The adoption of green pest control technologies (GPCTs) has emerged as a critical factor in the pursuit of sustainable agricultural practices, particularly in improving farm efficiency and mitigating environmental impacts. This study investigates the effect of GPCT adoption on the technical efficiency of apple farmers in Shandong Province, China, using survey data collected in 2022. Applying advanced econometric techniques, including stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to measure technical efficiency and endogenous switching regression model (ESR) to address endogeneity and selection bias, the findings indicate that GPCT adoption significantly enhances farmers’ technical efficiency. Specifically, under the counterfactual scenario of adoption, non-adopters’ technical efficiency would increase by 18.2% (from 0.669 to 0.851), whereas adopters would experience a 3.9% efficiency gain attributable to adoption (from the counterfactual 0.700 to the observed 0.739). The analysis further reveals that lower-income farmers benefit disproportionately from GPCT adoption, suggesting that the technology offers greater potential to enhance the productivity of resource-constrained farmers. These results underscore the importance of targeted policy interventions, such as subsidies and agricultural extension programs, to foster the widespread adoption of GPCTs, particularly among lower-income groups. This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence of the dual benefits of GPCT adoption: improving farm efficiency while promoting environmental sustainability, with important implications for policy formulation in developing economies.

Mesocotyl length is a key factor affecting deep-seedling emergence and consequently influences grain yield in sorghum. However, at present, limited genes regulating mesocotyl elongation have been identified and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear in sorghum. Here, we combined a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 232 diverse sorghum accessions with transcriptomic analysis to identify key genes controlling mesocotyl length. We identified SbERF60, an AP2/ERF transcription factor, as a strong candidate based on its functional annotation and differential expression patterns in sorghum varieties with contrasting mesocotyl lengths and its increased transcript levels during mesocotyl development. It was discovered that natural variation in its promoter enhances SbERF60 expression by increasing promoter activity, thereby leading to longer mesocotyl length. Functional validation confirmed that SbERF60 promotes mesocotyl elongation and significantly improves deep-seeding emergence in rice. These findings provide valuable genetic insights and identify a key target for molecular breeding strategies to improve sorghum deep-seedling emergence.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important crop with remarkable tolerance to adverse environments, including nitrogen deficiency. To investigate the mechanisms underlying sorghum tolerance to low-nitrogen (LN) stress, we integrated phenotypic evaluation, transcriptome profiling, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and haplotype analysis. Two accessions, the LN-tolerant ‘Liaonian B-1’ and the LN-sensitive ‘Yikeerli’, were examined under hydroponic and field conditions. Under LN conditions, Liaonian B-1 showed increases of 32% in root length, 4.3-fold in root fresh weight, and 91% in root dry weight, whereas the LN-sensitive accession showed severe reductions in shoot biomass and a decrease in root fresh weight, with root dry weight remaining relatively stable. Transcriptomic analysis revealed more shared differentially expressed genes and stronger enrichment of N metabolism pathways in shoots, whereas roots showed enrichment of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter and fatty acid elongation pathways. WGCNA identified 500 hub genes in roots and shoots. Five genes in the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS-GOGAT) pathway were significantly associated with nitrogen-related traits. SORBI_3001G116400, which encodes glutamate synthase, showed the strongest haplotype effect in 232 sorghum accessions. The A allele (Hap1) was significantly associated with increased plant height, SPAD value, grain number, nitrogen accumulation, and biomass under LN stress, suggesting that SORBI_3001G116400 as a candidate gene requiring functional validation and testing in additional genetic backgrounds.

Forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) has excellent stress resistance and feeding quality. Lodging is one of the most critical factors influencing its yield and overall quality. However, there remains no definitive conclusion regarding the key indicators affecting the lodging of forage sorghum and their correlations. In this study, 149 forage sorghum lines, including 26 maintainer lines and 123 restorer lines, from the United States, China, and Japan were used to analyze the correlation between agronomic and mechanical properties at maturity. In addition, we selected forage sorghum with high, medium and low lignin content and observed the tissue sections, which further revealed the essence of lodging of forage sorghum from the microscopic point of view. Correlation analysis showed that lodging index (LI) was positively associated with plant height (PH), stem bending moment (SBM), lignin content (LC), stem center of gravity height (SGH), and fresh weight from the breaking point to the top of the panicle (FWP); lodging index was significantly negatively associated with breaking resistance (BR) and exhibited no significant correlation with stem diameter (SD) and lodging resistance of individual plant (LR). LI showed no significant association with BR and SD in the maintainer line subgroup, whereas LI was significantly negatively correlated only with BR and showed significant positive correlations with the other seven traits in the restorer line subgroup. Histological observation of the longitudinal section of the stem stained with Safranin O/Fast Green showed that the lodging resistance of sorghum could not be simply defined by the lignin content, and the structure of stem tissue played a more decisive role in determining the lodging resistance.

Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for crop growth. Although sorghum can tolerate poor soils, its low-nitrogen (LN) tolerance mechanisms remain underexplored. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to dissect LN tolerance mechanisms in a diverse panel of 232 sorghum accessions. Phenotypic analyses revealed extensive variation in nitrogen-use efficiency traits, with shoot dry weight and shoot nitrogen accumulation in (SNAcc) showing the highest diversity. GWAS identified 10 quantitative trait loci harboring pleiotropic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including q1 (Chr3: 8.59–8.68 Mb), which is associated with biomass and nitrogen accumulation. Transcriptome profiling under LN stress revealed 6208 differentially expressed genes, with nitrate transporters showing genotype-specific regulation. Integration prioritized SORBI_3004G286700, where Hap2 accessions (14.66%) showed superior agronomic performance under LN conditions. We also identified pivotal transcription factors (TFs) that govern LN tolerance in sorghum, notably bHLH35 (SORBI_3007G051800) and three WRKY TFs, demonstrating constitutive upregulation in tolerant genotypes, whereas three previously uncharacterized TFs (MYB, bZIP, and B3) exhibited > 5-fold genotype-specific induction under LN. The integration of GWAS and transcriptome analyses offers an effective strategy for exploring candidate genes and elucidating nitrogen adaptation mechanisms in sorghum, while providing actionable molecular targets for precise breeding of nitrogen-efficient cultivars.

The widespread use of pesticides has long been a cornerstone of modern agriculture, but their overuse has led to several challenges, including increased production costs, food safety risks, and environmental damage. Green pest control technologies (GPCTs) have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional chemical methods, although their widespread adoption is still in progress, and their environmental and economic impacts require further examination. This study aims to evaluate the adoption of GPCT in apple orchards by employing a rigorous framework to measure pesticide intensity per unit, assess the impact of GPCT on pesticide reduction, and analyze the associated environmental effects in large-scale apple farming systems in China. Based on survey data collected from apple farmers across key production regions in China, we apply an Endogenous Treatment Effect Regression (ETR) model to evaluate the effects of these technologies on pesticide usage and concentration. This model allows for more accurate estimates of the treatment effects by addressing selection bias and accounting for both observable and unobservable factors. Our results show that the adoption of GPCT leads to a significant reduction in pesticide use intensity. Notably, the reductions are more pronounced among specific groups of farmers, particularly those who are less risk-averse and those with larger or more fragmented landholdings. These findings underscore the dual ecological and economic benefits of GPCT, providing strong support for policy initiatives that promote sustainable agricultural practices and encourage land consolidation.

With the increasing importance of green transformation in agricultural production, green pest control technologies (GPCTs), defined as a set of eco-friendly methods aimed at managing agricultural pests with reduced reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides, play a key role in improving agricultural production efficiency, ensuring product quality, and protecting the ecological environment. Based on field survey data from apple farmers in Yantai and Linyi cities, Shandong Province, collected in 2022, this paper employs endogenous treatment effects regression (ETR) and instrumental variable quantile regression (IVQR) models to analyze the impact of adopting green pest control technologies on household income and explores the heterogeneity of this effect across different income levels. The results show that the adoption of green pest control technologies significantly increases apple farmers’ net apple income and household income, confirming their income-boosting effect. Moreover, the income-boosting effect is more significant for lower-income farmers, suggesting that these farmers benefit more from the adoption of green pest control technologies by improving pest management and thus enhancing apple production efficiency. This study provides empirical evidence for the promotion of green pest control technologies and offers valuable references for policymakers, especially in supporting technology adoption among lower-income farmers.

