This article presents an empirical analysis of the housing costs of Austrian households and the resulting financial burden for homeowners and renters. On average homeowners have significantly higher incomes than households that rent their main residence. In addition, the housing costs for homeowners are also lower in absolute terms, even if a current loan is still being paid off. Thus, the relative housing cost burden as a share of disposable income is much lower for homeowners than for renters. Consequently, the inclusion of housing costs leads to an increased inequality of disposable income (after deducting housing costs). The data also show that subsidized tenants have a comparatively lower housing cost burden than non-subsidized tenants. This finding is also confirmed by econometric exercises, which further show that housing costs represent an above-average burden for young households, singles and especially single parents. Housing policy measures designed to reduce the burden of the households most affected by high housing costs should therefore primarily focus on supporting renters.

Analysis of FDI restructuring/development implications for CEECs have been so far exclusively focused on the host country perspective, i.e. on what are the restructuring/development implications of inward FDI for economies in transition. Our focus here is different. We are interested in what are parent company/home country implications of outward FDI from economies in transition. In doing so, we will concentrate on trade and competitiveness effects, and employment effects, which are the most frequently mentioned and analyzed restructuring/development implications of outward FDI in general. 1 A specific question, which is in the focus of our interest, is whether there are any (significant) differences in parent companies' implications between direct and indirect outward FDI from CEECs. Direct investors from a particular country are defined as domestically owned firms from that country, while indirect investors are themselves affiliates of foreign parents, located outside a particular country (see also Altziner et al., Chapter 12).

FDI is not a one way road. Every outward FDI of a home country resembles an inward FDI from the viewpoint of the host country. While the previous chapters focus on those CEECs which are the major home countries of outward FDI the present chapter presents the mirror image, namely the host country perspective.

This chapter examines the intergenerational socio-economic mobility of immigrants' offspring in Austria, and shows how the transmission from parents to their children differs between native parents and immigrant parents. The analysis focuses on children of Yugoslav and Turkish descent, since these two groups comprise the largest set of immigrants' children in Austria. Besides offering information on the main characteristics of the Austrian immigration system and some historical and institutional information, it presents empirical findings on the educational attainment of immigrants' offspring using EU-SILC data. The Austrian preschool system is identified in view of its strong relevance in determining one's educational path, and results are presented on the role parents' education plays in deciding which education route the children are likely to take. A concluding section summarises the three strongly interlinked "dividing lines" that greatly hinder the upward mobility of the native children of immigrants, and notes a striking contrast between those of Yugoslav and Turkish descent.

The persistence of socioeconomic outcomes across generations acts as a barrier to a society's ability to exploit its resources efficiently. In order to derive policy measures which aim at accelerating intergenerational mobility, we review the existent body of research on the causes, effects and the measurement of intergenerational mobility. We also present recent empirical works which study intergenerational mobility in Europe, around the globe, and its relevance for economic growth. We recommend four policy measures to reduce the negative impacts of intergenerational persistence in economic outcomes: universal and high-quality child care and pre-school programmes; later school tracking and increased access to vocational training to reduce skill mismatch and facilitate technological development; integration programmes for migrants; and simultaneous investment in schooling and later social security programmes.

We employ 2011 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey data for Austria to perform uni- and multivariate econometric analyses to study the role of gender and migration background (MB) in intergenerational educational mobility. We find that there is more persistence in the educational attainment of girls relative to their parents than there is for boys. Migrant men are the most mobile group, and migrant women are the least mobile, showing the importance of conducting an analysis which looks at the intersections of MB and gender in social and economic outcomes.

Primarily using data from the 2010 European Social Survey, we analyze intergenerational educational persistence in 20 European countries, studying cross-country and cross-cluster differences; changes in the degree of intergenerational persistence over time; and the role of gender in determining educational persistence across generations. We find that persistence is highest in the Southern and Eastern European countries, and lowest in the Nordic countries. While persistence in the Nordic and Southern countries has declined over time, it has remained relatively steady in the rest of Europe. Our analysis highlights the importance of a detailed gender analysis in studying intergenerational persistence, finding that mothers’ education is a stronger determinant of daughters’ (instead of sons’) education and fathers’ education a stronger determinant of the education of their sons. For most clusters, declines in intergenerational persistence over time are largely driven by increasing mobility for younger women.

