This article proposes a dual-frequency topology-based wireless integrated charging system for electric vehicles (EVs), addressing limitations in existing research, including poor misalignment tolerance, uncontrolled low-voltage (LV) battery charging, and the reliance on an additional ac switch. The proposed system supports two operating modes, each operating at different frequencies (f(1) and f(2)), enabling independent and coordinated charging of the high-voltage (HV) and LV batteries. In Mode I, the ground-side power source charges the HV battery, while the LV-side coupling coil and part of the circuit serve as a repeater to enhance the system's equivalent mutual inductance. In Mode II, the HV battery supplies power to the LV battery. Both modes share a common magnetic coupler and compensation network, improving system compactness and hardware utilization. Through the coordinated design of the magnetic coupler and topology parameters, the system achieves strong misalignment tolerance and enhanced power transfer capability. To validate the proposed system, an experimental platform was built. In Mode I, when the HV battery charging power is 3.3 kW, the maximum dc-dc efficiency is measured at 93.16%, with a charging current fluctuation of only 3.94% across a 0-100 mm misalignment range. In Mode II, the maximum dc-dc efficiency is 83.3%. Moreover, the system achieves constant current (CC) output and zero-phase angle (ZPA) input in both charging modes.

Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) is highly suitable for band-limited Simultaneous Wireless Power and Data Transfer (SWPDT) systems due to its excellent properties, including continuous phase, constant envelope, signal orthogonality, and minimum frequency separation. This paper presents the implementation of MSK modulation using a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Two methods for MSK modulation are implemented and compared. The first method is based on the mathematical properties of the MSK signal; the digital baseband signal is differentially encoded and then converted from serial to parallel to create two distinct signals. These are subsequently multiplied by two orthogonal carriers, and the difference is taken to produce the MSK waveform. The second method leverages the continuous phase characteristics of a Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) IP core, generating the MSK waveform in a manner similar to Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying (CPFSK). To validate the correctness of both modulation approaches, a simulation was conducted in Vivado using an MSK signal with a 7 MHz center carrier frequency and a 2 Msps symbol rate. The simulation results demonstrate that both methods can accurately and successfully generate the MSK modulated signal.

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) are critical components in industrial applications, making accurate fault diagnosis essential for system health management. This paper focuses on the early diagnosis of inter-turn short circuit (ITSC) faults. A fault simulation model is established in the d-q coordinate system based on the mathematical principles of PMSMs, from which the q-axis current, voltage, torque, and speed signals are extracted as potential features. A hybrid RF-OOB-LDA-RF diagnostic framework is proposed: time-domain, frequency-domain, and time-frequency features are first extracted from simulation data under noisy conditions. A Random Forest (RF) algorithm, integrated with Out-of-Bag (OOB) estimation and Grid Search, is then employed for optimal feature selection. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) further reduces the dimensionality of the selected feature set, which is finally fed into another RF classifier. This approach enhances both diagnostic accuracy and model generalization. Experimental results from a physical motor simulation platform validate the method’s effectiveness and feasibility for real-world systems, providing crucial technical support for PMSM health management.

In this paper, a hybrid charger integrated with the on-board charger (OBC) and wireless charger (WC) is introduced. This innovative hybrid charger applies proposed partially closed and directionally open magnetic circuits to improve the power density and efficiency of hybrid charger. The planar transformer is partitioned into tightly-coupled (TC) and loosely-coupled (LC) sections, respectively implemented by the proposed high coupling coefficient bifilar winding planar transformer (BWPT) and LC-double-DD coil. In OBC, the leakage inductance of LC-double-DD coil is cleverly utilized as the resonant inductance for the CLLC converter, while its mutual inductance significantly enhances the magnetizing inductance of BWPT. In WC, the BWPT ensures the current balance across dual receivers, while the LC-double-DD acts as the resonant inductors of LCC circuit. A 11kW-OBC and 11kW-WC experimental prototype is built to validate feasibility, results demonstrate peak charging efficiencies of 97.7% and 94.2% for OBC and WC, respectively.