IntroductionIn sorghum production, pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the most important problems, and the primary cause of sprouting susceptibility is a low dormancy prior to crop harvest.MethodsTo cope with this situation, we conducted transcriptome, metabolome, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to understand the mechanism underlying sorghum seed dormancy and germination.ResultsWe constructed 36 transcriptome libraries from four sorghum materials with contrasting germination abilities at three developmental stages. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis based on transcriptome data showed that metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, starch and sucrose metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction are greatly enriched. In plant hormone signal transduction, genes associated with abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA), brassinosteroid (BR), and the auxin signaling pathway are involved in seed germination. GWAS of the 24-h germination rate across 232 cultivars identified four significant SNPs and 31 candidate genes, with SbPP2C33 emerging as the top candidate based on transcriptome integration. Combining transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that genes facilitating starch/sucrose conversion to glucose, fructose, and maltose were upregulated in low-dormancy genotypes, consistent with the accumulation levels of corresponding metabolites.DiscussionIn summary, our findings demonstrate that ABA signaling, mediated by SbPP2C33, coordinates carbohydrate mobilization during seed germination in sorghum. These findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the hormonal regulation of metabolic processes in cereal crops.

Sorghum is a versatile crop that serves as a major source of food, feed, fodder and biofuel globally. Lignin content in sorghum affects multiple important traits, including lodging resistance, forage digestibility and the efficiency of bioenergy production. However, the genetic regulation of lignin content in sorghum remains poorly understood. In this study, we combined transcriptomic and comparative genomic approaches to uncover the genetic network underlying lignin biosynthesis in sorghum. Through comparative genomic analysis, we identified 104 candidate genes involved in lignin biosynthesis. Transcriptome analysis of four sorghum accessions with contrasting lignin contents identified 6132 differentially expressed genes with an enrichment of genes related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and cell wall biogenesis. The 104 lignin biosynthesis candidates were significantly enriched (p-value < 0.01) in these differentially expressed genes, with most differentially expressed candidate genes related to monolignol biosynthesis and polymerization being up-regulated in high-lignin accessions. These up-regulated genes are related to all key enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis, suggesting that the elevated lignin content in these accessions results from a collective increase in enzyme activity. Sequence analysis revealed a significant reduction in genetic diversity across lignin biosynthesis genes in cultivated sorghum compared to wild sorghum. Moreover, selection signals during domestication were identified in 30 lignin biosynthesis genes, 22 of which were differentially expressed, further supporting the functional relevance of these differentially expressed genes in lignin biosynthesis. Overall, our findings uncover the lignin biosynthesis gene network in sorghum and offer potential targets for future functional studies and trait manipulation.

This study aims to assess how the supply of straw feed in China has changed over time and how this affects cattle and sheep farming. This paper takes the 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) in China as basic units. Based on the grass-to-grain ratios of different crops, the analysis includes estimating the theoretical supply of straw feed, evaluating its livestock carrying capacity, and examining the spatial distribution of supply and demand. From 1978 to 2023, the adaptability of the supply and demand of crop straws has shown a significant upward trend, but the overall adaptability is still low. Differences in the spatial layout of agriculture and animal husbandry have led to the emergence of advantageous areas for the allocation of the supply and demand of straw feeds, which are shifting from the east to the west and from the south to the north and concentrating from the planting areas to the livestock breeding areas. This study finds that climate warming has shifted the centroid of theoretical straw supply northward, resulting in higher straw–livestock compatibility in agriculturally developed regions but lower compatibility in unbalanced agro-pastoral zones, primarily due to high transport costs for straw and roughage, which constrain sustainable agro-pastoral circular development. Therefore, it is recommended that all countries (regions) actively implement the “Straw-to-Meat” policy in agriculturally advanced zones, while proactively adapting to climate warming by optimizing agro-pastoral spatial planning and exploring alternatives to roughage or expanding feed grain cultivation.

