Hybrid Multigeneration energy systems can play a key role in supporting sustainable development in densely populated and resource-constrained regions such as the Gaza Strip (GS). This study proposes an integrated wind-hydrogen-desalination system comprising a 1000 MW wind farm, 750 MW electrolyzer, 338 MW fuel cell, 5,617 m(3) hydrogen storage tank, 17.78 MW compressor (7.8 t H-2/h at 100 MPa), and 235 kW reverse osmosis desalination unit (84 t/h). The system is capable of covering an annual electricity deficit of 241,852 MWh while producing hydrogen equivalent to 2,222,747 MWh for transport applications. Economic analysis shows total capital investment is $3.345 billion, a positive net Present Value (NPV) of $152.27 million, and payback time money (PBTM) of 9.07 years. The levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) were estimated at $0.124/kWh and $3.726/kg, respectively, rising to $0.146/kWh and $4.872/kg when social and environmental externalities are included. Environmentally, the system could reduce similar to 777,732 tons of CO2 emission annually, generating an estimated environmental benefit of $54.44 million/year. The findings demonstrate that integrated renewable energy and hydrogen systems can provide a technically feasible and environmentally sustainable solution for energy, fuel, and water security in Gaza and similar regions.

The Gaza Strip suffers from chronic electricity shortages, fossil fuel dependence, and severe air pollution. This study demonstrates the feasibility of coupling photovoltaic (PV) generation with proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis to produce green hydrogen production aimed at low-carbon transportation. Three grid-connected PV systems (10, 50, and 100 kW) were simulated using local solar irradiation data (5-6 kWh m-2 day-1) to evaluate electricity yield, hydrogen output, and CO2 mitigation. The proposed system can produce significant amounts of hydrogen annually, reaching 260.68 kg, 1315.60 kg, and 2631.2 kg for the 10 kW, 50 kW, and 100 kW systems, respectively. The results also indicate a substantial reduction in CO2 emissions due to the use of solar energy, with annual savings of 3129 kg, 15,788 kg, and 31,347 kg for the 10 kW, 50 kW, and 100 kW systems, respectively. The produced hydrogen powers fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), eliminating tailpipe CO2 emissions-contrasting with 16.1 and 13.9 kg CO2 per 100 km from diesel and gasoline vehicles, respectively. Results confirm that solar-driven hydrogen is technically viable and environmentally advantageous for Gaza, offering substantial emission reductions and energy security gains. Remaining challenges include high capital costs, infrastructure needs, and workforce readiness. Strategic investments, efficiency improvements, and targeted policy incentives are recommended to accelerate deployment and align with global decarbonization goals.

This research aims to harness wind energy to generate power and green hydrogen as a fuel for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The wind‐generated power is divided into two parts: one alleviates Gaza's electrical need, and the other is used to produce hydrogen. The study assesses various wind turbine options, calculates electricity and hydrogen production potential, and quantifies CO 2 emission reductions compared to fossil fuel alternatives. The results shown that the lowest levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) are found to be $0.0696/kWh and $4.8/kg, respectively. The lowest levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) delivered, including transportation expenses, has a value of 5.15 $ kg −1 of H 2 . Furthermore, the results reveal that employing a Siemens SWT‐2.3‐93 turbine, which provides an annual energy output of 3910.288 MWh, may cut CO 2 emissions by up to 1071.81 tons if replacing power plants that use fuel oil and 735.134 tons if replacing those that use natural gas. Finally, a comparison of hydrogen fuel cell cars to gasoline and diesel vehicles reveal that 1 kg of hydrogen fuel cells generate 4.85 and 4.45 times more energy than 1 kg of gasoline and diesel, respectively. The findings may be valuable for decision‐makers in the surrounding countries with energy challenges.

