Submerged side-blown gas injection is widely used in metallurgical and chemical reactors. The mechanism-based thresholds of bubble-to-jet transition and reliable prediction of jet penetration depth are crucial for guiding the design and operation. In this study, scaled water-model experiments with synchronized high-speed imaging were combined with mechanistic analysis to quantify bubble-to-jet transition and penetration depth. Force-based similarity reduces the governing variables to a minimal triplet dimensionless-groups - Froude (Fr '), Reynolds (Re ') and Weber (We ') - representing inertia-buoyancy, inertia-viscosity, and inertia-surface tension competition. Bubble-to-jet transition occurs once streamwise forcing plus contact squeezing overcomes buoyant/viscous/ surface tension resistance. A trivariate logistic regression on modified numbers {Fr ', Re ', We '} defines conjunctive transition criteria (Fr '* ti 37, Re '* ti 343, We '* ti 1.49 x 105, with 95 % CIs) for stable jetting. Gas momentum (via gas injection velocity, nozzle diameter) is the primary driver of penetration; liquid viscosity, surface tension, and density act as secondary modifiers captured by Re ' and We '. Within the jet regime, a semi-theoretical correlation for dimensionless penetration depth (L/D) is calibrated in which variables are force-informed and exponents are data-learned, achieving adjusted R2 ti 0.921 across operating conditions. Applied to molten copperslag conditions, the model predicts L/D ti 20-30 at industrial gas speeds, consistent with actual furnace dimensions. The framework integrates mechanism, statistics, and similarity, providing design-ready criteria and a transferable penetration model for side-blown reactors.

Conventional carbon capture technologies often suffer from high energy demands during the desorption stage, whereas mineralization-assisted desorption provides a promising alternative to mitigate this challenge. This study investigates the mineralization-regeneration process of the NH 3 -CO 2 absorption system, with particular emphasis on the influence of CaCl 2 on desorption performance and the underlying reaction mechanisms. The work further examines the phase transition behavior and doping regulation of calcium carbonate, and introduces steel slag as a practical calcium source to evaluate its feasibility for large-scale applications.Results indicate that the desorption efficiency of the NH 3 -CO 2 absorption system is strongly dependent on the calcium dosage and reaction temperature. At a CO 2 /Ca 2+ molar ratio of 1.0:1.0, pH 9, and a reaction temperature of 25 degrees C, the desorption rate reached 93.55%. The purity of the mineralized calcium carbonate exceeded 99.84%. Moreover, in the presence of NH 3 and Mg 2+ , a distinct crystalline phase transition pathway was identified. Without Mg 2+ , the transformation proceeded along the aragonite -> calcite pathway, whereas higher Mg 2+ concentrations (molar ratio of 0.4) promoted the formation of clustered calcite structures. The leachate reacted with the NH 3 -CO 2 absorption solution to achieve a desorption rate of 80.50%, producing calcium carbonate with 98.74% aragonite content, and demonstrating superior stability compared to the CaCl 2 -based system over multiple cycles. Collectively, these findings confirm the viability of indirect mineralization-assisted desorption in the NH 3 -CO 2 absorption system and highlight the potential of industrial solid wastes, particularly steel slag, as alternative calcium sources for carbon capture applications.

Steel enterprises face increasing pressure from the dual regulatory frameworks of China's Carbon Trading Market and the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. To quantify economic tipping points for low-carbon transition, this study establishes a techno-economic optimization model integrating Lifecycle Assessment with profit-maximization. Simulations from 2025 to 2050 evaluate the adoption potential of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) under these synergistic constraints. Results indicate that enterprises begin to adopt CCS technology when the carbon price exceeds 300 CNY/t and the CCS technology cost decreases to below 280 CNY/t (representing a 40.4% reduction). Furthermore, simulations identify a profitability reversal point at 180 CNY/t, where enterprises with higher shares of short-process flows achieve superior economic performance. Specifically, the profitability advantage of the short-process structure expands significantly as the CCTM carbon price rises. Compared to the long-process production structure, the structure with a higher proportion of short processes exhibits a lower propensity for CCS adoption, as its lower carbon emissions reduce the urgency of carbon reduction. These findings offer precise data-driven references for corporate strategic planning and policy calibration.

