Background: The association between personality and life outcome has been widely studied in Western countries, and one might question whether the association exists in China. The official documentation from the Twenty-Six Histories of Imperial China, which presents life-long data on the social elite, may offer a convenient way to realize this effort. Meanwhile, a possible association might help identify competent personalities and offer treatment hints for personality disorders or other psychiatric deviations worldwide. Methods: Based on these historical records (about 618–1911 AD) on 18 social elite groups with long longevity (Macrobian group) and 30 with normal lifespans (Control group), we assessed personality traits/facets using the revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and destiny using the Destiny Evaluation Questionnaire (DEQ). Results: Compared to the Controls, the Macrobian group scored higher on the DEQ’s Health and Destiny in General and lower on the NEO-PI-R traits Openness to Experience and Extraversion and facets such as Openness to Fantasy, Openness to Aesthetics, Openness to Feelings, Excitement-Seeking, and Self-Consciousness. In the Macrobian group, the Trust and Compliance facets predicted the DEQ’s Family and Marriage and Social Relationships aspects, respectively; Conscientiousness and its facets Dutifulness, Self-Discipline, and Competence predicted Family and Marriage, Career Achievement, and Destiny in General, respectively; and the Self-Consciousness facet predicted worse performance in Career Achievement, Family and Marriage, and Social Relationships and the Depression facet of Destiny in General. In the Control group, Openness to Feelings positively and Anxiety negatively predicted Health. Conclusions: Less self-focused attention and more interdependence between individuals were beneficial to several aspects of individual destiny in Imperial China, which might be profound for the individual career development and clinical treatment of personality disorders in contemporary society.

Background Bipolar disorder is a source of marked disability, morbidity and premature death. There is a paucity of research on personalised psychosocial interventions for bipolar disorder, especially in low-resource settings. A pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a culturally adapted psychoeducation intervention for bipolar disorder (CaPE) in Pakistan reported higher patient satisfaction, enhanced medication adherence, knowledge and attitudes regarding bipolar disorder, and improvement in mood symptom scores and health-related quality of life measures compared with treatment as usual (TAU). Aims The current protocol describes a larger multicentre RCT to confirm the clinical and cost-effectiveness of CaPE in Pakistan. Trial registration: NCT05223959. Method A multicentre individual, parallel-arm RCT of CaPE in 300 Pakistani adults with bipolar disorder. Participants over the age of 18, with a diagnosis of bipolar I or II disorder who are currently euthymic, will be recruited from seven sites: Karachi, Lahore, Multan, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Hyderabad and Quetta. Time to recurrence will be the primary outcome assessed using the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation (LIFE). Secondary measures will include mood symptoms, quality of life and functioning, adherence to psychotropic medications, and knowledge and attitudes regarding bipolar disorder. Results This trial will assess the effectiveness of the CaPE intervention compared with TAU in reducing the time to recurrence for people with bipolar disorder currently in remission in Pakistan and determine the effect on clinical outcomes, quality of life and functioning. Conclusions A successful trial might lead to rapid implementation of CaPE in clinical practice, not only in Pakistan, but also in other low-resource settings, including those in high-income countries, to improve clinical outcomes, social and occupational functioning, and quality of life in South Asian and other minority group patients with bipolar disorder.

Objectives The present paper tests the cross-national stability of the HEXACO-60 structure across 18 countries from four continents. Gender and age differences across countries will be examined. Finally, this is the first study to explicitly analyze the relationships between the HEXACO and social position. Method Ten thousand two hundred and ninety eight subjects (5,410 women and 4,888 men) from 18 countries and 13 languages were analyzed. Confirmatory factor analysis techniques were used to test configural, metric and scalar invariance models. Congruence coefficients with the original structure of the HEXACO-60 were computed for every culture. Effect sizes of gender, age, and social position factors across countries were also computed. Results HEXACO-60 demonstrates configural and metric invariance, but not scalar invariance. Congruence coefficients show a great equivalence in almost all countries and factors. Only Emotionality presents a large gender difference across countries. No relevant effect of age is observed. A profile of high scores on Honesty-Humility, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience, and low scores on Emotionality increases the likelihood of achieving a higher social position, although the effect sizes are small. Conclusions HEXACO-60 is a useful instrument to conduct personality trait research and practice around the world. Implications of gender, social position, and country differences are discussed.

