The growing demand for high-performance batteries in electric vehicles, energy storage, and other fields has led to a significant increase in the use of solvents in the traditional wet process. This practice has been associated with environmental pollution and safety hazards, as well as increased energy consumption and costs. The dry electrode process, by contrast, eliminates the use of solvents, aligning with the industry's shift towards environmentally sustainable practices, enhanced efficiency, and cost reduction. This approach fosters the development of green manufacturing methodologies. This study focuses on the evolution law of the particles of positive composite powder during dry processing. Through simulation analysis and experimental means, we explored the optimization method of process parameters and experimentally verified the optimized parameters. We then investigated the characteristics of the powder particles, followed by analyzing the evolution mechanism of the composite particles during processing. For the ternary positive material NCM811 (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.102) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composite powder, a multi-stage roll pressing process was adopted to model NCM811 and PTFE using the Drucker-Prager model and Maxwell viscoelastic model, respectively. The multi-particle finite element analysis (MPFEM) and the particle properties of the composite powders were used to measure key parameters such as local stress and relaxation curves of the particles under high temperature conditions. This provided a basis for the construction of the simulation model. The simulation model was determined according to the material parameters and experimental conditions, and a series of particle size ratios was established to simulate the local stress of the particles and the particle motion mechanism of the composite powder under different velocity differences. The model was utilized to guide the experimental process, and its accuracy and feasibility were validated through the analysis of compaction density and other pertinent parameters.

The bonding strengths, microscopic characteristics and fracture properties of borosilicate glass-to-SA105 carbon steel seals were investigated, and two different glass-to-metal bonding mechanisms were compared. First, a mechanical interlocking mechanism was found via precipitates formed from chemical reactions at the interface of the seal bonded to unoxidized SA105 carbon steel. Second, a transitional layer mechanism was proven by the dissolution of metal oxides, which was on the surface of preoxidized SA105 carbon steel, into the glass. The bonding strength results showed that both mechanisms effectively contributed to the joining of dissimilar phases, but the effect of the latter mechanism was more prominent than that of the former mechanism. Various microstructures and chemical compositions of the surface oxide scales were obtained by applying different preoxidation conditions to SA105 carbon steel. Additionally, different sealing interfaces were reported through this process. The width of the interfacial transitional layer ranged from 0.5 μm to 1.5 μm, and the strength of the seal was closely related to this width. The sealing of SA105 carbon steel that was preoxidized at 800 °C for 30 min with a moderate width of the transitional layer had an optimal shear strength of 25.4 MPa. However, a wide transitional layer composed of the remaining oxide scales deteriorated the strength of the seal. In addition, fracture analysis of the seals after the shear test was conducted, and the intrinsic correlations between the macroscopic shear strength and microscopic bonding mechanism were established. The present work should provide a reference for the characterization of bonding strength in joining dissimilar materials.

Although lithium-ion batteries offer significant potential in a wide variety of applications, they also present safety risks that can harm the battery system and lead to serious consequences. To ensure safer operation, it is crucial to develop a mechanism for assessing battery health and estimating remaining service life, enabling timely decisions on replacement or removal. For this purpose, this paper develops a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network model with a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) layer to predict the state of charge (SOC) of Li-ion batteries. The model consists of three core modules: data processing module, neural network module and analysis plotting module. In contrast to the traditional three-characteristic input model of voltage, current, and battery temperature, this paper pioneers the addition of a new characteristic: the number of charge/discharge cycles to enrich the feature engineering of SOC prediction. In addition, our proposed model utilizes the metric of Mean Square Error (MSE) as the loss function, which is very stable for the scenario of SOC prediction. By processing the dataset and introducing a new application scenario, the accuracy of the SOC prediction has substantially increased. The average SOC forecast error is as low as 0.2% using the aforementioned four input features for a double-layer LSTM and double-layer MLP model, regardless of the level of battery aging.

