With the progress of society and the improvement of living standards, the dietary patterns of the population in different regions of China show differences, and there are still nutritional imbalances and an increasing number of patients with chronic diseases. In this paper, the dietary pattern characteristics, distribution, and research progress related to common chronic diseases of residents in different regions of China are summarized through the research literature, and nutritional guidance is proposed for people with unreasonable dietary structures. For people in different regions, it is recommended to cook less salt and light, and to soy products, aquatic products, milk, fruits and vegetables based on the oriental healthy meal model. For people of different ages, infants and young children need to supplement fruits and vegetables and pulses to ensure dietary health, and it is more recommended to have a balanced diet based on energy and a western diet based on high-quality protein. Teenagers should reduce their intake of fried foods, and recommend a variety of dietary patterns rich in milk, fruits and vegetables. Middle-aged and elderly people should pay attention to increasing the intake of protein, dietary fiber, fat, meat and poultry, and recommend the dietary mode based on fruits and vegetables and whole grains. For different chronic diseases, the recommended vegetarian diet (mainly fruits and vegetables, soy products and eggs) or balanced diet mode (mainly coarse grains, vegetables, eggs, soy products, seafood) could significantly reduce the risk of hypertension, obesity, kidney disease, Alzheimer's disease and other diseases and improve the patient's condition. This paper would provide a certain reference for guiding residents to rational dietary consumption, optimizing dietary structure and reducing the occurrence of chronic diseases.

随着社会的发展,人们的食品消费需求持续升级,其中电商化和品牌化是食品消费升级的重要特征.然而,在现有中心化的电商管理模式下,因技术局限和利益驱动,消费者在电商消费获得的信息数目有限且不能确保真实,消费者对于电商的品牌信任度存在问题.食品的安全和品质事关人民群众的健康和幸福,因此,食品类相关的电商品牌信任度更为重要.目前国内外对食品电商的品牌信任度的研究也尚显不足.本研究以解决食品电商平台品牌信任问题为导向,研究了当前食品电商品牌信任度存在的问题,分析了区块链技术与品牌信任度直接相关的信息要素,提出了联动机制,以求提升食品品牌信任度,进一步完善食品电商研究体系,并为相关政策制定提供借鉴.

受多重因素影响,近年来我国城乡居民肉类消费结构发生明显改变.在新冠肺炎疫情防控期间,针对部分地方畜牧业生产不振、流通受阻,畜禽产品供给保障难度加大等情况,建议充分发挥禽肉营养价值高、品种资源特色多样、养殖空间选择余地大、生产周期短等特点和优势,大力发展禽类生产,引导优化肉类消费结构,促进我国肉类总供给水平提升.

农业“走出去”是国家“走出去”战略的重要组成部分,也是落实“一带一路”倡议的重要抓手.总体来说,中国农业企业“走出去”是“遍地是黄金,处处是陷阱”.投资区域日趋广泛,集中于中亚地区;投资主体日趋多样,民营企业发展迅速;投资领域日趋多元,加工贸易优势突出;投资经营日趋规范,本土化特征明显;由农产品加工贸易模式向农业技术转移模式转变.但面临着国外政策环境方面的资源困境、技术困境、人才困境、舆论困境,国内政策制度方面的投资审批、种质资源、农产品检验检疫限制,企业经营管理方面的市场竞争环境较激烈、企业国际化能力不强、企业的品牌价值不高、社会责任塑造能力弱,社会服务体系方面的行业信息服务不到位、政府涉外服务不到位等问题.建议政府部门建立和完善推动农业企业“走出去”的支持服务体系,同时,引导和支持农业企业提升“走出去”的投资经营能力.