Shandong and Henan provinces face significant pest and disease issues, creating a strong demand for green pest control technologies. This paper analyzes the impact of government subsidies and quality certification on farmers’ adoption of green pest control technologies, based on 419 survey responses collected through stratified sampling in Shandong and Henan provinces in 2024, using the Heckman two-stage model. The results show the following: (1) Government subsidies and quality certification significantly promote farmers’ adoption of green pest control technologies, with regression coefficients of 0.260 and 0.493, respectively. (2) An interaction effect exists between government subsidies and quality certification on farmers’ adoption of green pest control technologies, with a coefficient of 0.454. For a given government subsidy, higher quality certification levels increase the likelihood of farmers adopting green pest control technologies. (3) From the perspective of human capital quantity, there is obvious heterogeneity in the impact of government subsidies and quality certification on farmers’ adoption of green pest control technologies. (4) From the perspective of generational differences, quality certification has obvious heterogeneity on farmers’ adoption of green pest control technologies, while there is no obvious generational difference in government subsidies. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a stable and multi-channel government transfer payment system, improve the construction of the agricultural product quality traceability system, take a two-pronged approach, and complement each other’s strengths to build a targeted incentive mechanism based on different groups of farmers.

Sorghum has a long history of cultivation in China. In this study, we aimed to clarify the genetic relationships and genetic variation trends in widely used Chinese sorghum hybrids which were released from the 1970s to 2010s and attempted to analyze the changes in sorghum breeding. A total of 257 alleles were detected by 51 polymorphic SSR markers among 69 widely used hybrids; an average of 5.04 alleles were detected by each marker. The average Shannon’s index and polymorphism information content (PIC) of markers were 1.39 and 0.70, respectively. Nei’s genetic diversity index continuously increased in four different breeding development stages (1973–1982, 1983–1992, 1993–2002, and 2003–2014). Genetic diversity gradually increased among the sorghum hybrids. Genetic similarity coefficients in the four breeding development stages first showed an increasing trend, and then a decreasing trend, finally stabilizing with an average value of 0.65. The genetic similarity changes in hybrids in early and late maturing areas were consistent at different breeding development stages. The genetic similarity coefficients in late maturing areas were constantly higher than those in the early maturing areas. This is related to China’s creative utilization of A2 cytoplasmic male sterile materials in the 1990s. A cluster analysis determined that 69 hybrids were divided into two groups, A and B. Group A could be further subdivided into four subgroups. These findings could provide a reference for parental selection and hybrid breeding in sorghum improvement programs.

Dwarfing and the selection of optimal plant types constitute the primary focus of sorghum breeding. However, the lack of clarity regarding the gene types associated with plant height genes Dw1-Dw4 in the primary breeding materials has led to increased plant heights in improved offspring of the same plant height type, resulting in unsatisfactory morphological traits. This study aimed to elucidate the gene types related to plant height in breeding materials, validate the regulatory mechanisms, and establish a material improvement system. The goal was to achieve molecular-marker-assisted dwarf breeding through the detection of plant height genes and the test cross verification of main Chinese sorghum materials. Using 38 main male sterile lines and 57 main restorer lines of grain sorghum as materials, three plant height genes were detected and classified. Ninety-five F1 generation hybrids of these materials, along with typical materials, were measured at the wax maturity stage. Test cross results demonstrated that the variation in dw1-dw3 genes in the breeding materials significantly influenced the plant height of hybrid offspring. The main male sterile lines in Chinese sorghum predominantly exhibited the “three-dwarf” type of Kafir and its improved lines, characterized by the genotype (Dw1-Dw2-dw3-dw4). On the other hand, restorer lines mainly showcased the improved “two-dwarf” (Dw1-Dw2-dw3-dw4) genotype of the Kaoliang/Caudatum subspecies, along with the “three-dwarf” type of some Kafir and its improved lines. The test materials predominantly contained dw3 genes, with relatively fewer dw1 genes in the restorer lines. The primary restorer materials lacked the dw2 gene, and dw2 significantly influenced plant type. The increased plant height in improved offspring of the same plant height type material was attributed to differences in gene types. Therefore, the enhancement of plant height in breeding materials should prioritize the use of different methods in conjunction with Dw1 and Dw2 classification.