Glass matrix composites (GMCs) have better mechanical properties than glass, which is beneficial for applications as sealants. This application scenario requires the GMCs sealants to withstand extreme service conditions for extended periods of time. In this study, a borosilicate glass as the matrix was filled with Al2O3 nanoparticles to prepare the GMCs through powder technology, and the effects of Al2O3 nanoparticles on the phase composition, thermal behavior, coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), microstructure, wettability, viscosity and mechanical properties were systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and thermal analysis results revealed that the Al2O3 particles, which were thermodynamically stable in the borosilicate glass after heat treatment, could be considered as rigid inclusions. As the mass fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles increased, the CTEs of the GMCs and the wettability to metal surfaces gradually decreased, and an increasing viscosity was also observed with the addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles, which was attributed to the inhibition effect of the Al2O3 nanoparticles on glass viscous flow and apparently contributed to the residual voids. The mechanical properties of the heat-treated GMCs were enhanced by the Al2O3 nanoparticles but limited by structural defects such as residual voids and swollen bubbles, especially when the mass fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles was large. The results thus demonstrate that an increased heat treatment temperature was expected to reduce the viscosity of the melts and promote the elimination of residual voids, but will inevitably cause the undesired bubble growth at the same time. Therefore, the content of Al2O3 nanoparticles in the glass matrix should be limited to a certain extent to ensure that the reinforcements can fully exert their strengthening effect.

Unveiling the role of environmental temperature in the overall response of lithium-ion batteries under mechanical abuse and the underlying mechanism is necessary for comprehensively assessing crash safety of electric cars. In this study, both fresh samples and aged samples of a pouch-type battery cell are subjected to hemispherical indentation test at five different temperatures. Mechanical-electrical-thermal responses of all the cases are analyzed and compared. The mechanical response data indicate that higher temperature tends to lower the stiffness and the peak force of the cell under indentation. Component level tests focusing on tensile and compression behavior of electrodes are carried out to help understanding the dominant mechanism. Regarding electrochemical activity of electrodes, an argon-protected testing method is developed to keep the electrode samples from air exposure so as to inspect the mechanical properties as close to the in situ state as possible. Analysis on the uniform compression and hemispherical indentation of the stacked anode samples reasonably addresses the temperature dependence of the cell level mechanical response. Besides, it can be concluded that coupling effect in the mechanical behavior is almost negligible for the two factors, i.e., the environmental temperature and the aging degree, no matter at cell level or component level.

Safety of lithium-ion batteries under mechanical loading poses a significant and urgent challenge in the Electric Vehicle (EV) industry. To assess the safety tolerance of the entire battery system, it is crucial to model the batteries subjected to mechanical abuse. The mechanical behavior of batteries is affected by temperature and aging, leading to substantial changes in the properties of active layers. Ignoring these factors may lead to an incomplete estimation of the batteries' mechanical response. This study examines the results of component tests conducted on batteries at various temperatures and states of health (SOH). The analysis reveals that the particle and adhesion aspects contribute independently to the temperature effect and the aging effect. By incorporating the mechanical interpretation of parameters in the Drucker-Prager Cap (DPC) model, a methodology for characterizing the mechanical properties of in-situ active coatings under different aging conditions and temperatures is introduced. Additionally, the formulation of temperature effects on batteries at different SOH levels is presented. The comparison between finite element (FE) simulations and component tests further confirms the validity of the engineering relationship.

A bottom-up highly efficient and accurate layered model for lithium-ion battery (LIB) pouch cells subjected to indentation and bending is developed in this study. Compared to homogenized and detailed models previously reported, this simplified layered model meets demands among accuracy, calculation efficiency and physical interpretability under external loading with a mixed compression-tension stress state, such as three-point bending in length and width direction and indentation with numerous indenter sizes. A calibration flowchart from battery components, jellyroll structure to whole battery cell revealed the contribution of each individual component and structural mechanical behaviors to the overall mechanical behavior. For the first time, our current results reported that apart from characterization of mechanical properties of battery components, the stiffening effect from sub-atmospheric pressure within the packaging materials and adhesive tapes on jellyroll mitigate delamination among layers. Thus, much improved structural integrity was allowed. In addition, the effect of state-of-charge (SOC) was integrated into the simplified model, by adding SOC hardening effect to negative current collectors. This model can capture mechanical responses of LIB cells under compression and compression-tension stress state under real-world crash scenarios, without excessive computation efforts.