Industrial desulfurization in energy-intensive sectors entails a complex trade-off between ensuring strict pollutant removal and minimizing the associated energy and material-intensive carbon footprint. However, existing optimization strategies typically focus solely on terminal removal efficiency, often overlooking the intrinsic conflict between chemical consumption costs and macroscopic carbon emissions. This study hypothesizes that integrating mechanism-based mass transfer dynamics with specific life-cycle carbon accounting can reveal critical trade-offs for synergistic pollution control. To validate this, a synergistic optimization framework for semi-dry desulfurization was developed by coupling a steady-state dual-film efficiency model with boundary-defined carbon accounting to determine optimal trajectories under dew-point safety constraints. Results demonstrate that prioritizing water humidification minimizes calcium sorbent usage through enhanced reaction kinetics, leading to a 33.4% reduction in operational carbon emissions and a decrease of 95.2 CNY/h in costs, given that the desulfurizer dominates the carbon footprint (67.2%). Ultimately, this framework provides a quantifiable, mechanism-informed tool for low-carbon operation, offering scalable strategic guidance for industrial carbon mitigation.

Source-side coordinated control of carbon emissions and air pollutants is essential for the green transition of iron ore sintering, but remains challenging because carbon reduction, combustion efficiency, and pollutant mitigation are strongly coupled within the sintering bed. This study develops a Mechanism-System diagnosis-Optimization (M-S-O) framework that integrates a transient porous-bed reactor model, carbon-pollutant diagnosis, and feasible-domain Pareto screening, and applies it to validation and optimization analysis based on data from a 362 m2 industrial sintering machine. Sensitivity analysis shows that CO2 and CO are mainly governed by cokerelated carbon supply, SO2 by sulfur input, and NOx by both fuel-N availability and residence-related transport conditions after the NO-CO reduction pathway is considered. Four-objective Pareto analysis reveals that deep CO2 reduction may intensify incomplete combustion: in the low-CO2 region of 120-140 kg/t, CO exceeds 20.0 kg/t and NOx exceeds 1.6 kg/t. A representative TEC scenario increases effective product mass by 10.3%, reduces specific fan work by 26.0%, and decreases SO2 and NOx by 24.4% and 11.7%, respectively. These results indicate that coordinated sintering control should shift from simple carbon-input restriction toward reactor-level optimization of heat utilization, residence time, and aerodynamic load.

Co-thermal treatment of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (IFA) with iron ore fines offers a route for hazardous waste disposal and resource recovery in existing metallurgical processes. However, the coupled migration of chlorine and metals and its effects on environmental risks and sintering performance remain unclear. This study combined multiscale characterization and thermodynamic calculations to clarify chlorine evolution, migration, and enrichment during IFA co-sintering, while evaluating metal leaching, sinter quality, and dioxin emissions. Chlorine followed a fluxing-chlorination-trapping pathway. Above 600 °C, PbCl2(g) and ZnCl2(g) were the main gaseous carriers, while IFA-derived chlorides promoted early eutectic liquid formation, ion diffusion, and interfacial reactions. Above 1000 °C, Fe-Ca-Si-Al melts formed, which transformed into composite calcium ferrite or glass phases during cooling and solidification. This promoted the retention of part of the residual Cl as matrix-bound species with lower mobility. When the IFA content was 1 wt%, the volatilization of chlorine in IFA increased by 29.72%, and the volatilization rates of Pb and Zn increased by 17.04% and 35.36%, respectively. The degradation efficiency of dioxins in IFA reached 99.85%. These results clarify the co-migration mechanism and define a feasible operating range for integrating IFA co-processing into existing ironmaking infrastructure.

Solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs) are widely considered a next-generation battery technology because they are expected to deliver higher safety and potentially higher energy density than conventional liquid-electrolyte lithium-ion batteries. In SSLBs, the solid-state electrolyte (SSE) replaces the liquid electrolyte and porous separator, functioning simultaneously as the Li-ion conductor and electronic insulator. As a result, SSE properties-including ionic conductivity, electrochemical/chemical stability, interfacial compatibility, and mechanical integrity-directly determine the feasibility of high-energy cell designs and the reliability of practical devices. In recent years, substantial progress has been achieved in SSE materials (polymer, oxide, sulfide, halide and composites), interface engineering, and lithium dendrite mitigation; meanwhile, patent filings and pilot-line activities have surged globally. However, the transition from laboratory demonstrations to large-scale production remains constrained by interfacial contact loss at rigid solid-solid interfaces, interphase instability (especially in sulfide-Li systems), process-structure-performance coupling during film/electrode manufacturing, incomplete standards, and persistent cost pressures. This review systematically summarizes research progress, patent landscapes, and industrialization status of SSLBs (including both all-solid-state batteries and solid-liquid hybrid batteries as a transitional form). Key contradictions and stage-specific bottlenecks are analyzed, and recommendations are proposed for accelerating fundamental breakthroughs, establishing route-aware standards, improving manufacturing verification, and optimizing cost-effective industrial chain layouts.

The continuous growth of carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions has led to the deterioration of the global environment,creating a serious crisis for the human living environment.As a major carbon emitter,the steel industry accounted for 16.9％of the total industrial CO2 emissions in China.Thus,the steel industry shoulders significant responsibility for carbon reduction in the process of implementing the country's dual carbon strategy.Converting CO2 into high-value-added chemicals is an important way to achieve carbon reduction and resource recycling,but it faces certain technical challenges.The reverse water-gas shift(RWGS)reaction can convert CO2 into syngas component carbon monoxide(CO),which has both thermodynamic feasibility and economic advantages.The produced CO can be used in the preparation of other industrial chemicals,which is a promising green route to fuel production.At present,the thermal catalytic process in the RWGS reaction is the main technical route.However,it has problems such as high thermodynamic stability of CO2 and low CO2 conversion rate,CO production,and energy efficiency.Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the temperature must be increased to maintain a high equilibrium CO2 conversion rate.Reducing the temperature will lead to side r eactions.The water produced by the reaction can also cause catalyst deactivation.Therefore,exploring various emerging enhancement technologies to solve the above problems is crucial for promoting the large-scale industrial application of RWGS reactions.Researchers have conducted extensive studies on the traditional thermal catalytic RWGS reaction in terms of catalytic material preparation,reaction mechanism analysis,and reaction parameter optimization.However,there is a lack of systematic review and evaluation of emerging enhancement RWGS reaction technologies.In this review,we first introduce the research progress of RWGS emerging enhancement technologies.The advantages and limitations of different RWGS technologies are compared,and the applications of membrane-,photothermal-,plasma-assisted,and electric field-promoted RWGS reaction and the improvement of reaction performance are discussed.Membranes have been widely used in other industrial reactions.In the RWGS reaction,water can be removed through membranes to achieve higher CO yields,which solves the problems of product separation and catalyst deactivation caused by H2O.However,membranes are expensive and their performance degrades easily owing to contamination.The photothermal reaction harnesses the synergistic interplay between light and heat energies to initiate CO2 reduction.This dual-energy approach transforms light into heat,effectively lowering the activation energy and overcoming energy barriers inherent in the RWGS reaction.Although this is an economical reaction route,the intermittency of sunlight and availability of high-performance photocatalysts remain a challenge.The synergistic effect of plasma-assisted and electric field-promoted systems with catalysts is conducive to improving the CO2 conversion rate and suppressing side reactions.However,the above two technologies are still in the experimental research stage.Finally,the application prospects of RWGS emerging enhancement technologies and suggestions for further applications are discussed.

