanks MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and ERDF for their Predoc contract (PRE2019-089042).</p>

Forest fires cause many changes in the physical, chemical and biological soil properties such as aggregation and soil organic carbon contents (SOC) as well as on soil hydrology and erosion processes. Most studies on post-fire soil erosion in Mediterranean environments have been plot-based and research at hillslope or broader scale is scarce. Understanding SOC nature, distribution and modifications, as produced by forest fires and erosion, has become crucial to model and define the role of soil erosion as source or sink of C, and to sustainably manage ecosystem services related to the soil resource. This research provides data about the loss and redistribution of soil and SOC in a Mediterranean forest hillslope burned with high severity, at the Natural Park of Sierra de Espadan, Spain. Soil was sampled in coupled hillslopes (ca. 0.25 ha) (BU: burned, CO: control) at bottom (depositional), middle (transport) and top positions (eroding) at two depths (0-2 cm, 2-5 cm), and under two environments (UC: under canopy soil, BS: bare soil). Sediments were collected after each erosive event along one year, and yields were calculated. Samples were analysed to assess aggregate stability (AS), size and density fractionations, SOC contents and stocks. The main hypothesis is that fire affects soil characteristics related to aggregation and SOC stabilization and, together with erosion processes, may modify SOC distribution within aggregates and the burned hillslope. Soils were in general very stable, but some differences in the results of the methods used were observed. Significant differences were found for the environment (under canopy vs bare) and soil depth but not for slope position. SOC content was high both at BU and CO with no significant differences. In the BU hillslope, a homogenization of SOC contents was observed along the hillslope, while in the CO, a higher SOC content was measured in the depositional and transport sites than in the eroding one. Similar trends were observed for SOC stocks. Only four erosive rain events were registered in this study, which generated no sediment yields in CO hillslope. In the BU one, sediment yields were measured (0.05-0.58 Mg ha(-1), total 0.925 Mg ha y(-1)), which mobilised OC amounts ranging between 0.005 and 0.04 MgC ha(-1). When samples were fractioned, changes were observed in the mass distribution of soil and sediment aggregates by size and density, and in the OC content between density fractions of BU soils with regard to sediment and CO soils. According to the results, effective post-fire management should be oriented to control and reduce the erosion of aggregates < 2 mm, which present the highest SOC content and are very prone to be transported off-site. This fraction should include all the partially burned biomass (free light material), which acts as a first mulching and contains high amounts of OC that should be kept within the burned hillslope to increase soil fertility, promote vegetation recovery and act as a C sink. In the BU hillslope, eroded free light material might be buried at the depositional site and if the conditions are favourable for its conservation, SOC accumulation would be promoted, which may have implications for its stabilization, and the role of soil erosion as a C sink.

Data obtained from wastewater analysis can provide rapid and complementary insights in illicit drug consumption at community level. Within Europe, Spain is an important country of transit of both cocaine and cannabis. The quantity of seized drugs and prevalence of their use rank Spain at the top of Europe. Hence, the implementation of a wastewater monitoring program at national level would help to get better understanding of spatial differences and trends in use of illicit drugs. In this study, a national wastewater campaign was performed for the first time to get more insight on the consumption of illicit drugs within Spain. The 13 Spanish cities monitored cover approximately 6 million inhabitants (12.8% of the Spanish population). Untreated wastewater samples were analyzed for urinary biomarkers of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, cocaine, and cannabis. In addition, weekend samples were monitored for 17 new psychoactive substances. Cannabis and cocaine are the most consumed drugs in Spain, but geographical variations showed, for instance, comparatively higher levels of methamphetamine in Barcelona and amphetamine in Bilbao, with about 1-fold higher consumption of these two substances in such metropolitan areas. For amphetamine, an enantiomeric profiling was performed in order to assure the results were due to consumption and not to illegal dumping of production residues. Furthermore, different correction factors for the excretion of cannabis were used to compare consumption estimations. All wastewater results were compared with previously reported data, national seizure data and general population survey data, were a reasonable agreement was found. Daily and yearly drug consumption were extrapolated to the entire Spanish population with due precautions because of the uncertainty associated. These data was further used to estimate the retail drug market, where for instance cocaine illicit consumption alone was calculated to contribute to 0.2–0.5% of the Spanish gross domestic product (ca. 3000–6000 million Euro/year).

