Background:This study examined the association between dietary intakes of total and specific carotenoids and cognitive decline among Chinese middle-aged and older adults. Methods:We included 4043 participants aged 55 years and older from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1997-2006). Average daily dietary intakes of total carotenoids, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein + zeaxanthin were calculated from 3-day 24-h dietary recalls. Cognitive function was measured repeatedly using the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-Modified. Linear mixed-effects models were utilized to estimate beta coefficients (β) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of energy-adjusted carotenoid intake with changes in cognitive z-scores. Results:Higher intake of total dietary carotenoids was associated with slower cognitive decline. Comparing the top to bottom quintiles (median intake: 37.0 vs. 3.1 mg/day) of total carotenoids, the adjusted difference in annual decline rates (95% CI) was 0.018 (0.001-0.035, p-trend = 0.037). The strongest association was observed for moderate intake at the fourth quintile (median intake: 23.5 mg/day, β = 0.028, 95% CI: 0.011-0.046, p-quadratic = 0.030). Protective associations were also found for specific carotenoids, including α-carotene (β Q5 vs. Q1 = 0.037, 95% CI: 0.020-0.055), β-cryptoxanthin (β = 0.032, 95% CI: 0.014-0.049), lutein + zeaxanthin (β = 0.020, 95% CI: 0.002-0.037), lycopene (β = 0.018, 95% CI: 0.001-0.035) and β-carotene (β = 0.019, 95% CI: 0.001-0.036). Conclusions:A potential nonlinear association between dietary carotenoids and cognitive decline was observed in Chinese middle-aged and older adults. Further research is warranted to confirm optimal intake level for dietary carotenoids and to investigate the underlying biological mechanisms.

Neohesperidin (NH), a flavanone glycoside with a wide range of biological activity, is limited by its low stability under environmental stress. To address this, guar gum-coated nano-nutriosomes (GG-NH-NS) were designed to improve the physical stability, cellular absorption, and controlled NH release. The physicochemical properties of nano-nutriosomes (NS) were investigated utilizing FTIR, HPLC, DLS, DSC, and TEM, as well as in vitro and antioxidant assessments. Both NH-NS and GG-NH-NS showed outstanding dispersibility (PDI < 0.3) and nanoscale sizes (129.57 and 124.90 nm, respectively), with unilamellar and multicompartment structures. HPLC analysis revealed high encapsulation efficiencies of 96.92% and 97.04%. DSC study showed better thermal stability (154.67-162.00 °C), and FTIR confirmed the effective conjugation of guar gum with NS. GG-NH-NS showed improved stability in storage, oxidative, pH, ionic, and heat environments. Controlled release tests demonstrated that GG-NH-NS preserved around 84.30% of NH in PBS while remaining stable across many food simulants. Antioxidant assays revealed DPPH values of 63.66 and 51.70 μg VCE/mL, and ABTS values of 70.62 and 58.00 μg VCE/mL for NH-NS and GG-NH-NS, respectively. GG-NH-NS's biocompatibility was further proven by increased cellular absorption with no cytotoxicity. Overall, guar gum-coated nano-nutriosomes show promise for effectively stabilizing and delivering NH.

Clonostachys rosea f. catenulate is a well-documented fungus, with extensive research reported on its antagonistic activity and mechanisms as a biocontrol. However, the role of its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plants growth regulation remains largely uninvestigated. This study reveals the effects of C. rosea f. catenulata VOCs on the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana and characterizes the VOCs composition using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). In addition, the integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth promotion. The results showed that various indicators of A. thaliana, including root system, leaf area, chlorophyll content, biomass, water content, and siliqua number, were significantly enhanced under the influence of VOCs of C. rosea f. catenulata. Among them, the most substantial changes were observed in root-related parameters, with the main root length, number of lateral roots and lateral root length increasing by 137.19