To address the problems of difficult degradation of Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) and easy deactivation of catalysts by chlorine poisoning, o-Dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) was used as a model pollutant, and a shape size-tunable CeCoOx catalyst was designed by Prussian blue analogue (PBA) derivatization, and the nucleation rate of the precursor was controlled by regulating the amount of Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) added (0-15 g), so that the CC-PVPy catalysts with hexagonal bipyramidal to lamellar gradient structures were successfully prepared, and their structure-efficacy relationship and mechanism were systematically elucidated. The results showed that the appropriate amount of PVP could optimize the crystallinity and size uniformity of the precursor, and the resulting CC-PVP1 catalyst showed a complete hexagonal bipyramidal structure with maximum specific surface area and pore volume, and the surface was enriched with highly active Co3+ species and adsorbed oxygen. Mechanistic studies have shown that chlorine poisoning mainly occurs through Cloccupying the oxygen vacancies, leading to a decrease in the crystallinity of the catalyst, a collapse of the pore structure, a weakening of the redox capacity and a decrease in the number of acid sites. CC-PVP1 significantly delayed the deactivation by reducing the amount of Cl deposited on the catalyst surface due to its high structural integrity. This study deepens the understanding of the catalytic combustion mechanism of CVOCs and provides a feasible strategy for the development of efficient chlorine-resistant catalysts.

Precise engineering of the metal-support interaction (MSI) is paramount for manipulating the geometric and electronic structures of supported metal catalysts, yet tailoring the local anchoring microenvironment at the atomic level remains a challenge. This study demonstrates how modulating the hydroxyl chemistry on CeO2 can direct the MSI to stabilize distinct Pd species─from single atoms to subnanometric PdOx ensembles. We show that conventional terminal hydroxyl groups on CeO2 favor the anchoring of Pd single atoms, whereas engineered bridging hydroxyl nests effectively confine undercoordinated PdOx clusters. This PdOx ensemble results in a moderate 4d orbital occupancy of Pd sites, which optimizes the σ-electron-acceptance and back-donation processes critical for C-H bond activation. Consequently, the PdOx ensemble catalyst achieves a dramatic decrease in methane combustion temperatures (T50 and T90 values are 340 and 402 °C, lowered by 175 and 226 °C, respectively) compared to the single-atom counterpart, alongside exceptional stability and water resistance under practical conditions. This work establishes the engineering of the support's hydroxyl microenvironment as a powerful strategy for designing highly efficient metal ensemble catalysts.

The inherent non-stationarity and measurement uncertainties of hot blast stove (HBS) flue gas severely hinder efficient waste heat utilization. Driven by the imperative of carbon neutrality, integrating carbon capture and solvent regeneration with HBS waste heat offers a critical pathway to reduce the energy penalty of industrial decarbonization. Consequently, this study proposes a hybrid predictive control framework to synchronize these coupled energy systems. To mitigate the impact of combustion dynamics on process monitoring, a particle swarm reconstruction mapping method is introduced, extracting high-fidelity process data with an R-2 > 0.95. Building upon this foundation, a physics-constrained Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) is employed to forecast transient thermodynamic parameters, effectively incorporating mass and energy constraints to limit anomaly influence and ensure a prediction accuracy of R-2 > 0.90. Through this robust predictive capability, an online control paradigm based on an Aspen surrogate model is established to regulate the dynamic coupling process, yielding significant energy savings of 9.08 GJ per cycle. This research provides a solution for managing the non-linear emission characteristics of HBS and similar periodically fluctuating industrial systems, bridging the gap between signal processing and process intensification for low-carbon steel manufacturing.