Nature-based solutions can significantly contribute to restoration projects in areas affected by desertification processes, where they are necessary for reversing land degradation. Currently, one innovative solution is The Cocoon (TM), which has been designed as a new ecotechnology for improving seedling establishment. The Cocoon consists of a doughnut-shaped container made of recycled cardboard that provides water and shelter at least during the first year of a seedling, which is the most critical for plant establishment. To determine the effectiveness of this ecotechnology under different conditions, the Cocoon was tested on a variety of soils, climates, vegetation, and land uses. Six planting trials were performed in Spain and Greece, which covered a range from humid to arid climates. With the objective of studying its functionality, the survival of the seedlings, their vigor, and growth were monitored for 2 years. Compared with conventional planting systems, the Cocoon has effectively increased seedling survival, especially under dry growing conditions (low rainfall, soils with low water holding capacity). The Cocoon also allowed for higher growth of some species (olive trees, holm oaks, and Aleppo pines). Moreover, a positive correlation between the rainfall on the site and the biodegradation degree of the Cocoon device was observed. Overall, the Cocoon becomes more efficient in arid climates or adverse growing conditions.

The dataset provides information on Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) detected in the Albufera Natural Park (Valencia, Spain), a typical Mediterranean coastal wetland. These PPCPs constitute an important group of organic pollutants highly representative of the human impact. The concentrations values measured in soil, sediment and water and the statistical relationship of contaminants between them and with the environmental parameters could help to understand their fate in different compartments. The data also reported the occurrence and removal efficiency (%) for each contaminant in ten wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), located in the surrounding area. This dataset could provide an idea on the effectiveness of WWTP treatments and the capacity of released PPCPs to affect the ecosystem. The extraction of analytes was based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) for water and solvent extraction followed by the previous SPE as clean-up for soil and sediment. Determination was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) with a triple-quadrupole. The present dataset was analyzed within the article entitled: "Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a Mediterranean coastal wetland: Impact of anthropogenic and spatial factors and environmental risk assessment"[1].

In the light of the current climate crisis, one of the most serious ecological threats is the increase of desertification. In this context, restoration projects are necessary for reverting land degradation, and nature-based solutions could help them. The Cocoon™ has been designed as a new ecotechnology for improving seedling establishment. The Cocoon consists of a donut-shaped container made out of recycled cardboard that provides water and shelter to the seedling, at least during its first year, which is the most critical for plant establishment. The Cocoon was tested on a variety of soils, Mediterranean mesoclimates, vegetation and land uses that allowed testing the effectiveness of this ecotechnology under different conditions. Six planting trials, five of them in Spain (Canary Islands, Almería, Catalonia and two in Valencia), and one in Ptolemais (Greece), were performed. With the objective of studying its functionality, the survival of the seedlings, their vigor and growth were monitored along two years. In general, the Cocoon has proven its effectiveness by increasing seedling survival compared to the conventional planting system, especially under dry growing conditions (low rainfall, soils with low water holding capacity). The Cocoon also allowed for higher growth of some species (olive trees, olm oaks and Aleppo pines). Moreover, a positive correlation between the rainfall on the site and the degradation degree of the Cocoon device was observed. Overall, the Cocoon becomes more efficient the more arid the climate or the more difficult the growing conditions are.

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology is currently a reliable and complementary tool to methodologies based on traditional indicators for the control of various substances such as drugs. Although several European countries use it as a working tool for the monitoring of drugs of abuse, in Spain its use is mainly limited to studies carried out by different research groups, as described in the case study used as an example in the article. However, the potential of the methodology has been demonstrated in the scientific studies carried out both at the Spanish and international level and, although more studies are necessary to get to know its full potential, it is expected that it could be incorporated as a complementary work tool to those that are usually used. In this sense, the Red Espanola de Analisis de Aguas Residuales (ESAR-Net), created in 2017 and formed by different Spanish research groups, aims to contribute to the knowledge and application of this methodology in Spain through scientific and outreach activities.

Trabajo presentado en II Workshop Grupo SolinDrugs, celebrado en modalidad virtual del 17 al 18 de diciembre de 2020.

Resumen del trabajo presentado en el SETAC Europe 30th Annual Meeting, celebrado en modalidad virtual del 3 al 7 de mayo de 2020.