Gaza Strip faces continuous electricity shortages, high dependence on imported energy, and increasing environmental pressures from fossil-fuel-based power generation, which is mostly imported and controlled by Israel. This study evaluates the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of an integrated photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy system for domestic power generation and CO2 emissions reduction under Gaza's local climatic conditions and location. Solar irradiance and wind-speed profiles were used to estimate the annual energy output of standalone PV, standalone wind, and combined hybrid configurations. The results show that a 3-kW wind system can generate approximately 5089 kWh/year, while a 3 kW PV system can generate approximately 4736 kWh/year. The combined 6 kW hybrid PV-wind system produces approximately 9825 kWh/year, demonstrating the benefit of complementary solar and wind generation patterns for improving supply stability. The environmental assessment indicates that the hybrid system can avoid approximately 9.4 tCO2/year compared with diesel-based electricity generation, with separate contributions of 4.9 tCO2/year from the wind system and 4.5 tCO2/year from the PV system. The economic assessment shows simple payback periods of approximately 6.0 years for the PV system and 6.4 years for the wind system, indicating that both technologies are financially promising for decentralized domestic energy applications. Overall, the study's results suggested that integrated PV-wind systems can support energy security, reduce emissions, and provide a practical renewable-energy pathway for energy constrained regions such as the Gaza Strip.

The aim of this paper is to solve the issue related to manual traditional attendance tracking for university students. This can be realized throughout setting up a new attendance system using quick response (QR) code. The developed system saving time while collecting students attendance at universities. The system is easy to use through a programmed user interface to create interaction between the user, the computer and the database. The proposed system structure includes electronic elements, Peripheral Interface Controllers (PIC) and a camera as a QR reader. The PIC microcontroller and the QR reader are connected to the computer through Universal Serial Bus (USB). When a student presents the ID card in front of a QR reader, the student's data is scanned using the algorithm described in this paper. The scanned data is then sent to PIC microcontroller for comparison with database, if this student is registered in that section, attendance records for that student are stored in database. Testing results of the developed system showed that the system satisfactory operated, saves time and reduces errors level.

Natural resources are considered as a promising and reliable source of energy to use in Palestine, especially in Gaza Strip, which has a great lack of infrastructure and energy resources needed to meet the energy demand. Recently, this issue has gained more interest because of the increase in the electricity resources. This study focuses on a technical and economic analysis for a potential energy method for the generation of methane gas (waste-to-energy, WTE). It mainly focuses on taking Gaza Strip as case study. Four different WTE methods were investigated and analyzed from technical and economic viewpoints in order to determine the best-case study to use in Gaza. The results underscore the significant potential of WTE technologies as a viable solution to alleviate energy shortages in Gaza. Incineration emerged as the most effective method for daily energy generation, producing approximately 565.554 MWh per day, followed by gasification, which generates around 291.176 MWh daily. A combined approach of incinerating combustible waste and using anaerobic digestion for organic waste could yield up to 800.853 MWh per day, offering a promising path to meeting the region's energy needs. The recommendations for WTE adoption are provided for policymakers for implementation of appropriate WTE technology considering the highlighted technical, environmental and economic issues to ensure energy security in Gaza, Palestine.

This study represents a significant effort towards ensuring Libya’s adherence to its international commitments under the Paris Agreement, aimed at mitigating the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions on ecosystems and curbing environmental degradation. As a signatory to this global accord, Libya is required to engage in initiatives that address climate change. The primary objective of this research is to estimate the quantities of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from electrical power generation facilities in Libya, as well as to estimate the associated environmental damage costs. This study distinguishes itself from prior research through its reliance on empirical data collected from pollution monitoring stations and performance control systems at power generation plants, thereby offering a comprehensive assessment across all generation technologies and fuel types employed in Libya’s energy sector. By determining the CO₂ emission factor at 0.857 kg CO₂/kWh, the study provides accurate emission rates through various metrics, thereby maximizing the scientific and practical benefits of the research. Furthermore, the results are benchmarked against emission inventories published by environmental organizations such as the IPCC and IEA, and compared to the performance standards set by the UNFCCC. This comparison supports technical and environmental performance evaluations, fostering competition in the energy market for cleaner, renewable energy sources. It offers policymakers valuable insights for implementing legal frameworks that facilitate a swift transition to sustainable and clean electricity generation.

Improving the quality of the produced artwork would require the development of computer numerical control (CNC) technology for various wood shaping processes. This paper presents the development and implementation of a CNC wood carving machine. This project aims to produce wood carvings with high precision and low cost. The electronic components were selected, the mechanical frame of the machine was built, and all parts of the machine were assembled and installed. The presented wood carving machine is based on the principle of drawing the desired shape, translating it into G-code, and then sending it to the microcontroller program. The microcontroller sends instructions to the CNC shield, which drives three stepper motors in a synchronized manner in order to produce the desired carving model. The maximum workpiece of the caving machine designed to be 30x30 cm. Experiments were conducted to test the functionality of the proposed CNC wood carving machine. The results showed that the carved models created by this machine had a carving precision range from ±0.1 to ±0.15 mm and a carving speed of approximately 500 rpm. The proposed CNC can be used to produce low-cost artisanal woodwork applications.