The environmental behavior and ecological effects of the naphthalene in soil is strongly regulated by moisture conditions. However, the combined influence of different rainfall scenarios on soil microbial community structure and function remains unclear. In the present study, a microcosm experiment was conducted with four precipitation guarantee rates (25%, 50%, 75%, and 90%) to investigate the effects of rainfall amount on soil naphthalene concentrations, soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and microbial community. The results showed that rainfall significantly influenced the levels and migration of naphthalene in soil. In the contaminated source area, soil oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) decreased markedly under higher rainfall amounts, corresponding to lower precipitation guarantee rates, which was closely associated with oxygen depletion and potential anaerobic transformation processes. Soil enzyme activities were significantly suppressed at the contamination source, particularly under lower rainfall regimes, indicating functional disturbance. Bacterial communities (e.g., Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas) showed marked enrichment of potential hydrocarbon-associated taxa and showed enrichment of taxa potentially associated with hydrocarbon transformation under contamination stress, whereas fungal communities (e.g., Neocosmospora) exhibited slower compositional changes than bacterial communities and were dominated by stress-tolerant taxa, suggesting a potential role in community persistence under contamination stress. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that core degrading genera (e.g., Arthrobacter) were key nodes sustaining community structure and function. Notably, bacteria and fungi exhibited fundamentally distinct response strategies: bacteria adopted a rapid, specialization-based strategy characterized by enrichment of multiple functional degraders, whereas fungi followed a slow, dominance-based strategy driven by a few stress-tolerant generalists. This study provides mechanistic insights into rainfall-regulated microbial responses in severely naphthalene-contaminated source zones and offers a reference for risk assessment and remediation management under high-contamination scenarios.

Electrocatalytic urea oxidation reaction (UOR) coupled with hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) to construct urea electrolytic cells is an effective method to achieve low energy consumption for hydrogen production. Twodimensional Ni(OH)2 has been widely studied in the field of UOR, however, the development of an ampere-level-current UOR catalyst with fast kinetics is still a challenge. Herein, the self-supporting electrode CF/CNM-S with Cu2S/Mo-doped Ni(OH)2 was synthesized which integrates multiple structural features including a heterojunction, a super-metastable phase, a sulfidized surface, and a nanoarray architecture. Experiments combined with theoretical study revealed that using a foam copper derivative as the carrier effectively enhanced the loading and dispersion of Ni(OH)2 nanosheets, while the nanoarray architecture significantly improved mass transport and diffusion. During the UOR process, the molybdenum-doped NiOOH and CuOOH species generated via the self-reconstruction of CF/CNM-S were identified as the true active phases. The resulting hierarchical heterostructure enabled fine-tuning of the surface electronic states, and the super-metastable state induced by molybdenum doping regulated the catalyst's activation capability towards urea molecules, and facilitated the cleavage of C-N bonds and the oxidation of CO intermediates. Consequently, the as-prepared CF/CNM-S electrode achieved a UOR current density of 1006 mA cm-2 at 1.8 V (vs. RHE) in an electrolyte containing 3 M KOH and 3 M urea.