[目的]牛肉是世界第三大消费肉品,近年来牛肉的营养价值被越来越多的人所认可,全球牛肉消费量不断上升.我国作为世界第三大牛肉生产国,第二大牛肉消费国,牛肉进出口长期处于贸易逆差.系统分析我国牛肉的供需现状,找出制约我国肉牛产业发展面临的困境,提出针对性的措施建议,有利于优化牛肉生产,提升我国牛肉的贸易竞争力.[方法]利用2007—2016年统计数据,对比分析我国牛肉的生产、消费、进出口贸易情况,运用国际竞争力指标分析法测算了10年我国牛肉的竞争力水平,并与牛肉的主要出口国进行比较.[结果]我国牛肉产量稳步上升,2016年达到736.58万t,牛肉的生产区域正由中原地区向东北、西北、西南地区转移;肉牛生产的总产值、总成本及净利润都呈波动式上升趋势,生产经济效益较好,整体处于盈利状态;随着牛肉消费量增加,国内供需缺口持续扩大;进口上升,出口相对下降,贸易逆差拉大.我国牛肉缺乏比较优势,国际竞争力较弱.利用回归分析对我国牛肉出口贸易的影响因素进行了研究,发现我国人口、出口对象国人口、地理距离、货币兑换比率、出口对象国产量会反向影响出口数量,出口对象国GDP、出口价格会正向影响出口数量.[结论]在此基础上,提出以提升肉牛产业竞争力为核心支撑的、出口创汇与进口来源拓展并进的措施建议,以期整体推进我国肉牛产业的发展.

;旅游是居民生活水平提高的一个重要指标,而收入是促进农村居民旅游消费梯次升级的经济基础.利用1994-2016年国家统计数据,基于绝对收入假说、相对收入假说、持久收入假说、生命周期假说、理性预期假说等居民消费理论,实证分析农村居民人均可支配收入、工资性收入、经营性收入、财产性收入、转移性收入对其国内旅游消费支出的影响.结果 表明,持久收入假说下的可支配收入作用最大,预计2019、2020年中国农村居民旅游消费支出将分别达到136和147元;持久收入、生命周期、理性预期假说下,工资性收入的拉动作用最大,而经营性收入、财产性收入分别在绝对收入假说和相对收入假说下的促进作用最大;整体上,农村居民的工资性收入对旅游消费支出的贡献最大.

美国是世界上农业现代化程度很高的国家,80％的农场实现了信息化、智能化管理,这主要得益于其科技进步和劳动力素质提高,而教育在其中起着基础性支撑作用.从农村人口的就业与收入、农场规模、贫困问题3个方面阐述了教育对美国农业农村现代化发展产生的影响,在此基础上提出对中国农业农村现代化发展的启示,并对未来前景进行了展望.

食用植物油是人体营养素脂肪和能量的重要来源,是人体不可缺少且自身又不能合成、必须通过食物供应的必需脂肪酸亚麻酸、亚油酸和功能性脂肪酸的主要来源.脂肪不仅能帮助肌体有效利用碳水化合物和节约蛋白质,还能提供脂溶性维生素以及多酚、植物固醇等微量营养成分的吸收和利用,增强机体免疫调节作用.但是,脂肪摄入过量会增加罹患肥胖症、脂肪肝、高脂血症、糖尿病、心脑血管病等慢性病的风险.

分析我国农产品流通的发展现状、模式和瓶颈,目前我国农产品流通不仅存在着进出壁垒高、流通效率低、技术水平落后等内在动力方面的问题,还受到信息技术高速发展、消费者个性化需求不断提高等外在动力的影响,这两大方面共同驱动着传统农产品流通产业转型升级.分别从技术的创新与扩散、资本的集中与输出构建分析模型,深入分析新零售时代电子商务推动传统农产品流通转型升级的作用机理,提出应当充分利用大数据资源实现精准化服务,不断完善相关标准和法规,推动新时代农产品流通的规范化、标准化管理,在此基础上拓宽高价值的农产品流通渠道.

与发达国家相比较,中国农耕历史源远流长,长期形成的农作方式及人们的膳食模式、饮食文化和食物养生的做法,凝练出独具特色、自成一体的理论和方法,与现代西方营养学既有相通之处,但也有较大差异,本文将其概述为四个方面,具体表现为膳食模式不同、膳食原则不同、食物分类及功效不同以及营养因人的体质而不同.究其缘由,主要源于中西方人思维方式的不同,但这两种不同的认识各有其理论依据及技术支撑,实践探索都很有效.食物营养既是民生大事,又是每一个人每天都需要直面的科学问题,关键是要借鉴古今中外食物养生成果,以有益的健康方式来获得合理的膳食和营养.