Currently, there are many studies on the relationship between the ADIPOQ gene polymorphisms and the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and the research results vary among different regions and ethnic groups. However, there are relatively few studies on the relationship between ADIPOQ gene polymorphisms and the occurrence and severity of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This study aims to investigate the association of DKD with the ADIPOQ gene polymorphisms rs2241766 and rs1063537 in patients with T2D in the Han population in southern China. A total of 347 patients with type 2 diabetic kidney disease (T2DKD) from the Jinhua area in central Zhejiang between 2021 and 2023 were enrolled as the case group, which was divided into the microalbuminuria phase (group I: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio [UACR] 30-299 mg/g, 185 cases) and the macroalbuminuria phase (group II: UACR ≥ 300 mg/g, 162 cases) based on UACR. Meanwhile, 191 patients with T2D and without kidney disease were recruited as the control group during the same period. The KASP-PCR (competitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction) technique was used for genotyping of the rs2241766 and rs1063537 loci in the ADIPOQ gene, aiming to explore their associations with the occurrence and severity of T2DKD. The frequency of the TT genotype at the rs1063537 locus was 8.6% in group I and 15.4% in group II, with a statistically significant difference in distribution between the 2 groups (P < .05). After adjusting for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), diabetes duration, hypertension status, creatinine, and fasting plasma glucose, this genotype was significantly associated with the macroalbuminuria phase of T2DKD (P = .016), meaning that carriers of the TT genotype had a 2.47-fold higher risk of developing macroalbuminuria compared with those with the CC genotype. No statistically significant differences were observed in the genotype distributions of the rs2241766 and rs1063537 loci in the ADIPOQ gene between the case group and the control group (P > .05). In the Han population in southern China, the TT genotype at the rs1063537 locus of the ADIPOQ gene in patients with T2DKD is significantly associated with the presence of the macroalbuminuria stage.

The co-delivery of bioactive compounds (BCs) is a potential technique for increasing health benefits beyond those offered by individual nutrients. Presently, the combination of BCs has made perfect sense to boost the nutritional value and health benefits of food products. These combinations integrate the science of whole foods, ancient remedies, and nutraceuticals to improve bioavailability, reduce costs, increase patient compliance, and deliver synergistic therapeutic and biological effects. However, BCs have various drawbacks, including short shelf life due to low chemical stability, poor water solubility, restricted absorption resulting in low bioavailability, quick metabolism and excretion, and vulnerability to breakdown during in vivo digestion. Polymeric-based nanoparticles address this restriction. Polymeric-based nanoparticles systems for co-delivery BCs have demonstrated potential for targeted delivery, controlled release, and improved therapeutic results, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anticancer, and cardioprotective properties. This study focuses on polymeric-based nanoparticles for co-delivery of BCs, which are effective carrier for effective targeted and increased biological activity. The study indicated that polymer-based nanoparticles are effective carriers for co-delivering BCs, as they enhance stability, encapsulation efficiency, and therapeutic efficacy and enable controlled, targeted release at specific sites in the human body. Therefore, polymeric-based nanoparticles show promise as innovative nanocarriers for enhancing the stability, protection, controlled release, targeted delivery, and biological activity of co-delivered BCs.