2014 annual conference on the topic of ''Economics of Inequality''.At that time both the OECD and the IMF had already published numerous research papers on the issue of economic inequality.However, Thomas Piketty's bestseller ''Capital in the 21st Century'' had only been published in French.In March 2014, when the English version of Piketty's book was published, the deadline for submissions to the conference was already over.Still, the organizers received more submissions to the conference than ever before.What is the reason for the enormous interest in inequality?In one of his most influential papers on inequality, Sir Anthony B. Atkinson (1997) called for ''Bringing income distribution in from the cold''.Since the beginning of the new century, this ''call'' has been rather successful.In particular, a group of economists around A.

There is a wide variety of drivers for business process modelling initiatives, reaching from organisational redesign to the development of information systems. Consequently, a common business process is often captured in multiple models that overlap in content due to serving different purposes. Business process management aims at flexible adaptation to changing business needs. Hence, changes of business processes occur frequently and have to be incorporated in the respective process models. Once a process model is changed, related process models have to be updated accordingly, despite the fact that those process models may only be loosely coupled. In this article, we introduce an approach that supports change propagation between related process models. Given a change in one process model, we leverage the behavioural abstraction of behavioural profiles for corresponding activities in order to determine a change region in another model. Our approach is able to cope with changes in pairs of models that are not related by hierarchical refinement and show behavioural inconsistencies. We evaluate the applicability of our approach with two real-world process model collections. To this end, we either deduce change operations from different model revisions or rely on synthetic change operations.

Primarily using data from the 2010 European Social Survey, we analyze intergenerational educational persistence in 20 European countries, studying cross-country and cross-cluster differences in intergenerational mobility; the role of gender in determining educational persistence across generations; and changes in the degree of intergenerational persistence over time. We find that persistence is highest in the Southern and Eastern European countries, and lowest in the Nordic countries. While intergenerational persistence in the Nordic and Southern countries has declined over time, it has remained relatively steady in the rest of Europe. Further, we find evidence of differences in intergenerational persistence by gender, with mothers' education being a stronger determinant of daughters' (instead of sons') education and fathers' education a stronger determinant of the education of their sons. Finally we see that for most clusters differences over time are largely driven by increasing mobility for younger women. (authors' abstract)

Dieser Artikel befasst sich mithilfe von Daten aus dem EU-SILC 2005 mit intergenerationeller (Einkommens-)Mobilität in Österreich und ausgewählten Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Union. Anhand einer ökonometrischen Untersuchung wird der Zusammenhang zwischen der finanziellen Situation der Elterngeneration und dem Einkommen der Kindergeneration erörtert. Die Daten legen substantielle Unterschiede in Bezug auf intergenerationelle Persistenzen in verschiedenen Europäischen Wohlfahrtsregime offen und zeigen, dass vor allem in den nordeuropäischen Ländern eine ausgeprägtere Mobilität als in den kontinentaleuropäischen Vergleichsstaaten (inkl. Österreich) zu beobachten ist.

Der Beitrag untersucht mit Daten der EU-SILC-Befragung 2011 die soziale Mobilitat von Bildung und der okonomischen Situation uber zwei Generationen in Osterreich. Die Auswertung erfolgt dabei hinsichtlich Geschlecht, Alter und Migrationshintergrund. Hierbei zeigt sich generell eine relativ hohe Persistenz, welche an den beiden Randern der Einkommensverteilung besonders ausgepragt ist. Immobilitat ist bei der Bildung starker ausgepragt als bei der okonomischen Situation. Bei Personen mit Migrationshintergrund ist die Bildungspersistenz besonders stark. Die Ergebnisse zeigen daruber hinaus, dass dem Besuch einer vorschulischen Erziehungs- und Bildungseinrichtung grose Bedeutung fur die weiteren Bildungsund Erwerbskarrieren zukommt. (authors' abstract)