自2018年3月起,由美国单方面挑起的中美贸易战不仅给全球经济增长带来严重损害,也对美国经济尤其是其农业经济造成不利影响.深入分析了美国对中国农产品出口现状,具体阐述了中美贸易摩擦对美国农产品对中国出口及美国农场造成的影响,对农产品对中国出口的影响主要体现在美国大豆、棉花、小麦、玉米、猪肉、奶制品等农产品出口量的持续下降;对美国农场的影响体现在农场净收入的不断减少、产权比率及资产负债率的不断上升、农场破产数量攀升、政府补贴难以弥补农民损失等4个方面.在此基础上,对未来中美贸易关系演变及美国农业经济发展走向进行展望,分析了中美贸易战对美国农业补贴政策及美国农民、美国农业生产、美国农产品出口等方面的长期影响.

The continual development of internet technology and its extensive applications in the business domain have enabled the development of e-commerce in relation to agricultural products. However, this development is facing some “pain points.” While middle-class consumers are displaying ever-increasing demand for high-quality agricultural products via the e-commerce environment, the quality and safety of agricultural products under this environment cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, to strengthen the evaluation of the technical level of agricultural products quality, health and safety supervision via e-commerce, understand the problems in the regulatory techniques of e-commerce of agricultural products in China, increase the agricultural product quality, health and safety supervision via e-commerce are of great importance to satisfy the growing consumer demand for e-commerce in agricultural products. Based on the comparative analysis of the evaluation methods and the establishment methods of evaluation index system, this research innovatively established quality, health and safety index system for agricultural products sold via e-commerce, which included 6 first-level and 13 second-level indices. The establishment of the index system provides a method for quality, health and safety regulation for agricultural products via e-commerce. In addition, based on the theory of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP), this paper combed the key links and control points of quality and safety for agricultural products via e-commerce and provided an evaluation basis for the quality and safety management system of agricultural products under the e-commerce environment. Finally, in view of the shortcomings of the current quality and safety for agricultural products via e-commerce, and the development trend of the future electronic commerce of agricultural products, the paper put forward the countermeasures and suggestions. Keywords: agricultural products, e-commerce, quality and safety, supervision, management system DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20181101.3005 Citation: Ma C, Wang D Y, Hu Z Q, Li Z. Considerations of constructing quality, health and safety management system for agricultural products sold via e-commerce. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(1): 31–39.

The level of informatization is an important indicator of a country or region's level of economic development, and many domestic and foreign scholars have studied this topic. Informatization is seen as a developing social phenomenon, with both national and regional characteristics, therefore the foreign standard systems are not entirely suitable for the development of an information society in China. This paper establishes new indexes and designs an optimal evaluation index system according to the characteristics of informatization. The optimal index system is more suitable for the current development of informatization in China. Using this index system, we measure the informatization level in Beijing from 2003 to 2012. Using the Cobb-Douglass model, we construct an information benefit evaluation model to verify the positive effect of informatization on economic development in Beijing. To further study the relationship between the informatization evaluation index and the urban-rural income gap, we conduct a regression between the information evaluation index and the urban-rural income gap. It provides a quantitative scientific basis for the study of the impact of information technology on economic and social development plans, enabling improved government decision-making.

简述微生物在改善土壤肥力,净化生态环境以及在生产、生活中的作用,同时分析我国微生物目前面临的主要问题并提出相关的建议.

通过引入“农户(合作社)为提高每单位农产品质量而付出的努力成本”这一变量以及收益共享契约思想,选用国内农产品供应链常见的“农超对接”模式为研究对象,构建了农户(合作社)和超市单独决策时的利润分配模型、供应链合作优化时的利润分配模型以及基于收益共享契约的供应链合作优化模型.通过算例分析,发现建立基于收益共享契约的农产品供应链合作优化模式,有利于激励农户(合作社)为提高农产品质量而付出努力、提高农产品供应链各方的收益水平、降低农产品价格水平,有利于提升农产品质量安全状况.