ABSTRACT The growing demand for energy in developing societies, coupled with dwindling conventional resources, necessitates the adoption of renewable energy (RE) sources. A comprehensive understanding of these sources and their optimal utilization is crucial. The awareness of the users plays a very important role in the effective utilization of different energy sources. Hence, this study examines the level of RE awareness in Palestine, identifying factors influencing public perception and exploring potential strategies for promoting RE adoption. This awareness depends on different factors related to the users' education level, community type, and type of building. Different factors that affect the willingness and attitude to gain knowledge about RE are presented. In addition, various practices highlighting the increasing level of awareness regarding the adoption of RE sources are investigated. In addition, the status of RE education and its potential impact on engineers have also been discussed. Various individual and institutional efforts are highlighted in the study as strategies to bridge the gap and overcome obstacles to adopting RE sources. Suggestions for better use of these resources have been highlighted. Thereafter, recommendations for effective RE implementation in Palestine are analyzed and conclusions are drawn. The main challenges in integrating RE into Palestine's existing energy grid and system include infrastructure limitations, resources and financial constraints, and political issues. Still, there are possibilities in the form of international collaboration and investment. A flexible and modular RE grid could also address some of these challenges by integrating small‐scale systems that can be scaled up as needed.

This study presents a comprehensive framework for Libya's transition to a green economy, focusing on reducing carbon emissions from energy generation through carbon capture, sequestration and storage, renewable integration and other sustainable policies. Our technical, economic and environmental assessment indicates that Libya can achieve netzero carbon emissions by 2065, with renewable energy accounting for about 81% of the national energy mix by 2055. The implementation approach prioritizes projects based on the condition and remaining lifespan of current power plants. Four steam stations (1,240 MW) are set to be decommissioned and replaced with renewable power fields and afforestation, while two stations (2,355 MW) with less than a decade of operational life are unsuitable for solar fuel conversion, leaving natural gas, carbon capture, wind energy, and afforestation as the preferred pathways. For the remaining 11 stations (5,392 MW), a combination of natural gas conversion, carbon capture, renewable expansion, and afforestation will be implemented concurrently, with additional clean generating facilities introduced separately. The transition plan in the electricity sector involves an estimated $40.6 billion in investment, with yearly operational expenses of roughly $165 million. Renewable energy deployment comprises solar PV, concentrated solar power, wind farms, marine energy, and geothermal facilities, all intended to replace old units and meet future demand. Pilot projects like the Brack hybrid renewable station demonstrate that complete energy coverage may be achieved while lowering dependency on fossil fuels and CO2 emissions. Furthermore, largescale afforestation initiatives will help to reduce carbon emissions and ensure further environmental benefits, with return on investment through the sale of CO2 credits commencing within the first few years. Collectively, these policies provide a realistic route for Libya to develop a sustainable, diverse, and lowcarbon power industry.

Nowadays, ensuring the comfort and safety of house users is a top priority, and this may be accomplished by implementing smart technology to lead a convenient and safe life. Leakage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which is mostly utilized in the home kitchen for cooking, is one of the frequent risks. Using a gas sensing device, a gas control system, and wireless communication units, the goal of this study is to create an LPG gas leakage warning and management system to prevent the gas from exploding by detecting the leak. When LPG gas is brought near the sensor, it detects the leakage and the buzzer is activated by activating the audio-visual alarm and closing the gas cylinder valve. The system also generates alert messages and sends them to the fire station when the LPG gas leakage has reached a critical level. Testing results of the proposed LPG leakage system show a satisfactory performance of the developed device with a quick response to LPG gas leakage. In addition, powerful audio and visual alarms are activated. An immediate message was sent to homeowners and the fire station department regarding the leakage incident to prevent the risk of gas leakage.

Robots are important in preventing hazards. This paper presents the construction and testing of a mobile robot equipped with a sensor-based glove for firefighting and rescue operations. The main idea is based on the ability to control the mobile robot through the movement of a gloved hand. The glove circuit is connected to the robot circuit through Bluetooth. The MPU6050 gyroscope sensor detects the movement of a gloved hand and sends the direction of the hand’s inclination to the microcontroller, which in turn uses this information to direct the mobile robot’ movement in the desired direction. Experiments were conducted to test the mobile robot and its control system. Results showed that the robot prototype works effectively with satisfactory response to the intended direction of robot movement. An increase in safety level and a reduction in firefighting risks were also observed. The proposed robot can assist effectively in rescue operations, creating opportunities for future improvements.