Photoresponsive nucleic acids attract growing interest as functional constituents in materials science. Integration of photoisomerizable units into DNA strands provides an ideal handle for the reversible reconfiguration of nucleic acid architectures by light irradiation, triggering changes in the chemical and structural properties of the nanostructures that can be exploited in the development of photoresponsive functional devices such as machines, origami structures and ion channels, as well as environmentally adaptable 'smart' materials including nanoparticle aggregates and hydrogels. Moreover, photoresponsive DNA components allow control over the composition of dynamic supramolecular ensembles that mimic native networks. Beyond this, the modification of nucleic acids with photosensitizer functionality enables these biopolymers to act as scaffolds for spatial organization of electron transfer reactions mimicking natural photosynthesis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these exciting developments in the design of photoresponsive DNA materials, and showcases a range of applications in catalysis, sensing and drug delivery/release. The key challenges facing the development of the field in the coming years are addressed, and exciting emergent research directions are identified.

Integration of a photosynthetic network with an assimilation, metabolic network is the fundamental prerequisite to construct an “artificial leaf”. Nucleic acid-based constitutional dynamic networks provide the building modules to construct integrated, intercommunicated networks mimicking photosynthesis. Two constitutional dynamic networks composed each of four constituents provide the photosynthetic and metabolic networks. In the photosynthetic network, photoinduced electron transfer from the Zn(II)-protoporphyrin photosensitizer to a bipyridinium electron acceptor is activated, followed by the biocatalytic reduction of NADP + to NADPH, in analogy to photosystem I in native photosynthesis. In the metabolic network, the biocatalyzed-oxidation of lactate to pyruvate proceeds, followed by the metabolic transformation of pyruvate to L-alanine. The guided dynamic feedback-driven intercommunication of the networks is accomplished, leading to the function as an “artificial leaf”.

Al 2 O 3 -ZrO 2 microspheres were prepared by internal gelation method.The effects of Al 3+ on the stability of solution and performance of gel spheres were studied.Al 3+ had a great influence on the stability of the solutions,and the more of the amount of Al 3+ ,the shorter of the stabilization time.Because Al 3+ did not copolymerize with Zr 4+ during the sol-gel transformation,the strength of gel sphere added with Al 3+ was low and deformed easily as it was squeezed.The results of our experiments well verify Glasser team’s speculation and conclusions.At the same time,based on the experimental results,we prepared Al 2 O 3 -ZrO 2 composite microspheres with higher content of Al 2 O 3 by controlling the pH of the solution.The change curve of viscosity with time and the stabilization time of the solution with different Al 3+ dosage were given,which could provide references for industrial mass production.Samples without hydrothermal treatment cracked severely,while the samples hydrothermally treated kept structural integrity with no cracks after calcined.Al 2 O 3 -ZrO 2 microspheres with no segregation and phase separation were prepared and alumina evenly distributed in the zirconia matrix.When the content of Al 2 O 3 was low,the tetragonal phase was stable.And the cubic phase was obtained when the content of Al 2 O 3 was more.

采用搅拌共沉淀法,用表面活性剂CMC调控合成微米级CaCO3微球.利用SEM、粒径分布、N2吸附/脱附测试、微球表面 ζ 电势、TGA对所得CaCO3微球进行表征.探讨了CMC浓度、搅拌速率、搅拌时间对微球形貌的影响,优化制备工艺条件,搅拌速率2600 r·min-1(15 min),20℃静置60 min得CaCO3(n)微球粒径为1.5～2.5μm,平均孔径为30 nm,比表面积为7.03 m2·g-1,孔体积为0.09 cm3·g-1,表面电荷为+12.6 mV;在CMC质量浓度为0.5 g·L-1,搅拌速率2600 r·min-1(15 min),沉积温度20℃,沉积时间8 h,得CaCO3(CMC)微球中CMC量约为w=3.9％,粒径为3～5μm,平均孔径为3.84 nm,比表面积为44.0 m2·g-1,孔体积为0.07 cm3·g-1,表面电荷为-33.6 mV.结果表明,CMC的加入对CaCO3微球的形貌、微结构和表面电荷起到调控作用.

