Nitrogen (N) is crucial for plant growth and is distributed across various N morphologies within plant organs. However, the mechanisms controlling the distribution of these N morphologies are not fully understood. This study investigated key amino acid (AA) biosynthesis pathways regulating N distribution and their impact on plant physiology and growth. We examined N distribution in the leaves, stems, and roots of two tobacco cultivars (Hongda and K326) under different N treatments at 75, and 100 days after transplanting (DAT). Transcriptome analysis was performed at 75 and 100 DAT to explore N distribution and AA metabolism pathways. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified pathways regulating N distribution, and the Mantel test assessed the impact of N treatments, growth stages, and cultivars on N distribution. Statistically significant differences in N distribution were observed across environmental conditions, growth stages, cultivars, and plant organs (p < 0.05). WGCNA identified phenylalanine metabolism (ko00360), alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism (ko00250), and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism (ko00260) pathways regulating the distribution of Nin-SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate insoluble N), NW (water soluble N), and NS (sodium dodecyl sulfate soluble N), respectively. Increased N application promoted Nin-SDS accumulation, while earlier growth stages and cultivar Hongda favored NW distribution. NS distribution was inhibited under high N conditions. Gene expression in these pathways correlated with N distribution, biomass, and N accumulation. This study elucidates the mechanisms regulating N distribution in tobacco, emphasizing the role of AA metabolism pathways. These findings are essential for improving N utilization and optimizing N management practices, ultimately enhancing crop productivity and supporting sustainable agricultural practices.

介绍了云南省楚雄彝族自治州元谋县发展雪茄烟叶的区域优势特点和生产状况,分析了发展雪茄烟叶过程中存在的主要问题,并提出具体发展对策,旨在为制定和统筹谋划楚雄州元谋县雪茄烟叶生产高质量发展提供参考.

本研究在楚雄烟区对5个烤烟新品种进行田间试验和工业可用性综合评价.试验结果表明,云烟301、云烟116、云烟97和云烟100的产量、上等烟比例和产值接近或超过对照云烟87,在楚雄烟区种植均能取得较好的经济效益;云烟116和云烟301的外观质量、化学成分及感官质量与对照云烟87较为接近;综合来看,云烟116和云烟301的经济性状、外观质量、内在化学成分和感官质量较好,各项指标接近或者优于对照云烟87,可作为楚雄烟区后备烤烟品种,并在烟叶生产中推广应用.

晾制是提高雪茄烟叶品质的关键环节.元谋县自然条件优越,适宜进行雪茄烟叶规模化生产.近年来,在相关专家的指导下,元谋县采用云南省雪茄烟叶四段式晾制工艺调控技术晾制雪茄烟叶,取得了初步成效.本文结合元谋县雪茄烟叶生产实践经验,介绍了元谋县雪茄烟叶晾制技术细节,具体包括标准晾房建设、适时采收、分类穿编、科学晾制、分拣扎把等方面内容,分析了其存在的问题,并从提升技能和管理水平、细节管理、创新发展等方面提出了建议,以期为元谋县雪茄烟产业高质量发展提供参考.

[目的]比较4种不同种类的腐殖酸水溶性有机肥在楚雄烟区烤烟上的"减肥、提质、增效、降本"效果.[方法]进行了施用 4 种不同种类腐殖酸水溶性有机肥减少化肥用量30%的处理与常规施肥对照的小区试验.[结果]烟株主要农艺性状和地上地下部分干鲜重甲壳素水溶肥优于其他水溶肥处理和对照处理,产量和腰叶单叶重最高的是"YD-3"全效腐殖酸水溶性有机肥分别为3031.05 kg/hm2和10.14 g;产值和均价最高的是济农含腐殖酸水溶肥分别为49587.15元/hm2 和17.41元/kg;上等烟比例和中等烟比例最高的是济农含腐殖酸水溶肥和黄腐酸钾水溶肥分别为21.65%和63.29%.[结论]综合评价以济农含腐殖酸水溶肥和甲壳素水溶肥效果最优,与对照相比产值、均价、上等烟比例分别提高3324.75元/hm2 和2217.45元/hm2、1.45元/kg和0.71元/kg、31.85%和19.42%.