This study critically examines the feasibility of wind turbines in addressing electricity shortages in the coastal region of Palestine. Assessing technical, economic, and environmental aspects offers vital insights for sustainable energy solutions. Hence, 10 turbines with different rated powers were selected to determine the optimal and economically viable solution. Wind velocities were assessed at altitudes of 10, 65, and 80 m. Various performance indicators such as wind power density, capacity factor (Cf), f ), anticipated energy yield, cost of wind- generated electricity, benefit-cost ratio (BCR), BCR ), and simple payback period were examined. The findings indicate that the Siemens SWT-2.3-93 turbine yields an annual energy production of 3910.3 MWh. The LagerweyLW58/750 turbine boasts the highest capacity factor at 20.5 % making it the most cost-effective option with generation costs of $0.0604/kWh to $0.0825/kWh. It exhibited the highest benefit-cost ratio, ranging from 1.287 to 1.758, and payback period of 6.33 years. Consequently, the Lagerwey-LW58/750 turbine emerges as the optimal choice for implementing the wind power plant project in Palestine's coastal region. The use of wind turbines to generate electricity leads to 3323.75 ton/year of emissions reduction. This research provides crucial insights for decision-makers aiming to tackle electricity shortages and enhance environmental sustainability in Palestine's energy sector.

The study focuses on the transition from conventional energy sources to sustainable renewable energy (RE) in Palestine, particularly in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The research aims to understand the relationship between key factors and residents' willingness to invest in the RE sector, with a specific focus on the impact of education. Using the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, the study analyzes data from 400 residents through a questionnaire and employs ordinary least-squares regression analysis with Eviews 12. The key findings indicate that residents' inclination to invest in RE is significantly influenced by factors such as resource availability, knowledge level and power outages. Moreover, the study suggests that educated residents are more likely to invest in RE when factors such as knowledge, effort expectation, enabling conditions and resource availability are relatively high. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of policymakers' allocating sufficient funds to research and development to promote technological innovation in RE sources, thereby enhancing the population's energy efficiency. The study focuses on the transition from conventional energy to sustainable renewable energy in Palestine, particularly in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, to understand the relationship between key factors and residents' willingness to invest in the RE sector, with a specific focus on the impact of education. Graphical Abstract

Due to their efficiency and adaptability, automated applications are consistently gaining popularity around the world. Robotics and their applications as used in a variety of commonplace industries, such as medical applications, require a high level of precision and accuracy. This can be achieved by utilizing automated applications. In this work, the development and design of a regulated injection pump is detailed. The developed prototype is a type of robot that can be utilized in hospitals and other medical facilities. The proposed design is used to pump specific liquid volumes as specified by the user. During liquid pumping, both the fluid’s volume and velocity can be manipulated. Implementation of the proposed system required the development of a complete mechanical system and a controller. The proposed system was implemented successfully, and its operation was deemed satisfactory. According to the results, the accuracy of the system was also satisfactory. Using a flow sensor, the reference value and the measured value acquired from the designed device were compared. Compared to similar devices, the proposed system demonstrated exceptional precision, with an average error rate of less than 1.5%. The proposed model has the advantages of using a commercially available injection syringe and being significantly less expensive than similar devices on the market.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the most well-known biomass resources that can be utilized to produce renewable energy. Numerous countries are plagued by the proliferation of waste, particularly organic waste that can be utilized for energy recovery. Palestine suffers from inefficient solid waste management, and only recently have a few projects focused on bioenergy production been implemented. Throughout the years, the city of Tulkarm experiences power outages which cause a challenge to the Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie campus in Tulkarm. Thus, the possibility of energy recovery from the organic portion in Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie was evaluated. The analysis of an economic impact included discussions of a number of economic aspects, including Levelized cost of energy, internal rate of return, present worth, annual worth, and payback period. On the other hand, a carbon dioxide savings analysis and gas emission were evaluated. The outcomes of the energy optimization demonstrated that the suggested system could supply the institution with an average of roughly 7 MWh of electrical energy. According to the economic study, this project offers 0.25 million dollars in present value, 0.144 million dollars in annual value, a 13 percent internal rate of return, a payback period of 6 years, and a levelized cost of energy of 0.11 dollars for each kWh generated. Additionally, the environmental assessment revealed that this system might reduce CO2 emissions by around 8,343,778 tons. For effective waste management, energy recovery, and emission reduction, it is advised to implement anaerobic digestion technology.