Abstract Anthocyanins, a class of flavonoid polyphenols, are highly water-soluble compounds in plant cell sap. Structural modifications dictate their physicochemical properties and physiological activities while also conferring upon plant organs a broad spectrum of colors ranging from orange‒red to blue‒purple. As key pigments in plants, anthocyanins perform diverse biological roles, including the efficient scavenging of reactive oxygen species to exert antioxidant effects, along with notable potential in anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protective, metabolic regulatory, vision-preserving, and neuroprotective functions. Biosynthesis of anthocyanins is initiated through the phenylpropanoid pathway, driven by multiple enzymes and under coordinated genetic regulation. However, the low natural yield of anthocyanins limits their large-scale application. To overcome this constraint, microbial heterologous expression systems have been developed. Escherichia coli has emerged as an efficient platform for enhancing anthocyanin production through metabolic engineering strategies. Similarly, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been engineered to achieve heterologous anthocyanin synthesis via reconstruction of the phenylpropanoid pathway. This review summarizes the chemical structures, physiological functions, and biosynthetic pathways of anthocyanins, with particular emphasis on metabolic engineering approaches aimed at improving anthocyanin yield in microbial systems. The insights presented here are intended to provide a valuable reference for advancing the industrial production and application of anthocyanins.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by immune dysregulation and alterations in the cutaneous microbiota. Current microbiome-targeted therapeutic strategies predominantly involve the topical delivery of live probiotics using hydrogel platforms. However, these approaches are hindered by limitations such as poor bacterial viability, transient colonization, and unresolved safety concerns, while often failing to address systemic immune dysfunction. To overcome these challenges, we developed nanogels derived from Staphylococcus epidermidis lysates via EDC/NHS crosslinking. The optimized formulation exhibited a uniform hydrodynamic diameter of 98.3 ± 30.2 nm and remained stable for up to 5 days without significant protein degradation. Leveraging their sub-100 nm size, these nanogels enabled multiple therapeutic mechanisms. First, they penetrated the epidermal barrier through psoriatic scales and were internalized by target cells, leading to suppressed keratinocyte hyperproliferation and reduced local inflammation. Second, they trafficked systemically via the cutaneous microvasculature, resulting in decreased activation of splenic dendritic cells (CD11c + CD80+) and normalization of the CD4+/CD8+ T-lymphocyte ratio. Concurrently, residual nanogels retained on the skin surface selectively inhibited the proliferation of Staphylococcus aureus while promoting the enrichment of commensal Staphylococcus species, thereby restoring microbial homeostasis and reinforcing barrier integrity. This strategy addresses key limitations of conventional live biotherapeutics by leveraging the enhanced biocompatibility of bacterial components and the multifunctional advantages of nanoscale delivery. It offers a synergistic and safe approach for effective psoriasis management.

The islet immune microenvironment contributes critically to β cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2D), but its regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. We show that β cell dysfunction in T2D patients and diabetic mice correlates with elevated nucleolar stress and reduced expression of BAF60C, a switching defective/sucrose nonfermenting (SWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling factor. β cell-specific BAF60C deletion aggravates high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperglycemia, nucleolar stress, and islet inflammation, whereas BAF60C overexpression displays protection. BAF60C suppresses islet inflammation by promoting REG3B expression and secretion, thereby modulating β cell-macrophage crosstalk. Mechanistically, BAF60C forms an RNA-protein complex with nucleophosmin (NPM1) and Reg3b mRNA to modulate Reg3b mRNA decay. Restoration of the BAF60C-REG3B axis through REG3B supplementation or exercise alleviates inflammation and improves glucose homeostasis in obese and T2D mice, revealing a non-canonical role for BAF60C in linking nucleolar stress to β cell failure.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the most prevalent liver diseases worldwide. There are currently no FDA approved pharmacological therapies specifically designed to prevent or treat ALD. Targeted nutritional interventions offer a promising avenue for ALD management. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), a natural anthocyanin, has shown potential in mitigating alcoholic liver injury, but its therapeutic utility is limited by poor stability and inadequate liver targeting. Here, we report a galactosylated chitosan-modified nanoplatform for the encapsulation and hepatic targeted delivery of C3G. The fabricated nanonutriosomes (C3G@GC-NS) exhibited favorable physicochemical stability, biosafety, and enhanced C3G accumulation in the liver. In a mice model of alcoholic liver injury induced by 15-day ethanol feeding, oral administration of C3G@GC-NS at a dose of 150 mg /kg (C3G equivalent) daily significantly alleviated liver injury. C3G@GC-NS outperformed free C3G in ameliorating steatosis, inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction. Mechanistically, the nanotherapeutic activates the AMPK signaling pathway, regulates PPAR alpha-driven lipid and ethanol metabolism, and restores alcohol-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis. This study presents a rationally designed nanoplatform that enhances the therapeutic efficacy of C3G through coordinated modulation of hepatic metabolism and the gut-liver axis, offering a novel strategy for the treatment of ALD.

