针对楚雄烟区植烟土壤状况,开展增施不同浓度镁肥技术研究,以明确适宜楚雄烟区的最佳施镁量.以烟区常规施肥措施为对照,研究增施60、90、120 kg/hm2硫酸镁后烤烟产量和品质变化情况.结果表明,在楚雄烟区增施镁肥60 kg/hm2有助于降低烟叶含梗率和氯离子含量,提高钾离子含量,钾氯比升高,改善烟叶成熟度和组织结构,且该处理烟叶香气质细腻,香气量足,其物理特性、外观品质、化学成分、烤烟综合品质得分和公顷产值分别较对照提升了6.26％、5.11％、18.76％、4.66％和2.85％;该处理综合品质、产量和产值优于增施90 kg/hm2和120 kg/hm2镁肥处理.可见,在楚雄烟区增施60 kg/hm2硫酸镁是楚雄烟区适宜的施镁量,有助于提升烤烟产量和品质,而施镁过量对烟叶品质改善效果不显著,会造成镁肥浪费、提高烤烟种植成本.

无人机技术符合现代烟草农业需要,能有效促进烟叶生产向优质、高效、绿色方向发展和数字化转型,在烟叶生产中起到减工降本、提质增效的作用.对无人机技术的主要特点进行分析,总结了其在楚雄烟区烟叶生产中应用现状和效果,并对未来发展趋势进行探讨,为促进无人机技术在烟草农业领域多层次研究和推广应用提供参考.

基于当前烤烟生产所用复混肥中的磷多由磷酸一铵等提供的实际,通过田间试验探讨能否以重过磷酸钙部分或全部替代复混肥中的磷以降低生产成本,同时又能保障烤烟的正常生长发育和产量产值.结果表明,采用重钙部分或全部作为烟草专用复混肥中的磷素养分肥源以后,肥料成本明显降低;且在相同氮磷钾使用量的条件下,采用重钙优化复混肥组成(无论是重钙部分替代还是全部替代复混肥中的其它磷源)不仅对烤烟烟株的生长发育没有负面影响,且其初烤烟叶产量、产值相对更好,评吸质量更优;其中以重钙部分替代复混肥中的其他磷源效果更好;小区试验和同田对比均有一致的结果.建议烤烟生产中可以考虑使用重钙作为磷肥肥源以优化复混肥.

Based on the analysis of the traditional tobacco leaf harvesting, flue-curing process and the existing problems, this study introduces the lean production process of Fayi flue-curing barns in Chouxiong Prefecture, reviews the characteristics of this model to carry out balanced curing management, optimize curing operation team management, use tobacco leaf clips instead of traditional sticks and improve the whole process's operating standards, and demonstrates the workshop and promotion of lean production process in Chuxiong well in the amount of work, operating efficiency, flue-curing quality and flue-curing costs. The results show that lean tobacco production management could improve the flue-curing quality, flue-cured tobacco yellow rate, the proportion of the upper-grade tobacco leaves and the average price of tobacco leaves. Furthermore, the flue-curing cost in the lean production was 22.99% lower than that of traditional tobacco production.

针对云南烟区特有地形地貌、土壤条件和烟苗移栽要求,设计开发一种步进式电动打塘移栽机,解决外来移栽机适应性差的问题.该机主要由车架、控制器、打塘机构、植苗机构、驱动机构等部件组成,具有电力驱动、步进式、打塘、植苗等功能.该机通过云南省农机鉴定站的产品质量监督检验鉴定;该机田间试验效果情况较好,有效度达到99.6%,表明该机是一种适合各种类型田地和土壤条件的、集打塘移栽于一体、减工降本显著的环保型移栽机,具有广阔的应用前景和现实意义.

以烟草专用复合肥为对照,通过田间小区试验,研究2种不同有机肥与烟草专用复合肥配施对楚雄烟区紫色植烟土壤微生物数量、烟叶产量、品质和植烟土壤养分变化的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,增施农家肥和油枯可增加烟株的株高、茎围和叶面积系数,提高烤烟的产量、产值、上等烟比例;在紫色植烟土壤上配施农家肥和油枯能提高土壤中放线菌数量,但对固氮菌、解钾菌、解磷细菌和解磷真菌的数量没有明显影响;配施农家肥和油枯可以提高紫色植烟土壤水解氮、有效磷和速效钾的含量,可以提高土壤中细菌种群结构的多样性.