[目的]农业现代化是中国"四化同步"的重要组成,分析中国与发达国家农业现代化发展的相对差距,界定中国农业发展的全球定位.[方法]FAO在相关研究中提出:农业现代化发展是一个渐进的规律性过程,该过程伴随着一系列基本特征的趋势性变化.承认农业现代化发展内在的规律性是进行农业现代化水平国际比较的前提条件.在此基础上,论文提出如下两个核心假设作为使用年代差距进行农业现代化发展水平国际比较探究的基础:①不同国家农业现代化发展具有共性特征,不同国家的农业现代化发展会经历相同的历史阶段,在不同阶段表现出大致相同的特征.②核心指标在农业现代化某阶段的单位变化率相同,即不同国家的相关指标在相同发展阶段面临相同的变化率.据此提出计算不同指标序列年代差距的核心计算公式:Dj=Ya-Wjb±(Xa-Xjb)/Xjb.论文在充分借鉴国内外学者相关研究的基础上,建立了包含农业经济效益、经济结构转型、农村经济社会发展、农业可持续发展4个一级指标和10个二级指标组成的综合评价体系.选定美国、英国、日本、印度、巴西、南非六国作为国际比较的典型国家.其中美、英、日三国农业现代化起步早,在农业现代化发展过程中表现出的历史特征,可以作为中国农业现代化发展的长期对照,中国、印度、巴西、南非同为高速变革的发展中国家,面临众多相同的机遇和挑战,宏微观政策各有得失,经验教训更为深刻,将巴西、印度、南非作为典型国家作对比具有参照意义.[结果]测算表明,中国农业现代化发展总体水平大体相当于美、英等国20世纪60年代末到80年代初水平,同日本20世纪90年代初期水平相当,与印度、巴西等国基本处于相同的发展阶段.从分项指标看,中国的农业现代化存在自身发展不均衡问题,各核心指标分化较为严重,耦合性不高,这种不均衡限制了农业现代化总体水平进一步提高.[结论]基于年代差距法的农业现代化水平国际比较方法具有操作简单,易理解,结果直观的特点,可作为分析农业现代化问题,评估农业现代化发展水平的有效工具.

Compared with China, the land reformation in Japan started earlier and achieved remarkable results.To summarize the experience of Japanese land reformation has important reference value for Chinese constructing high-standard basic farmland, and ensuring national food security.Based on survey data, this article analyzed the development stage and achievement of Japanese land reformation, summarized the experiences of Japanese land reformation in legal protection, government management, project assessment, technical support, and main body of implementation.The experiences included five aspects, i.e., special laws had been enacted to protect and regulate Japanese land reformation, the unified management agency had been set up to manage the Japanese land reformation, the planning of Japanese land reformation has been made, the group of Japanese land reformation played a main role in technical support, and the construction and maintenance of reformed farmland relied on Japanese land reformation District.Finally, it put forward four suggestions according to the actual situation of Chinese construction of high-standard basic farmland, for example, unifying the management of Chinese construction of high-standard basic farmland into agriculture sector, playing the role of the main body of the farmers and clearly defining the responsibilities and obligations, strengthening the management and maintenance of Chinese construction of high-standard basic farmland according to the principle of "who benefits should take the responsibility", and increasing government investment in construction of high-standard basic farmland.

Recently,research on food loss and foodwaste and the related environmental impacts has increased globally.Food loss and food waste occur in all aspects of the food supply chain from farm to table.A better understanding of the scales and trends of food loss and food waste is very important for any mitigation strategies.The food waste reflects directly the civilization of a society,and we need to understand the causes and consequences of food waste from multiple perspectives.Addressing food loss and food waste issue requires a wide range of actions from reducing,to promoting a healthy diet culture,learning from international experience,and building intelligent food systems.

产业融合的本质是交易成本内部化,农村一二三产业融合是产业融合理论在农村经济发展中的应用和创新,推动其发展不仅有助于解决现阶段农业生产交易成本过高的问题,而且有利于提升农业竞争力、促成新企业产生、塑造农业产业品牌形象、加快城乡经济一体化.在农村一二三产业融合中,技术创新、制度创新、市场需求扩大、农业多功能综合开发是其驱动因素.尽管目前存在诸多问题,但是随着农村一二三产业融合新业态的形成以及以节约交易费用为核心的制度体系在农村地区的日趋完善,农村一二三产业融合发展将是广大农村地区现代农业产业体系建设的必然趋势.

基于积石山县以村为单元的28家农村资金互助社的实地调查结果,以"政府+社员(贫困群众)+企业+其他"为主要运行模式的贫困地区农村资金互助社作为重点研究对象,考察现阶段农村资金互助社在贫困地区运行绩效和效果.分析发现,积石山县农村资金互助社在运营过程中存在运行机制不健全、 还款率较低、 业务水平不足等问题.认为农村资金互助社需要往制度化、 专业化的方向发展,完善运行制度、 提升经营效率,真正发挥资金互助社在解决农村贫困地区资金短缺问题中的重要作用.