To address the uncertainties arising from unmodeled dynamics and external disturbances, a time-varying uncertainty and disturbance estimator (TV-UDE) based method is proposed in this paper. The method is used in disturbance rejection control for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The stability of the proposed method is theoretically analyzed. Note that the fact while high-gain UDE provides better steady-state performance, it also leads to poor transient responses such as peaking phenomena. Motivated by our pervious works, a time-varying UDE is employed in this paper to achieve high-accuracy estimation without sacrificing transient performance. Additionally, an EtherCAT based hardware solution is developed, which differs from traditional PMSM platforms relying conventional buses. The proposed solution features lower communication latency and offers high flexibility and scalability. Experimental results confirm that the proposed TV-UDE achieves high tracking accuracy without transient peaking, demonstrating the method’s practical advantages in PMSM control.

In response to the low efficiency and low data transmission rate of long-distanc simultaneous wireless power and data transmission caused by the small coupling coefficient, this paper designs the coupling mechanism and topological structure parameters. Firstly, the output voltage gain and information transmission characteristics are analyzed, and the LCC-LCCC compensation topology is designed to reduce the current and improve system efficiency. Secondly, the mutual inductance is increased by using laminated coils and magnetic cores, and the voltage stress of the coils is reduced by using capacitive segmentation compensation. Then, the information transmission rate and the amplitude of information reception are increased by reducing the number of information circuits and the transient time of the information circuit. Finally, the system achieves simultaneous wireless transmission of 120 W and 4.8 kbps of power and data at a transmission distance of 1 m and a distance-to-diameter ratio of 2, with a coupling mechanism transmission efficiency of 78

Industrial processes often exhibit significant nonlinear and dynamic characteristics. To effectively monitor these processes, this paper proposes a dynamic controlled autoencoder (DCAE) model for pattern extraction, which primarily consists of an autoencoder and dynamic mapping components. It is capable of simultaneously extracting the nonlinear structural relationships of process variables in static space and their nonlinear dynamics in the time domain, and in particular, establishing the dynamic causality between control input and pattern. The dynamic controlled pattern extracted using DCAE can sufficiently represent the operation information of the nonlinear process. Then, the relationships between DCAE modeling errors and model variables are explored, leading to the construction of error statistics for monitoring industrial processes and the development of a DCAE-based fault detection scheme. Finally, the case study of an industrial boiler combustion system illustrates the effectiveness and superiority of the DCAE model in extracting the pattern of industrial processes and performing fault detection.

In this paper, we enhance the omnidirectional coverage performance of tri-directional coil-based magnetic induction communication (TC-MIC) and reduce the pathloss with a joint transmit and receive magnetic beamforming method. An iterative optimization algorithm incorporating the transmit current vector and receive weight matrix is developed to minimize the pathloss under constant transmit power constraints. We formulate the mathematical models for the mutual inductance of tri-directional coils, receive power, and pathloss. The optimization problem is decomposed into Rayleigh quotient extremum optimization for transmit currents and Cauchy-Schwarz inequality-constrained optimization for receive weights, with an alternating iterative algorithm to approach the global optimum. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm converges within an average of 13.6 iterations, achieving up to 54 reduction compared with equal power allocation schemes. The joint optimization approach exhibits superior angular robustness, maintaining pathloss fluctuation smaller than 2 dB, and reducing fluctuation of pathloss by approximately 45 compared with single-parameter optimization methods.

This letter proposes an equivalent coupling area (ECA) method and geometry-aware correction factor (GACF) to derive the analytical model of mutual inductance (MI) for polygonal magnetic couplers (MCs) with finite magnetic core. The ECA method translates the MI model of polygonal MCs into the equivalent circular solution region, and the GACF, derived from the air-core coil MI ratios, simultaneously corrects the edge effect under well-aligned positions and the anisotropy of MI in polygonal MCs during misalignment. Combined with the ECA method, the GACF, and the prior studies on MI model construction for circuit MCs, the challenge of the completely analytical model constructure of MI for the polygonal MCs is effectively addressed. The proposed model is rigorously validated by the finite element analysis tool and experiment, demonstrating its accuracy in predicting the MI under various misalignments.

A wireless power transfer (WPT) system based on a hybrid topology relay is proposed to enhance mutual inductance (MI) and improve misalignment tolerance in this letter. First, the system with hybrid topology relay is proposed and the relay coil is integrated on the receiving side. Second, two adjustment factors alpha and beta are generated by introducing the hybrid topology relay, where alpha is mainly used to design the equivalent MI value and beta is mainly applied to adjust the fluctuation of the equivalent MI. As a result, equivalent MI can be enhanced, and misalignment tolerance can be also optimized and improved. In addition, the power transmission capability can also be improved because the transconductance gain is proportional to the equivalent MI. Finally, the experimental setup, with a power output of 3.3 kW, is constructed. The constant current output characteristic and high misalignment tolerance are verified. The results show that the dc-dc efficiency is higher than 93.05% within the 100 mm horizontal misalignment range, and the fluctuation percentage of the equivalent MI is only 4.89%.