为探明楚雄高端烟叶产区植烟土壤养分丰缺情况,于2018年系统采集楚雄"2260"工程涉及烟区的植烟土壤样品并测定其养分主要指标和分析评价其含量水平.结果表明:楚雄烟区"2260"工程区域植烟土壤pH值、有机质、有效磷、水解性氮、全氮和水溶性氯等指标平均含量均处于最适宜或者较好水平,整体适宜于优质烟叶生产;土壤质量指标的空间分布方面:酸碱失衡土壤主要分布在妥甸镇、大庄镇和子午镇,其中酸性土壤比例为19.51％～26.09％,碱性土壤比例为17.14％～31.71％;土壤有机质、水解性氮和全氮含量偏高地区主要分布在共和镇和子午镇,其中有机质丰富比例达13.04％～26.67％,水解性氮丰富比例达23.91％～36.67％,全氮丰富比例达36.96％～58.33％;土壤水溶性氯不适宜地区主要分布在共和镇,比例达30％;针对局部土壤障碍现象,宜采取调整种植制度、优化施肥方式和调和土壤酸碱度等土壤保育措施.综上,楚雄烟区"2260"工程覆盖区域植烟土壤养分含量较为适宜,局部烟区宜采取相应土壤保育措施.

无人机技术符合现代烟草农业需要,能有效促进烟叶生产向优质、高效、绿色方向发展和数字化转型,在烟叶生产中起到减工降本、提质增效的作用.对无人机技术的主要特点进行分析,总结了其在楚雄烟区烟叶生产中应用现状和效果,并对未来发展趋势进行探讨,为促进无人机技术在烟草农业领域多层次研究和推广应用提供参考.

通过问卷调查、实地走访等方法,对乡村振兴战略背景下的楚雄烟区烟叶生产技术人才的综合业务素质、技术水平和管理能力进行了分析,并结合楚雄烟区当前人才队伍建设现状提出了相应的对策建议,以期提升其建设水平.

[目的]研究楚雄禄丰烟区干筋期最高干燥温度对烤后烟叶致香物质的影响.[方法]以K326为供试烤烟品种,设62、65、68和70℃4个处理,探索干筋期最佳烘烤温度.[结果]当干筋期温度为65℃时,烤后烟叶致香物质总量最高,新植二烯和其他类致香物质含量最高;当干筋期温度为62℃时,类胡萝卜素类、棕色化产物、苯丙氨酸类和类西柏烷类含量均为最高;当干筋期温度为68和70℃时,烤后烟叶致香物质总量和各分类均较低.[结论]在楚雄禄丰烟区密集烤房烘烤K326时,从提高烟叶致香物质含量的角度来看,最佳干筋温度为65℃.

为探索玉米草地贪夜蛾的生物防治技术,开展了不同龄期叉角厉蝽采用不同释放方式对玉米草地贪夜蛾防治的大田试验.结果表明:叉角厉蝽3～4龄若虫和成虫对草地贪夜蛾有明显的捕食能力,相同虫龄的叉角厉蝽网罩释放防治效果优于不网罩释放,防治效果的优劣顺序为3～4龄若虫>成虫>虫卵,网罩和不网罩释放叉角厉蝽3～4龄若虫对玉米草地贪夜蛾的防治效果分别达到75.96％和61.49％;玉米产量分别比对照高出了3808.65和3322.80 kg/hm2,差异显著、效益明显.由此表明,玉米大田释放3～4龄叉角厉蝽若虫600～750头/hm2,用于防治玉米草地贪夜蛾是可行的.

为明确捕食性天敌昆虫益蝽捕食烟草斜纹夜蛾的能力,在温度(25±1)℃、相对湿度(65±5)％、光周期16L:8D的室内条件下,开展了益蝽捕食烟草斜纹夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应试验.结果显示,益蝽对烟草斜纹夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ方程;益蝽成虫对3、4、5龄斜纹夜蛾的日最大捕食量分别为59.20、27.36、9.68头;瞬时攻击率分别为1.0773、1.0705、1.5296;处置时间分别为0.0169、0.0365、0.1033 d;从反应捕食能力的a/Th值来看,益蝽捕食3、4、5龄幼虫的a/Th值分别为63.77、29.29、14.81,表明益蝽对3龄幼虫具有最强的捕食力.表明在利用益蝽进行生物防治时,当田间斜纹夜蛾幼虫达到3龄高峰时,释放益蝽可取得更好的防治效果.