Background The doum palm fruit (DPF: Hyphaene thebaica), a traditional crop in arid regions, is an underutilized resource with significant potential for the food and nutraceutical industries. DPF's transition from a local commodity to a global functional ingredient is hindered by fragmented scientific knowledge. Scope and approach This review critically consolidates and synthesizes the current scientific literature on the agronomy, nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, potential food applications, and health benefits of DPF. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of its value and identify the critical research gaps impeding its broader application. Key findings and conclusions The fruit possesses a remarkable nutritional profile, being rich in essential macronutrients (up to 72.64% carbohydrates and 17.93% crude fiber) and minerals, particularly potassium (up to 3.366 g/100g) and calcium (up to 371.20 mg/100g). It is also a potent reservoir of bioactive compounds, including high total phenolic content (up to 561.1 mg/100g) and specific flavonoids like oleuropein (45.41 mg/g) and rosmarinic acid (40.12 mg/g). These constituents underpin their wide-ranging pharmacological properties, such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and hypolipidemic activities. However, a major critical finding is the pronounced inconsistency in reported data across studies, with values spanning multiple orders of magnitude. This severe variability is largely attributed to a lack of standardized methodologies for cultivation, processing, and analysis. This fragmentation represents the most significant barrier to its commercialization and to the clinical validation of its health benefits. Future research must prioritize the establishment of standardized analytical protocols and the execution of rigorous clinical trials.

Anthocyanins, naturally occurring pigments in fruits and vegetables, have gained attention for their potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and gut-protective properties. In this study, we investigated the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), a major dietary anthocyanin, in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Oral administration of C3G significantly alleviated disease activity, attenuated body weight loss, reduced colon shortening, and suppressed systemic and colonic inflammation. C3G treatment restored intestinal barrier integrity by upregulating mucin 2 (MUC2) and key tight junction proteins, including occludin, claudin-1, and ZO-1. Integrated transcriptomic and network pharmacology analyses identified the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and apoptosis as key targets of C3G. Experimental validation showed that C3G reduced TUNEL-positive cells in the colon and modulated apoptosis-related proteins by increasing Bcl-2 expression and decreasing cleaved caspase-3 levels. These findings indicate that C3G ameliorates experimental colitis, potentially through modulation of the PI3K-Akt pathway and suppression of epithelial apoptosis, supporting its potential as a functional food component for intestinal health.

The global coffee industry generates over 10 million metric tons of coffee processing by-products every year (∼0.9 kg of waste, from cherry to cup, per 1 kg of coffee cherries harvested), posing a significant waste management challenge. This review presents a transdisciplinary synthesis on transferring coffee processing by-products (CPBs) from a substantial waste burden into a valuable resource across the environmental, food, and pharmaceutical sectors to promote sustainable circular economy principles. CPBs demonstrate significant potential for environmental applications in six core areas: carbon dioxide capture, activated carbon production, wastewater treatment, biofuel production, natural dyes production, and agricultural soil remediation. In food applications, CPBs can be effectively used as functional ingredients in gluten-free products, natural antioxidants, and dietary fiber sources (e.g., coffee silverskin contains up to 77% fiber). Pharmaceutical applications utilize their bioactive compounds, including melanoidins (17.0‒23.0 g.100 g-1, dry weight basis), chlorogenic acids (1%‒3%, on a dry basis), and caffeine (1%‒6%, on a dry basis), for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. The integration of artificial intelligence offers unprecedented opportunities to optimize the valorization efficiency of CPBs by enhancing their characterization, extraction processes, and supply chain management. However, significant research gaps remain regarding standardized protocols, large-scale CPBs processing technologies, and their economic viability assessments, which should be considered in future research to improve the productivity and efficiency of CPBs applications. Overall, the strategic valorization of CPBs through circular economy principles and advanced technologies offers a transformative pathway toward a sustainable and resilient global coffee industry.