In order to appropriately arrange the preceding crops for flue-cured tobacco production,and improve the yield and quality of tobacco in purple soil,Chuxiong,Yunnan,the effect of preceding crops,including Chinese cabbage,barley and broad beans on agronomic characteristics,economic traits,changes of soil microbial biomass and nutrients were evaluated.The results showed that:The effect of different preceding crops on the agronomic characteristics and yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were obvious.The plant height,the leaf area coefficicnt,the yield per mu,the value per mu and the proportion of upper-grade tobacco leaves were highest in the preceding crop Chinese cabbage treatment.However,the effect of preceding crops on leaf chemical properties were not significant.The effect of preceding crops on the change of the number of actinomycetes,nitrogen-fixing bacteria,potassium bacteria,phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and phosphate-solubilizing fungi were various.In vigorous growth period (40 d after transplanting to first priming),the number of actinomycetes,potassium bacteria,phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and phosphate-solubilizing fungi was increased in broad beans treatment;the number of actinomycetes,nitrogen-fixing bacteria,phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and phosphate-solubilizing fungi was decreased in Chinese cabbage treatment;the worst performance was in barley treatment.The effect of different preceding crops on soil nutrient change was various,soil organic matter and available nutrients were best in broad beans treatment.To sum up,the index of soil microbial and soil nutrients was best in preceding broad beans treatment.This conclusion provides a good guide for the tobacco crop rotation system in purple soil.

按照精益生产的“准时生产”理念对楚雄子午育苗工场的苗盘清洗、消毒、装盘、播种、入池等生产环节进行精益化改造,将分散、割裂的环节整合起来,建立流水线作业流程,消灭了中间物料的库存浪费、搬运浪费和等待浪费.测算结果表明:准时生产通过调整各环节的生产节奏,使各环节的生产效率得到提高,实现了育苗生产用工量和用工成本的降低.

In order to explore the theory basis about the flue-cured tobacco substitute, analyzed the C3F grade sample chem-ical components of 25 flavor flue-cured tobacco-growing areas by grey equal weight cluster.The results indicated that chemical components of 14 flue-cured tobacco region belonged to A class, which was the very harmonious chemical components region. Chemical components of 6 flue-cured tobacco region belonged to B class, which was the harmonious chemical components region. Chemical components of 5 flue-cured tobacco region belonged to C class, which was general chemical components region.The av-erage value and variation of all chemical composition feature existed differences, different categories existed significant differences among the main chemical composition.

Based on climatic data and main climatic factors influencing the content of flue-cured tobacco,the climatic feasibility indexes(CFI) were estimated for tobacco-growing areas in Chuxiong.Standard deviation calculation was applied to obtain weight of climatic factors.Analyses were conducted on similarity between climatic conditions of three different representative counties in Chuxiong and corresponding climatic conditions in high-quality tobacco-growing areas at home and abroad.Combined with the experienced formula,the flavors of tobacco leaves in Chuxiong were positioned.The results were as follows: In tobacco-growing areas of Chuxiong,mean temperature of 19.8 degrees during maturing period was relatively moderate.The rainfall distribution was relatively appropriate.Sunshine hours during field period were over 500 h,indicating that sunshine condition was fine.CFIs for flue-cured tobacco ranged from 0.61 to 1.00,indicating that Chuxiong tobacco-growing areas were suitable to tobacco growth.The similarity of the climatic conditions of flue-cured tobacco suggested in three representative tobacco-growing counties,Chuxiong and Yaoan with corresponding climatic conditions in Brazil was higher than that with climatic conditions in America and Zimbabwe,and Chuxiong and Yaoan with corresponding climatic conditions in Xuchang was lower than that with climatic conditions in Zunyi and Sanming,China.Compared with Chuxiong and Yaoan,climate similarity between Yuanmou and other tobacco-growing areas showed the opposite trend.Chuxiong tobacco aroma positioning K values of tobacco leaf in Chuxiong averaged 0.27 showed that tobacco leaf was typical of scent type.

Effects of organic compost on physical and chemical properties of soil,and chemical composition of tobacco leaves were investigated with experiments from 1989 to 2007.Results showed that applying 600 kg/mu manure with 30 kg/mu fertilizer was the best combination for tobacco growth.After almost 20 years of applying organic composts,organic matter content in soil increased from 6.5 g/kg to 18.9 g/kg;soil CEC increased by 1.76% to 11.81 cmol/kg;average soil bulk density decreased from 1.22 g/cm3 to 1.09 g/cm3;soil total porosity,capillary porosity and field capacity increased by 3.7%,5.0% and 3.0% respectively.Continued application of moderate composts helped to stabilize chemical compositions in tobacco leaves.

To construct modern tobacco agriculture has become a common practice in many tobacco growing provinces.However, as models and methods of modern tobacco agriculture are different,hence their development level can not be compared horizontally or vertically.A comprehensive evaluating system of modern tobacco agriculture based on standardized method was built in Chuxiong and was applied in Lufeng county in 2009.An appraisal index of 0.844 was obtained which imply that condition in Lufeng is good and further development can be achieved.