Municipal solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most useful applications of renewable energy, supporting the market for renewable energy and assisting in environmental protection by reducing emissions. Sustainability is one of the key issues with solid waste management systems in developing countries, including Palestine. Waste-to-energy (WTE) technology is one of the greatest strategies for effectively managing solid waste. This study focuses mostly on waste management in Palestine's Tulkarm area. We conducted an evaluation of the potential of energy recovery from municipal solid waste through a number of approaches, such as incineration, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and landfilling. Additionally, the implications on the environment, human health, and economics were investigated. The results showed that anaerobic digestion recovered around 5156.15 kWh per day; whereas, incineration and gasification recovered about 40,986.60 and 14,663.88 kWh per day, respectively. The least recovered energy amount was roughly 3563.87 kWh per day, which was generated by landfilling technology. Additionally, the environmental analysis showed that anaerobic digestion could save around 48,362 tons of CO2 annually; meanwhile, incineration and gasification could save about 384,424 and 137,538 tons of CO2, respectively. The lowest quantity of emissions could be saved by landfilling, with about 33,427 tons saved yearly. The energy cost savings associated with each technology were also estimated. The results of the energy savings estimation showed that incineration had the highest saving of USD 4918.12; gasification and anaerobic digestion saved USD 1759.67 and USD 618.74, respectively. Whereas, landfilling had the lowest saving of about USD 427.66. A careful analysis of all aspects related to each technology, in comparison to the available waste treatment techniques, was carried out to propose a solution to cover the energy deficit in Tulkarm as a primary goal. Anaerobic digestion was found to be more environmentally advantageous and economically feasible and thus can be recommended to decision-makers and investors.

Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) and energy constraints are the most pressing issues for Palestine's sustainable development and environmental protection. Palestinians are harmed by the environmental and health risks associated with the dumpsite. In addition to imported electricity, natural gas and crude oil are also used to generate electricity in Palestine. This study aimed to assess the viability of recovering energy from MSW through various processes, such as anaerobic digestion, incineration, and gasification. Consequently, this study investigates the viability of recovering and utilizing landfill gas. In addition, the potential advantages of four types of energy generation technologies, namely incineration, gasification, landfilling, and anaerobic digestion, are evaluated. According to the findings, gasification and landfilling recovered about 1,027.5 and 634.1MWh per day, respectively, and incineration recovered about 1,772MWh per day on average. Anaerobic digestion produced the least amount, at about 345.5 MWh per day. Additionally, the environmental assessment revealed that gasification and incineration only produce about 5,240,042.1 and 10,143,446.5 tons of CO2 per year, respectively, while landfilling produces about 10,143,446.5 tons of emissions annually. Anaerobic digestion produces the least amount emissions, about 3,234,444.5 tons annually. As a result, the perfect scenario for generating energy includes both anaerobic digestion and incineration.

Gaza has been suffering from a major crisis in the energy sector, and there is a need to adopt sustainable sources of renewable energy such as wind energy to meet the growing energy needs. This study focuses on wind energy harvesting potential as a renewable, clean source of energy in the Gaza Strip for a sustainable economy and environmental conservation. Three-blade horizontal turbines were tested with rotor diameters of 4.4, 3.8, and 3.2 m. The effect of the wind speed and the rotor diameter on the tip speed ratio (TSR), the power factor (Cp), and the turbine produced power were investigated. The result showed that annual energy of 4851.87, 3618.85, and 2566.28 kWh achieved at rotor diameters of 4.4, 3.8, and 3.2 m, respectively. The result also exposed that the total saving per year is equal to $824.8, $615.2, and $436.3 at rotor diameters of 4.4, 3.8, and 3.2 m, respectively. The payback periods of a turbine with 4.4 m rotor diameter were 8.3 years. Also, using a turbine with a rotor diameter of 4.4 m can reduce 4124 kg/yr of CO2 emissions. It is recommended to encourage the private sector to invest in wind energy in Gaza to ensure economic growth and environmental sustainability.