The iron and steel industries stand as cornerstones of the Chinese national economy, underpinning infrastructure development and manufacturing sectors. However, their huge production scale—accounting for over half of global steel output—has resulted in high energy consumption and pollutant emissions, positioning steel production as the single largest source of industrial air pollutants in the country. These emissions, encompassing particulate matter, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), dioxins, and CO2, pose substantial threats to public health and ecological sustainability. Long-term exposure to these pollutants can increase the incidence of respiratory diseases and cardiovascular issues and contribute to acid rain and climate change. As environmental regulations have evolved from single-pollutant standards to stringent multi-pollutant ultra-low emission requirements, the iron and steel industries have undergone a paradigm shift in pollution control strategies. The scale of this transition is compounded by international commitments, including those under the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants, and global climate agreements, creating dual pressures to address conventional pollutants and emerging concerns including carbon neutrality. Chinese steel enterprises thus face the complex task of integrating pollution abatement with carbon reduction while maintaining their competitive edge in the global market. Many large steelmakers have had to allocate a substantial portion of their budgets to facility upgrades, impacting their short-term profitability, but crucial for long-term sustainability. A comprehensive review of domestic and international practices reveals that China has made remarkable progress in setting emission standards for particulate matter, SO2, and NOx, exceeding the standards set in many other developed regions. To date, gaps remain in dioxin regulation, where limits lag behind those enforced by the European Union, Japan, and provisions of the Stockholm Convention. This discrepancy is particularly critical given that sintering processes and electric arc furnaces—key stages in steel production—are major dioxin sources, releasing these highly toxic compounds through incomplete combustion and chemical reactions at high temperatures. Dioxins are known to be carcinogenic and can bioaccumulate in food chains, posing long-term risks to ecosystems and human health. A multi-tiered approach based on best available technologies, including rigorous raw material screening to reduce chlorine and heavy metal content, process optimization including low-temperature sintering to minimize dioxin formation, and advanced end-of-pipe treatments is imperative. Combining high-efficiency electrostatic precipitators with activated carbon adsorption systems can effectively capture particulates and dioxins, with some facilities reporting a reduction of over 90% in pollutant levels. Selective catalytic reduction technology can simultaneously reduce NOx emissions. Such integrated systems enable synergistic control, addressing multiple pollutants in a cost-effective manner. Enhancing regulatory frameworks to align with international dioxin standards is also essential. Strengthening research on emerging pollutants, developing real-time online monitoring systems, and leveraging artificial intelligence for precision management of emission controls are equally important. Efforts should also be made to promote research on the application of advanced multi-pollutant coordinated emission reduction technologies, explore paths coupling pollution reduction and carbon emission reduction, and encourage the development of high-quality green productivity in the steel industry.

Simultaneous removal of dioxins and NO from sintering flue gas was a critical environmental challenge. Although activated coke (AC) was a potential material for multi-pollutant control, the mechanisms governing the synergistic removal of these pollutants remained to be fully elucidated. In this study, we selected o-dichlorobenzene as a model compound for dioxins. The ammonia modification was employed to construct nitrogen-enriched active sites on AC, aiming to enhance the simultaneous removal of dioxin and NO. Results showed that the modification successfully introduced pyridine, pyrrole, and quaternary nitrogen species while increasing the macropore volume. The AC sample calcined at 600 degrees C exhibited superior synergistic performance, achieving a NO adsorption capacity of 31.37 mg/g and o-dichlorobenzene removal efficiency of >96%. Mechanistic analysis indicated that nitrogen-containing functional groups provided adsorption sites for o-dichlorobenzene and NO, and these sites enhanced adsorption through van der Waals forces. Crucially, quaternary nitrogen sites further enhanced the oxidation capacity of activated coke. During synergistic removal, the reaction of NO with O-2 to form NO2 promoted ring-opening degradation of o-dichlorobenzene. These results clarified the role of nitrogen functional groups in AC-based multi-pollutant control and demonstrated ammonia-modified activated coke as a cost-effective route for the synergistic removal of dioxins and NO from sintering flue gas.

Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA), a hazardous byproduct of waste incineration, requires safe disposal and resource recovery. This review summarizes its physicochemical properties and the behavior of heavy metals and dioxins during high-temperature thermal treatment. The focus is on large-scale co-processing using industrial waste heat, which addresses the high energy demand of conventional treatment while achieving pollutant immobilization and decomposition. Co-processing in cement kilns and steel furnaces utilizes existing high-temperature waste streams to enhance energy efficiency: in cement kilns, dioxins can be completely degraded within 3-5 s at about 900 degrees C, and a dioxin removal rate of up to 94.0 % has been reported, while the practical feeding level is constrained by chlorine control and the introduced chlorine should not exceed 0.04 % of the raw materials. In the steel industry, sintering typically operates at around 1300 degrees C and has been reported to achieve a dioxin removal rate of 93.3 %, whereas MSWI FA addition generally needs to be controlled to below 2 % in the sintering mix to avoid adverse effects associated with chloride and alkaline content. Blast furnace co-processing typically operates at 1400-1500 degrees C and shows promise for integrated, large-scale disposal, though long-term environmental risks remain to be validated. Future research should prioritize optimizing feeding strategies and process control, developing selective solidification and resource recovery pathways, and establishing standardized evaluation systems to advance environmentally sustainable and economically feasible industrial-scale waste heat co-processing of MSWI FA.