[目的]研究密闭式烘烤条件对烤后烟叶质量的影响.[方法]以楚雄地区K326烟叶为烘烤对象,对电能密闭式热泵烤房与传统密集型烤房烤后烟叶的化学成分、致香物质以及感官评吸进行对比.烘烤过程中,使用气体分析仪实时监测并记录烤房内氧气、二氧化碳浓度的变化.烘烤结束时,对密闭式热泵烤房与传统密集型烤房进行气体测定;对样品进行化学成分、致香物质以及感官质量评价对比.[结果]密闭式热泵烤房内二氧化碳浓度明显高于传统密集型烤房;密闭式热泵烤房烤后烟叶淀粉含量较传统密集型烤房降低35.09％;密闭式热泵烤房相较于传统密集型烤房烤后烟叶总致香物质含量增加,香气质量、杂气、烟气浓度、刺激性和余味均明显改善,内在化学成分的协调性与整体感官质量表现为密闭式热泵烤房优于传统密集型烤房.[结论]密闭式烘烤条件对改善烤后烟叶品质有一定的作用.

探明钛肥在烤烟生产上的增产增值作用,为钛肥在楚雄烟区的应用推广提供依据,2016—2018年进行了钛肥在烤烟生产上的应用效果试验.结果表明:烤烟团棵期-现蕾期叶面喷施钛肥和伸根期-摆盘期灌根浇施钛肥能促进烤烟生长发育、增强抗逆性,提高烤烟产质量,改善烟叶内在化学成分.烤烟旺长期-现蕾期以叶面喷施1500倍液的效果最佳,产量、产值分别达187.63～208.07 kg/667m2、3373.50～4007.05元/667m2,上中等烟比例以烤烟团棵期叶面喷施钛肥1500～3000倍液的效果最佳,达73.05％～76.26％;烤烟伸根期-摆盘期分别以灌根3000倍液的效果最优,与施用等量清水对照比,产量、产值、上中等烟比例分别提高33.49 kg/667m2、552.21元/667m2和10.05百分点.

笔者立足楚雄烟区生产实际,综合分析了"清香楚叶"烟叶品牌培育的重要性、现状和面临的难题,并有针对性地提出了相应的对策建议,为促进"清香楚叶"烟叶品牌培育及其高质量发展提供借鉴和参考.

Nitrogen is an important element for the growth of flue-cured tobacco and is closely related to its yield and quality. In order to pursue higher economic benefits, excessive fertilizer is generally applied in flue-cured tobacco production, which is unfavourable for the sustainable development of flue-cured tobacco production and for the environment. In 2016 and 2017, experiments using different nitrogen fertilizer application rates in flue-cure tobacco were conducted in Yunnan province, and the changes in agronomic, economic and chemical indices as well as in residual soil nitrogen were compared. Linear and quadratic models were used to compare the response of tobacco to nitrogen fertilizer. With increasing nitrogen fertilizer rate, the proportions of superior to medium tobacco and the average price of flue-cured tobacco leaves initially increased and then decreased, while fresh weight, dry weight and the proportion of inferior tobacco showed the opposite trend. Total sugar and reducing sugar contents decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates, while total nitrogen and nicotine contents increased. Sensory evaluation scores had the highest value when 90 kg N/ha and 120 kg N/ha were applied. Soil nitrate contents increased as nitrogen fertilizer rate increased. The quadratic model was suitable for the response of cultivar K326 to nitrogen and 90 kg N/ha could meet the needs of cultivar K326.

对楚雄绿色生态特色烟叶发展现状、优势和面临问题进行认真总结分析,并提出对策建议,为进一步促进楚雄高端特色优质烟叶创新发展和"清香楚叶"品牌培育提供借鉴、参考及依据.

