The objectives of this study were to compare the personality profiles of adolescent males with and without Internet addiction disorder (IAD), and to determine if IAD is associated with specific parental rearing behaviors. A total of 304 subjects (204 IAD positive and 100 IAD negative controls) completed three instruments: Symptom Checklist-90-revision (SCL-90-R), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised (EPQ-R), and Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran--'My Memories of Upbringing' (EMBU). SCL-90-R profiles of adolescents with IAD revealed comparatively higher mean scores for all of the nine domains, and significantly higher scores for obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, and paranoid ideation; the mean global symptom index of adolescents with IAD was also significantly higher by approximately 10%. EPQ profiles of adolescents with IAD showed that Internet-dependent individuals tended to exhibit a significantly lower degree of extraversion and a significantly higher degree of psychoticism when compared with the control group. EMBU profiles revealed that adolescents with IAD generally rated both maternal and paternal rearing practices as lacking in emotional warmth, being over-involved, rejecting, and punitive (mothers only). The results of this study confirm that IAD often occurs concurrently with mental symptoms and personality traits such as introversion and psychoticism. Adolescents with IAD consistently rated parental rearing behaviors as being over-intrusive, punitive, and lacking in responsiveness. These findings suggest that the influences of parenting style and family function are important factors in the development of Internet dependency.

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to develop diagnostic criteria for internet addiction disorder (IAD) and to evaluate the validity of our proposed diagnostic criteria for discriminating non-dependent from dependent internet use in the general population.MethodsThis study was conducted in three stages: the developmental stage (110 subjects in the survey group; 408 subjects in the training group), where items of the proposed diagnostic criteria were developed and tested; the validation stage (n = 405), where the proposed criteria were evaluated for criterion-related validity; and the clinical stage (n = 150), where the criteria and the global clinical impression of IAD were evaluated by more than one psychiatrist to determine inter-rater reliability.ResultsThe proposed internet addiction diagnostic criteria consisted of symptom criterion (seven clinical symptoms of IAD), clinically significant impairment criterion (functional and psychosocial impairments), course criterion (duration of addiction lasting at least 3 months, with at least 6 hours of non-essential internet usage per day) and exclusion criterion (exclusion of dependency attributed to psychotic disorders). A diagnostic score of 2 + 1, where the first two symptoms (preoccupation and withdrawal symptoms) and at least one of the five other symptoms (tolerance, lack of control, continued excessive use despite knowledge of negative effects/affects, loss of interests excluding internet, and use of the internet to escape or relieve a dysphoric mood) was established. Inter-rater reliability was 98%.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the proposed diagnostic criteria may be useful for the standardization of diagnostic criteria for IAD.

新闻解读 网络成瘾是目前影响中国青少年身心健康的最大问题,具体表现为对网络的再度使用产生强烈的欲望,停止或减少使用时出现戒断反应,同时可伴有相应的精神和躯体症状,对青少年的生理、心理、工作、学业及人际交往能力等各方面都产生了诸多严重的不良影响.因此,网络成瘾也成为家长最揪心的问题,往往迫切地为孩子寻求治疗.

Objective: To compare Symptom Checklist-90-revision (SCL-90-R), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised (EPQ-R), and Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran-My Memories of Upbringing (EMBU)-profiles of adolescents with Internet addiction disorder (IAD). Design: The participants were asked to complete SCL-90-R, EPQ-R, and EMBU questionnaires. Participants: A total of 304 subjects (204 IAD-positive; 100 IAD-negative, control) were recruited from May 2005 to December 12th, 2005. Findings: Respondents were male adolescent (mean age: 18.0±s 2.7) middle or high school students. SCL-90-R profiles of adolescents with IAD revealed a comparatively higher mean scores for all of the nine domains and significantly higher scores for Somatization (P=0.006), Depression (P＜0.0001), Hostility (P=0.001), and Paranoid Ideation (P=0.000); the mean global symptom index of adolescents with IAD was also significantly higher by approximately 10% (P=0.001). EPQ profiles of adolescents with IAD revealed that Internet dependent individuals tended to exhibit a significantly lower degree of extraversion (P＜0.0001), and a significantly higher degree of psychoticism (51.0±s 12.8 vs. 45.9±s 7.7, P=0.000) when compared with the control group. EMBU profiles revealed that adolescents with IAD generally rated both maternal and paternal rearing practices as lacking in emotional warmth, over-involved, rejecting, and punitive (mothers only) (P＜0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study confirm that IAD often occurs concurrently with mental symptoms and personality traits such as introversion and psychoticism. Adolescents with IAD consistently rated parental rearing behaviors as being over-intrusive, punitive, and lacking in responsiveness. These findings suggest that parenting style influences and family function are important to Internet dependency.

Objective To establish a clinical diagnostic criterion(referred as criterion hereinafter) for patients with social dysfunction and abnormal mental behaviors caused by internet addiction,so as to provide guidance in future mechanism study,treatment and prevention for such disorder.Methods A rough draft of symptom parameters was used to evaluate the symptoms among the patients with a chief complaint of wallowing in internet which caused damned influence on study,work and interpersonal communication.The 1st draft of the criteria was drawn up according to the incidence and correlation of the symptoms.408 patients with internet addiction(IA) diagnosed according to the 1st draft were followed up for 12 months after being discharged from hospital,and the diagnostic coincidence and recurrence rate were calculated and analyzed,based on which the 1st draft was then revised and the 2nd draft was established.Clinical tests were performed on 150 patients with the same chief complaints by psychiatrists from many mental hospitals in China.Descriptions in the 2nd draft were not modified based on the test findings and the final draft was formulated.Results The proposed criterion for IA symptom included the following 7 items: ① craving for using internet;② withdrawal reactions after internet use reduced or stopped;③ tolerance;④ unable to control the intention of using internet;⑤ regardless of hazardous consequences;⑥ pay no attention to other activities;and ⑦ avoidance or alleviation of unhealthy emotions.Items ① and ② combined with any one of the remains made the final diagnosis of IA.The criterion for illness duration was suggested as greater than or equal to 6 hours of continuous internet use one day in average and 3 months at least after meeting the criteria for IA symptom.It was found by following-up that one year recurrence rate among the discharged patients from hospital was 70.6%,and the diagnostic coincidence was 96.1%.The diagnostic consistency on symptom evaluation between two psychiatric raters was 89.3%-98.0%(Kappa 0.73-0.87,P<0.01),while among the psychiatric raters with different technical titles was 96.2%-98.8%(Kappa 0.89-0.95,P<0.01).Conclusion The criterion herewith proposed is worked out accordingly with the principles of evidence-based medicine,with high consistency on evaluations made by psychiatric raters,and with operational convenience.The criterion,therefore,may fit the clinical application.

目前,国内外网络成瘾疾病存在命名混乱、定义不明确、治疗不规范等问题.面对网络成瘾发病率的逐年增高,科学统一的命名及定义,规范的诊断与治疗显得尤为必要和迫切.据此,北京军区总医院成瘾医学科历经近4年时间,通过对1300 余例网络成瘾患者的临床观察和研究,对网络成瘾进行了命名、定义并制定了临床诊断标准.