Although -18 °C is the standard freezing temperature for aquatic products in household refrigerators, the dynamic regulation of temperature and humidity at this condition is frequently neglected. This study investigated the combined effects of different temperature fluctuation amplitudes, freezing rates, and humidity levels on the quality of salmon over 60 days of -18 °C frozen storage. Changes in color, total viable count (TVC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), purine and biogenic amine contents, and alterations in myofibrillar proteins were measured throughout the storage period. In summary, greater temperature fluctuations, slower freezing rates, and lower humidity levels exacerbate the increase in physicochemical indicators such as TVC, TBARS, and TVB-N in salmon, while also raising purine and biogenic amine levels. These factors disrupted the muscle structural integrity, thereby hastening quality deterioration. This study provides theoretical guidance for the preservation of aquatic products in household refrigerators.

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), a common thermal processing byproduct in foods and a bio-based platform chemical, leads to widespread human exposure. While its teratogenic and cardiotoxic effects are recognized, its neurodevelopmental toxicity remains unclear. Using zebrafish embryos and transcriptomic profiling, we show that 5-HMF exposure causes significant developmental toxicity, including increased mortality, delayed hatching, and morphological defects. Larvae exhibited markedly reduced locomotor activity, indicative of neurobehavioral impairment. Transcriptomic analysis indicated disrupted pathways in neurotransmission and central nervous system (CNS) development. CNS maturation was significantly impaired in Tg (elavl3:GFP) larvae, with decreased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels indicating impaired dopamine synthesis. Moreover, 5-HMF downregulated antioxidant genes (nrf2a, keap1a, and gclm), causing a surge in reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may lead to neuronal dysfunction. Collectively, these results demonstrate that 5-HMF adversely affects neurodevelopment and highlight the need for thorough safety assessment in food and industrial applications.

INTRODUCTION:Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) is a well-characterized probiotic with a long history of safe application, exhibiting prominent potential in improving skeletal muscle function. As the most prevalent and plentiful mRNA modification in eukaryotes, extensive research has highlighted the non-negligible role of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in regulating various aspects of skeletal muscle biology. However, the underlying mechanisms through which L. plantarum-derived signals regulate host myogenic programs, as well as whether m6A modification is involved in this process, remain unclear. OBJECTIVE:To explore the microbe-host regulatory axis through which L. plantarum promotes skeletal muscle regeneration and whether m6A modification is involved in this process. METHODS:The cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury mouse model was constructed to investigate the impact of L. plantarum WY2401 on skeletal muscle regeneration. Untargeted metabolomics analysis was used to screen out L. plantarum WY2401-derived key metabolite. The changes in m6A modification were determined using dot blot and MeRIP-qPCR. RESULTS:We identified L. plantarum WY2401 as a pro-myogenic probiotic that promotes skeletal muscle regeneration. Specifically, L. plantarum WY2401 strongly alters circulating metabolomic profiles, particularly elevating the production of microbiota-derived riboflavin. Upregulated riboflavin is transported to skeletal muscle through the bloodstream, where it modulates the expression of the m6A methyltransferase METTL3 in a stage-dependent manner during myogenesis. This modulation promotes myoblast proliferation by enhancing the stability of Cdk2 and Ccnd1 mRNAs through the METTL3-m6A-YTHDF1 pathway. It also facilitates myoblast differentiation by increasing Mef2a mRNA stability through the METTL3-m6A-YTHDF2 pathway. CONCLUSION:Our findings reveal a novel microbe-host regulatory axis through which L. plantarum WY2401 promotes skeletal muscle regeneration via stage-specific epigenetic modulation of myogenesis. This work highlights the potential of L. plantarum as a functional probiotic supplement for improving skeletal muscle development and provides new insights into probiotic-mediated regulation of muscle regeneration.

Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is a key parameter for overall antioxidant evaluation in food, but its efficient measurement remains challenging. In this study, ball milling modified biochar (BM-BC) nanozyme was prepared via pyrolysis followed by ball-milling treatment and its physicochemical properties were fully characterized to explore the catalytic oxidation mechanism of BM-BC, reminiscent of oxidase. Compared with pristine biochar, BM-BC demonstrated significantly enhanced oxidase-like catalytic activity, effectively oxidizing 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to blue-colored ox-TMB. The oxidase-mimicking mechanism of newly prepared BM-BC nanozyme was further elucidated and revealed that BM-BC generated ROS including •OH, •O2-, and 1O2 for mediating TMB oxidation, in which the persistent free radicals (PFRs) on BM-BC played a critical role. Owing to the antioxidant activity on TMB oxidation, ascorbic acid was employed as the representative antioxidant for colorimetric TAC detection. The method exhibited a linear detection range of 10~100 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.4 μM. Furthermore, the BM-BC/TMB reaction-based colorimetric assay was successfully applied for TAC determination in beverages and fruits.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), a promising flavonoid with diverse biological properties, faces challenges in functional food application due to instability under various conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a novel gum Arabic-coated nano-nutriosome (GA-C3G-NU) for promoting gastro-intestinal (GI) delivery of C3G and fortification of set-type yogurt (Ygr). The GI digestion study revealed that GA improved the stability of C3G-NU. After freeze-drying, FZD GA-C3G-NU maintained their nanosized, exhibited high encapsulation efficiency ≥90%, and an acceptable PDI ≤0.30. SEM analysis revealed crystal-like structure in GA-C3G-NU, while the XRD study confirmed their decreased crystallinity. Furthermore, the FZD GA-C3G-NU showed significantly controlled release profile (p < 0.05) of C3G. The GA-C3G-NU didn't negatively affect the yogurt's properties. It maintained the desirable acidity while enhancing water holding capacity, color, texture, microstructure, and compatibility with lactic acid bacteria. Overall, GA-C3G-NU could be a promising carrier for enhancing C3G's gastrointestinal delivery, with potential use in dairy products.

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) remains a major unresolved problem in cardiovascular medicine. It commonly occurs in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients following reperfusion therapy or cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)–assisted cardiac surgery. Despite the clinical necessity of restoring blood flow, reperfusion itself paradoxically exacerbates myocardial injury. The resulting therapeutic dilemma underscores the need for innovative cardioprotective strategies. Recent studies suggest that protein lactylation (Kla), a newly identified post-translational modification (PTM) derived from lactate metabolism, plays a crucial role in cardiomyocytes by regulating metabolic adaptation, injury repair, stress responses, cell death, and cardiac remodeling. However, there is still no comprehensive synthesis of the role of Kla in MIRI. In this review, we critically examine the emerging evidence linking Kla to the pathogenesis of MIRI and further discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting this epigenetic mechanism to alleviate reperfusion-induced myocardial injury.

Household refrigerators commonly use -18 degrees C for frozen storage of fresh food, but temperature and humidity control during storage are often overlooked. This study used shrimp for the research subject, with -18 degrees C set as the target temperature. The experiment was designed to investigate the effects of different temperature fluctuation amplitude (+/- 1.0 degrees C and +/- 3.0 degrees C), different freezing rates (quick freezing and slow freezing), and different humidity levels (high humidity and low humidity) on shrimp quality over frozen storage periods (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 d). The results showed that after 60 d of storage, the melanosis of shrimp heads and the relative activity of polyphenol oxidase in the small-fluctuation quick-freezing high-humidity group (+/- 1 QFHH) were significantly better than those in the large-fluctuation slow-freezing low-humidity group (+/- 3 SFLH). Meanwhile, the drip loss, total viable bacterial count, total volatile basic nitrogen, purine, and biogenic amine contents in the +/- 1 QFHH group were also significantly lower (P<0.05) than those in the +/- 3 SFLH group. In addition, with prolonged storage time, the number of dehydration channels in muscle tissue increased and their width expanded, leading to an increase in protein surface hydrophobicity (bromophenol blue bound) and myofibrillar fragmentation index, as well as a decrease in Ca2+-ATPase activity. In summary, larger temperature fluctuations, slower freezing rates, and lower humidity environments exacerbate the destruction of muscle structural integrity in shrimp, promote water loss, and widen ice crystal channels, thereby significantly accelerating the deterioration process.