[目的]充分分析德宏烟区种植的津巴布韦烤烟品种KRK26的烟叶品质特性,发挥其独特风格特征,提高德宏烟叶可用性.[方法]以云南德宏和津巴布韦2个烟区KRK26上、中部烟叶为材料,评价了KRK26烟叶的外观质量、物理特性、感官评吸质量,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC/MS)分析香味成分.[结果]与津巴布韦烟叶相比,德宏烟叶的成熟度略差、油分稍显不足,单叶重、叶面密度、身份和结构方面差于津巴布韦烟叶;两糖、烟碱含量和糖碱比显著高于津巴布韦烟叶,总氮含量显著低于津巴布韦烟叶,两者整体化学成分均处于较为适宜范围,协调性较好;德宏烟叶风格特征主要表现为清甜香韵,香气飘逸;津巴布韦烟叶则表现为焦甜香韵,香气沉溢.此外,由于Maillard反应产物含量上的差异,德宏KRK26烤烟品种焦甜香韵稍逊于津巴布韦烟叶.[结论]受生态条件影响,德宏KRK26烟叶整体品质弱于津巴布韦KRK26烟叶,且风格特征存在一定差异,可根据研究结果结合德宏当地实际情况适当调整农艺措施.

对烟苗种植过程中需要人工破膜提出了机械自动化破膜,为实现机械自动化破膜提出3种自动定位烟苗方法,利用双立目视觉机器采取信息图像进行定位破膜;采用3D激光扫描对烟苗进行信息采集定位以及利用精准农业这套整体测控系统全方面定位对这三种方法进行了阐述,并在实际烟草种植破膜过程中对3种方法的优缺点进行比较.

[目的]通过密集烤房烘烤试验验证烤烟品种K326定色期、干筋期的适宜烘烤工艺参数阈值,为云南烟区K326品种密集烘烤示范推广提供理论依据.[方法]基于前期热泵烤箱试验得出K326品种烘烤过程定色期、干筋期最佳温湿度及时间范围,采用单一变量原则对不同干球、湿球温度以及时间阈值进行验证,对比K326初烤烟叶的经济性状、内在化学成分、感官评吸质量变化并进行评价.[结果]滇中地区K326品种中部烟密集烘烤过程定色期、干筋期工艺关键阈值:定色前期干球温度45 ～48℃、湿球温度36 ～ 38℃、时间20 ～ 24 h,定色后期干球温度53～55℃、湿球温度37 ～ 38℃、时间18 ～20 h;干筋前期干球温度58 ～60℃、湿球温度39～40℃、时间12～14 h,干筋后期干球温度65～68℃,湿球温度39 ～40℃、时间22～26h.[结论]以上工艺参数配置有利于K326烟叶等级、质量提升以及内含物质充分转化,从而保证烟叶化学成分较为协调,感官评吸质量较佳,可以应用于云南滇中地区大规模密集烘烤推广示范与实施.

Yellowing is a key stage in the curing of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.) as much of the chemical transformation occurs during this period. This study examined the effect of different yellowing degrees on the value of flue-cured tobacco leaves at the farm level for both processing and manufacturing. The study was conducted in the counties of Chuxiong, Dali, and Yuxi in Yunnan, China over two years. Yellowing treatments have been designed to have either a mild or a regular yellowing degree. Yield, value, appearance, suction property, smoking characteristics, and physical resistance to further processing were investigated to evaluate the effect of degree of yellowing on the industrial utilization of flue-cured tobacco leaves. The regular yellowing degree enhanced yield, value, and appearance compared to the mild yellowing degree, regardless of cultivar or location; however, physical resistance to further processing and the suction property of the mild yellowing degree treatment were better than with the regular yellowing degree regardless of cultivar or location. Furthermore, although the regular yellowing degree recorded higher smoking characteristic scores than the mild yellowing degree immediately after flue-curing, the scores of mild yellowing degree leaves could be further augmented by increasing intensity in the re-drying stage. The smoking characteristic score in the regular yellowing degree can only be increased by low intensity re-drying, and significantly decreased by mild and high intensity re-drying. Therefore, in terms of industrial utilization, mild yellowing is the better choice for flue-curing tobacco. This study also suggested that the current regular yellowing stage in Yunnan should be shortened to meet the demands of the traditional tobacco industry.