Leaf senescence is an orderly and highly coordinated process, and finely regulated by ethylene and nitrogen (N), ultimately affecting grain yield and nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE). However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms on the crosstalk between ethylene- and N-regulated leaf senescence remain a mystery in maize. In this study, ethylene biosynthesis gene ZmACS7 overexpressing (OE-ZmACS7) plants were used to study the role of ethylene regulating leaf senescence in response to N deficiency, and they exhibited the premature leaf senescence accompanied by increased ethylene release, decreased chlorophyll content and Fv/Fm ratio, and accelerated chloroplast degradation. Then, we investigated the dynamics changes of transcriptome reprogramming underlying ethylene-accelerated leaf senescence in response to N deficiency. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis were significantly down-regulated, while DEGs involved in chlorophyll degradation and autophagy processes were significantly up-regulated, especially in OE-ZmACS7 plants in response to N deficiency. A gene regulatory network (GRN) was predicted during ethylene-accelerated leaf senescence in response to N deficiency. Three transcription factors (TFs) ZmHSF4, ZmbHLH106, and ZmEREB147 were identified as the key regulatory genes, which targeted chlorophyll biosynthesis gene ZmLES22, chlorophyll degradation gene ZmNYC1, and autophagy-related gene ZmATG5, respectively. Furthermore, ethylene signaling key genes might be located upstream of these TFs, generating the signaling cascade networks during ethylene-accelerated leaf senescence in response to N deficiency. Collectively, these findings improve our molecular knowledge of ethylene-accelerated maize leaf senescence in response to N deficiency, which is promising to improve NUE by manipulating the progress of leaf senescence in maize.

为探索提高残膜回收率、减少残膜污染的有效实现方式,本研究使用来自四省的微观调查数据,通过多元Probit模型与层次回归模型分析农户认知与政策环境对农户地膜回收行为的影响机制.结果表明,具有生态理性、经济理性、积极的环保行为态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制的农户,其回收地膜的频率显著提高.政策宣传、法规约束对农户认知与残膜回收行为起着正向调节作用.由此建议加大残膜污染防治政策宣传、提高农户环保意识、提供政府补贴、建立农膜回收站点、加强地膜市场监管.

跃进 5 号是山东省选育出的优良大豆品种,累计推广面积 533.3 万hm2(8000 万亩),获国家技术发明二等奖.跃进5 号在全国7 个省市衍生出103 个品种,其中高蛋白品种21 个、高脂肪品种6 个、蛋脂双高品种42 个,在大豆品种改良中发挥了重要的作用.总结介绍了跃进5号及其衍生品种概况,为大豆育种和优异骨干亲本利用提供借鉴.

The Science and Technology Backyard is not only an innovative organizational mode for the development of modern agriculture, but also an important technological support to promote rural revitalization. This paper explains the practical needs of the Science and Technology Backyard from the macro and micro levels, and systematically analyzes its developmental evolution and functional positioning, discusses its operation guarantee mechanism and effects based on the field research, and puts forward suggestions to guide the high-quality development of it. Results show that the emergence of the Science and Technology Backyard complies with the increasing demand of farmers for advanced agricultural technology at the micro level and the increasing dependence on modern agricultural technological progress at the macro level. In the progress of development, it leads to triple functional orientations, including agricultural scientific and technological innovation from bottom up, agricultural social service with popular science volunteer, and agricultural talent training with integration of industry and education. In addition, the triple functional orientations take science and technology as the link to form an incentive compatibility relationship. The Science and Technology Backyard takes the scientific research institutes of colleges and universities as the core, and different goal-oriented interest connection mechanisms have been formed among various subjects, in which a formal system imposes regulatory constraints and service interaction is integrated into social norms and multi-party support constitutes material guarantee to promote the effective operation. The Science and Technology Backyard has innovated the mode of agricultural technology popularization, promoted the high-quality development of modern agriculture, improved the comprehensive quality level of farmers, and created a new mode of agricultural talent training, with outstanding comprehensive benefits.Therefore, in the future, to promote the sustainable development of Science and Technology Backyard, this paper suggests to clearly define the functional orientation, to strengthen institutional constraints, to enhance organizational innovation, and to promote experience. Gradually, the development of the Science and Technology Backyard will take the development road of dislocation, standardization, integration, and coexistence.