To accommodate the battery charging process in wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, dual-frequency topologies capable of supporting constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) output modes have been extensively studied. However, most existing topologies struggle to maintain two output modes and zero phase angle (ZPA) input under varying mutual inductance (MI). To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes a general design methodology for dual-resonant topologies with inherent CC and CV outputs, ensuring that two output modes and ZPA input are maintained across different MI values. The proposed methodology begins by segmenting the topology into three parts, effectively decoupling the compensation parameters from MI, with the mode conversion and resonance of each segment designed independently. The design process first establishes the two output modes, followed by the ZPA input design. To achieve ZPA input, additional parameter constraints and topology compensation are introduced. Moreover, principles for identifying feasible compensation positions and corresponding parameter calculation methods are provided, enabling systematic and efficient topology design. Finally, based on the proposed methodology, an LCCL-LCLC compensated topology is derived. Experimental validation confirms the effectiveness and practical applicability of the proposed design approach, demonstrating its potential for enhancing the performance and reliability of WPT systems.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology offers a convenient, efficient, and environmentally robust power supply solution for rack-and-pinion modules. For WPT systems in such modules where the transmitter coil is a long rail, increasing the transmitter coil turns to enhance mutual inductance leads to issues like high cost, low efficiency, and installation difficulties. This paper introduces a relay resonator to strengthen system coupling and proposes a three-coil design scheme employing a single-turn long rail as the transmitter coil. The proposed all-detuned LCC-S-S topology exhibits constant output voltage (CV) and zero phase angle (ZPA) input characteristics while accounting for all cross-mutual inductances and coil resistances. The frequency detuning level of the relay resonator critically governs the system’s power transfer efficiency and directly determines the operational mode of the rectifier—either continuous conduction mode (CCM) or discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). To maximize system efficiency, the optimal detuning frequency of the relay coil is selected under CCM operation. Through optimized design of the three-coil parameters, the final prototype achieves an output power of 106.743 W and an efficiency of 90.865% when integrated with a 1200 mm single-turn long-rail transmitter coil.

In the field of wireless power transmission, power and telecommunication has been widely concerned, but in practical applications, how to solve the crosstalk between power and data has been a great research field, in this paper, a special DDQ coupling mechanism is proposed to solve the interactions between the two. based on the LCC/S topology with separated channels. Based on the coupling mechanism, the data channel is made to be multi-input and multi-output mode. And combined with the simulation model, the feasibility of the structure is verified by using OOK modulation and demodulation circuits, experimenting 500 W power transmission, and 1 Mbps data transmission.

Compared with short-distance data transmission, long-distance data trans-mission receives data with relatively smaller amplitude and greater power interference, which poses challenges for data demodulation. This paper first analyzes the data interference received during long-distance transmission and determines the interference signal frequency. Secondly, based on the frequency and amplitude of the effective data and the frequency and amplitude of the interference data, an data demodulation scheme is designed to suppress interference and amplify the effective data. Finally, a physical platform is built. Under the conditions of a 50 cm diameter coil and a transmission distance of 1 m, the correct demodulation of data is achieved at an output power of 135 W, with an data transmission rate of 4800 bps.

Facing wireless charging systems, this article proposes an innovative analytical model of self-inductance (SI) and mutual inductance (MI) for the magnetic couplers, using joint analytical calculation (JAC) method. The JAC method is extended to addresses the challenges of the construction of mirror model and the solution of mirror coefficient for source coils with bilateral finite ferrite cores. The influence of ferrite cores on inductance is divided into three parts, with each aspect being replaced by equivalent first, second, and third mirror coils. The constructed mirror model strictly satisfies the boundary value conditions at medium interfaces. Regardless of whether the magnetic couplers are perfectly aligned or not, mirror coefficients can be calculated by combining the double truncation region eigenfunction expansion method and the mirror method. After translating ferrite cores into air-core mirror coils, both SI and MI can be determined when horizontal and angular misalignments occur. Experimental verification confirms that the constructed model can accurately calculate SI and MI under various misalignment conditions.