利用乳液聚合法制备分散性良好的聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)(PNIPAM)微凝胶,再以微凝胶为交联点制备PNIPAM水凝胶.分析微凝胶粒径、双键质量摩尔浓度对PNIPAM水凝胶溶胀度的影响,结果表明,水凝胶在25～50℃的溶胀度最大能达到4054.35％.分别采用原位包裹和后包裹法制备了载药水凝胶,体外释放结果表明,水凝胶的结构和载药方式对释药行为有影响,其中含原位包裹微凝胶的载药水凝胶缓释效果最好.

通气组织(aerenchyma)是植物薄壁组织内一些气室或腔隙的集合,对于水生及湿地植物体内的气体运输至关重要.该实验以沉水植物穿叶眼子菜为材料,利用石蜡切片技术,通过对茎的纵切面及横切面结构进行观察,从时间和空间上分析其茎、叶通气组织的发生过程.结果表明:(1)穿叶眼子菜的茎结构包括表皮、皮层及维管柱,通气组织发达,存在于内皮层与表皮之间;茎通气组织由距茎尖约0.6 mm处开始形成,并成熟于约2.4 mm处.(2)穿叶眼子菜的叶由表皮、皮层薄壁细胞及维管柱组成,其通气组织形成于靠近茎尖的第2～3片新生叶且仅形成于主叶脉.(3)穿叶眼子菜的茎和叶通气组织的发育过程相似,起初为排列致密的细胞团,然后由皮层细胞的分裂产生小的细胞间隙,随后的腔隙膨大过程涉及细胞的生长分裂及细胞降解,最终形成发达的通气组织.(4)穿叶眼子菜的通气组织发育过程可划分为实心期、形成期、膨大期、成熟期四个时期;不同时期茎通气组织的发达程度差异很大,实心期、形成期、膨大期和成熟期的孔隙度分别为0.54％、10.90％、27.61％和57.58％;但节处通气组织不发达,成熟期的节处孔隙度仅为3.62％.

TNAs (Titanium dioxide nanotube arrays) were synthesized by electrochemical anodization and these TNAs were annealed in different gas atmosphere such as argon, air, hydrogen and nitrogen. This annealing in different atmosphere brought variation in crystallite size (27 ~ 33 nm), which influences on electrochemical properties. The specific capacity of Ar, Air, N2 and H2-annealed TNAs was around ~165, 185, 177 and 190 mAh g, respectively. The crystallite size of anatase TNAs seemed to be responsible for the change in lithium storage capacity, indicating that structural changes of TNAs were playing major role in electrochemical properties.

Titanium dioxide nanotube arrays (TNAs) were fabricated via anodic ionization. Porous MoO 3 was grafted on TNAs with the help of hydrothermal method. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction was utilized for the confirmation of one dimensional morphology and phase identification. The porous MoO 3 nanoflake-grafted TNAs (MoO 3 /TNAs) electrode was used as anode material in lithium ion battery (LIB) and it was found that the areal specific capacity of MoO 3 /TNAs (~797 µAh cm −2 ) was three times higher than those of anatase TNAs (~287 µAh cm −2 ) and porous MoO 3 (~234 µAh cm −2 ) at 50 µA cm −2 .

Poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) and polyethylene glycol/polyacrylic acid as templates and acrylic acid as an inhibitor were used to prepare TiO2 nanoparticles. Hydrogel with low speed of absorption and network structure suppressed the speed of hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate and growth rate of TiO2 nanoparticles. The as-prepared titanium dioxide nanoparticles have anatase phase structure with a narrow size distribution. As compared with poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid), polyethylene glycol/polyacrylic acid has lower expansion rate of water-absorption and higher stability of precursor solution. Using microfluidic process, precursor solution of polyethylene glycol/polyacrylic acid is chosen to prepare TiO2 microspheres. These as-prepared TiO2 microspheres have a uniform size distrubition and good sphericity, which crystal structure is anatase phase after calcination.

A simple and efficient copper-catalyzed approach to quinazoline derivatives has been developed, and the protocol uses readily available substituted (2-bromophenyl)methylamines and amides as the starting materials, and the cascade reactions were performed under air via sequential Ullmann-type coupling and aerobic oxidation without addition of any ligand or additive. The present method provides a convenient and practical strategy for synthesis of quinazoline derivatives.