Urea oxidation reaction (UOR) serves as a promising anodic alternative to oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for significantly reducing the energy consumption of alkaline hydrogen production. To meet industrial demands, we propose a facile strategy for fabricating low-cost, mechanically robust, and flexible durable electrodes. By stepwise composition modulation on stainless steel mesh (SSM), combining electrodeposition and V-assisted hydrothermal treatment, a high-performance UOR electrode NCVO@SSM is successfully constructed. Benefiting from the defect-rich and low-crystalline active layer, NCVO@SSM exhibits outstanding UOR activity with an onset potential of 1.28 V vs. RHE and only 1.42 V at 100 mA cm- 2. Systematic comparison among SSM, nickel foam (NF), and carbon paper (CP) reveals the significant substrate effect; although NF shows faster intrinsic kinetics and lower charge-transfer resistance, NCVO@SSM delivers a higher practical current output due to more efficient utilization and stronger interfacial anchoring of the electrochemically reconstructed active layer on the mesh framework. Featuring abundant source, high mechanical strength, and easy shaping and assembly, SSM acts as a reliable industrial current collector, and this work offers a practical route for coupling multi-metal modulation with commercial substrates toward efficient urea-assisted hydrogen production.

In response to the global 'carbon peaking' and 'carbon neutrality' goals, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology has developed rapidly. Among these technologies, solid adsorption is favoured due to its wide operating temperature range, low energy consumption and low pollution. According to data from the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP), given that 11.2 billion tonnes of solid waste (municipal waste, agricultural residues, industrial by-products, etc.) are produced globally annually, posing environmental and land pressures, converting solid waste into CO2 adsorbents has become a research focus for waste recycling and low-carbon development.This paper focuses on converting solid waste, such as agricultural residues (e.g. rice husks and maize cobs) and industrial by-products (e.g. fly ash and steel slag), into high-performance CO2 adsorbents, including activated carbon, zeolites and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), via pyrolysis, hydrothermal synthesis and alkali activation. We provide a systematic review of recent advances in this field, examining the characteristics of the raw materials used, the preparation methodologies employed, the adsorption performance achieved, and the feasibility of industrial applications. The aim of this work is to provide the technical and theoretical foundations for the valorisation of solid waste and sustainable, low-carbon development.

The expansion of steel capacity has been accompanied by increased water consumption and carbon emissions, especially in China. Current researches mainly focus on the interaction between energy consumption and carbon emissions within the steel sector, with less emphasis on the relationship between water use and carbon emissions. In this study, Ghosh's 'supply-driven' and Leontief's 'demand-driven' input-output model is used to combine with scenario analysis to study the change of carbon-water consumption in China's iron and steel industry with the application of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS). The comparative analysis of the results significantly enhanced the reliability of the research findings. Our results show that the application of CCUS technology in China's iron and steel industry does not significantly reduce water consumption by 0.5 % in supply-driven mode and 0.7 % in demand-driven mode. Under the demand-driven model, CCUS technology reduces carbon emissions in the steel industry by about 8.4 %, and the total carbon emissions of the whole industry by 4.2 %. In the supply-driven model, the total carbon emissions of the industry as a whole are reduced by 3.7 %. By comparing the result of supply-driven model and demand-driven model, this study provides insights for the steel industry to strengthen research and technological innovation on collaborative targets for water carbon reduction.