Dynamic wireless charging provides a novel solution for extending the range of electric vehicles, but requires stable power transmission to maintain reliability. To reduce dynamic driving power fluctuations, this article proposes a design for staggered bipolar (SBP) transmitter track with a corresponding X-type receiver for electric vehicles. Through a staggered magnetic field configuration, the proposed SBP structure supports interoperable coupling with appropriately sized bipolar receiver oriented for traveling or lateral coupling. When paired with the X-type receiver, only a uniphase receiver is sufficient to achieve smooth traveling power output across full lateral misalignment range and track module spacing up to 50% of one transmitter length, without requiring additional auxiliary coils or circuitry. A 3.3 kW dynamic prototype was built based on the designed magnetic coupler and circuit parameters. Experimental results show that, without increasing width, by adjusting the pole shoe positions, the X-type receiver can adapt to SBP track module spacing of up to 125 mm, with output voltage fluctuation kept below 2.83% during aligned motion, and dc/dc efficiency reaches 91.04%.

To meet the stringent charging requirements of electric vehicles, wireless power transfer (WPT) systems must inherently possess both constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) output characteristics. However, most existing systems typically maintain CC and CV outputs only under fixed mutual inductance (MI) conditions, requiring parameter reconfiguration when MI varies, thereby limiting practical applicability. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel LCLC-LCC compensated WPT system that maintains both CC and CV outputs across varying MI conditions while ensuring zero phase angle (ZPA) operation in two modes. The comprehensive analysis of equivalent circuits for two operating modes and detailed derivation of topology parameters are given. Extensive simulation results validate the ZPA operation in two output modes. Finally, experimental verification is conducted. Experimental results demonstrate that the LCLC-LCC compensation system successfully achieves CC and CV outputs while maintaining ZPA input under varying MIs. When the coupling coefficient is 0.25, the maximum DC-DC efficiency in the two output modes is 93.28% and 94.35%, respectively.

In lithium-ion battery management systems (BMSs), accurate state of charge (SOC) estimation is essential for the stable operation of BMSs. Furthermore, the accuracy of SOC estimation is significantly influenced by the precision of battery model parameters. To improve the SOC estimation accuracy, this paper focuses on the second-order RC equivalent circuit model, firstly designs a simple and reliable improved adaptive forgetting factor (IAFF) regulation mechanism, and proposes the improved adaptive forgetting factor recursive least squares (IAFFRLS) algorithm, which not only improves the accuracy of parameter identification, but also exhibits excellent performance in anti-interference. Secondly, based on the identified model, a weighted multi-innovation improved Sage–Husa adaptive extended Kalman filter (WMISAEKF) algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of filter divergence caused by noise covariance updating. It fully utilizes historical innovations to reasonably allocate innovation weights to achieve accurate SOC estimation. Compared with the VFFRLS algorithm and AFFRLS algorithm, the IAFFRLS algorithm reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) by 29.30% and 19.29%, respectively, and the RMSE under noise interference is decreased by 82.37% and 78.59%, respectively. Based on the identified model for SOC estimation, the WMISAEKF algorithm reduces the RMSE by 77.78%, compared to the EKF algorithm. Furthermore, the WMISAEKF algorithm could still converge under different levels of noise interference and incorrect initial SOC values, which proves that the proposed algorithm has good stability and robustness. Simulation results verify that the parameter identification algorithm proposed in this paper demonstrates higher identification accuracy and anti-interference performance. The proposed SOC estimation algorithm has higher estimation accuracy and good robustness, which provides a new practical support for extending battery life.

Wireless charging for electric vehicles, which provides a new idea to solve the mileage anxiety of electric vehicles, has received wide attention from the industry. However, in practical applications, the misalignment between the transmitting and receiving coils of the wireless charging system will lead to a decrease in transmission power and efficiency. The detection coil method, with its simple, reliable and low-cost features, has become a feasible way to realize the positioning of wireless charging systems. Aiming at the common DD/DD coupling mechanism, this paper proposes a detection coil set consisting of four helical coils to realize the receiving coil misalignment detection. The design is optimized by decoupling the helical coils from the receiving coils to reduce interference. With the stable magnetic field generated by the transmitter coil, the detection coil generates an induced voltage, and the positioning of the detection coil is realized by fitting the curve of the induced voltage with the misalignment. The feasibility of the proposed method is verified by theoretical simulation.