Nitrate transporters(NRTs)play an important role in NO3-uptake or transporters in plant roots.In order to study the function of soybean NRTs genes in response to salt stress,eight differentially expressed GmNRTs genes that respond to salt stress were identified from the transcriptome data of salt stress treatment.The promoters of these GmNRTs genes contain multiple plant stress or plant hormones response elements,suggesting that these genes might be involved in abiotic stress or plant hormone regulation of salt stress response of soybean.At the same time,we cloned GmNRT1.5A from soybean roots,which was the most up-regulated gene under salt stress treatment.The GmNRT1.5A CDs of 1 794 bp in length,encoded a 597 amino acid,with molecular weight of 66.78 kD and isoelectric point(pI)of 5.85.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GmNRT1.5A had a close relationship with AtNRT1.5 and ZmNRT2.5,contained twelve transmembrane domains and typical NRT1s conserved domains,and the secondary structure of GmNRT1.5A was found to be composed of α-helix and random coils.Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that GmNRT1.5A was mainly expressed in seeds and roots.Salt stress and drought stress significantly induced the expression of GmNRT1.5A gene in root.In addition,the expression of GmNRT1.5A was significantly induced by ABA and ACC,while GA3 treatment significantly inhibited the expression of GmNRT1.5 A.This study showed that GmNRT1.5A played an important role in response to salt stress,which provides a new idea for exploring the function of NRTs genes in soybean response to stress,and also lays a foundation for in-depth research on the function of GmNRT1.5A gene in soybean.

为了阐释齐黄 34 广适性的遗传机理,本研究利用齐黄 34 与冀豆 17 杂交衍生的重组自交系群体进行开花期的QTL定位,得到 1 个位于 6 号染色体的QTL位点.该位点在两种环境下稳定存在,表型贡献率为33.93％～40.04％.该QTL中包含重要的生育期基因E1,其在齐黄34 中为显性基因型,而在冀豆17 中为功能部分缺失的e1-as基因型.qRT-PCR表明,受E1 基因调控的开花促进基因GmFT2a在齐黄34 中的表达量低于冀豆 17,且该基因的累积滞后于冀豆 17,造成齐黄 34 开花期晚于冀豆 17.因此,显性E1 基因型的存在可能是齐黄 34 能够适应低纬度地区的一个重要原因.本研究为阐明齐黄 34 适应范围广的遗传机理提供了一定的分子基础,同时为齐黄 34 的遗传改良提供了分子依据.

Using 22 sorghum varieties that have been approved, identified and registered in Shanxi Province over the years as test materials and adopting the natural field identification method under natural drought（DS） and normal irrigation（NI） treatments, the agronomic traits, quality traits and photosynthetic traits were investigated. The membership function（U） and drought sensitivity index（S） were used for clustering analysis and heat map. The two methods were combined to classify the materials, and the drought resistance indexes were comprehensively evaluated. The results were as follows: under drought stress, except for the average increase of spike handle extend length by 5.26 cm and tannin content by 0.09%, the other trait indexes of sorghum varieties（lines） decreased. Except the net photosynthetic rate, all the other traits were correlated to some extent. Two methods were used to screen out three extremely resistant varieties（S9, S10 and S7, i.e. Jinza 108, Jinza 22 and Jinza 101） and one extremely weak variety（S17, i.e. Jinza 4）. According to the drought-sensitive index, there were 9 traits in the principal component analysis, and the cumulative contribution rate of principal component was 84.662%. Yield and single spike grain weight were the main traits determining the first principal component, and the contribution rate was 17.999%. Drought stress had significant effects on the main character indexes of sorghum cultivars（lines） after anthesis. The drought resistance of different sorghum materials was significantly different. Combining two drought resistance evaluation methods, the results of drought resistance of the tested sorghum varieties（lines） were more accurately. Yield, single spike grain weight, plant height and inverted two-leaf width are recommended to evaluate sorghum drought resistance after anthesis.