Background Autonomous learning is crucial for students’ academic achievements, however, there lacks a structure-validated questionnaire to measure the optimal time for autonomous learning with different learning contents. Methods Based on the previous investigations, we have designed a matrix of 49 items based on seven learning contents and seven time periods of a day to measure the optimal time for autonomous learning and invited 305 Chinese university students to answer the matrix. Results Through both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, we have developed an Optimal Time for Learning Questionnaire with a satisfactory model structure of five factors (7, 6, 6, 6, 5 items per factor respectively) namely Noon, Late Night, Nightfall, Morning and Afternoon. The internal reliabilities of these factors were acceptable, and their inter-correlations were significant, albeit in low or medium levels. Conclusions The Optimal time for Learning Questionnaire may help students find their optimal learning efficiency individually.

BACKGROUND:Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a new syndrome with some clinical manifestations similar to Kawasaki disease (KD), which is difficult to distinguish. OBJECTIVE:The study aimed to characterize the demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, laboratory features, cardiac complications, and treatment of MIS-C compared with KD. STUDY DESIGN:Studies were selected by searching the PubMed, EMBASE and so on before February 28, 2022. Statistical analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.4 software and STATA 14.0. RESULTS:Fourteen studies with 2928 participants were included. MIS-C patients tended to be older and there was no significant difference in the sex ratio. In terms of clinical characteristics, MIS-C patients were more frequently represented with respiratory, gastrointestinal symptoms and shock. At the same time, they had a lower incidence of conjunctivitis than KD patients. MIS-C patients had lower lymphocyte counts, platelet (PLT) counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs), alanine transaminase (ALT), and albumin levels and had higher levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), troponin, C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, fibrinogen, ferritin, and creatinine. MIS-C patients had a higher incidence of left ventricle (LV) dysfunction, valvular regurgitation, pericardial effusion, myocarditis, and pericarditis. The incidence of coronary artery lesion (CAL) was lower in MIS-C patients [OR (95% CI): 0.52 (0.29, 0.93), p =0.03], while it was similar in the acute period. MIS-C patients had higher utilization of glucocorticoids (GCs) and lower utilization of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG). CONCLUSIONS:There were specific differences between MIS-C and KD, which might assist clinicians with the accurate recognition of MIS-C and further mechanistic research.

This research explores the Dark Triad traits in 18 cultures from Europe, America, Africa, and Asia. We examined the relationships among Dark Triad traits, as measured by the SD3, with gender, age, social status, and two personality models, HEXACO and Zuckerman’s alternative five factor model (AFFM). There were 10,298 participants (5,410 women and 4,888 men) with a mean age of 40.31 ( SD = 17.32) years old. Between 6% and 16% of the variance in the Dark Triad traits was accounted by culture. Men scored higher than women on all three traits in most cultures, but gender differences were generally larger in European countries. The relationship between the Dark Triad traits dimensions and age is negative, but the largest effect size is small (Psychopathy; η 2 = .018). Psychopathy is associated with low Social Position, and Narcissism with high Social Position. In regard to Personality traits, Narcissism is positively related to Extraversion, and Psychopathy is negatively related to Conscientiousness for the HEXACO, and Narcissism is positively related to Activity and Sensation Seeking, and Machiavellianism and Psychopathy are positively related to Aggressiveness and Sensation Seeking for the AFFM.

BACKGROUND:Sex-related disturbance including sexual dreams contributes to psychiatric disorders, but whether personality disorder functioning styles are linked with sexual dreams especially in frequent dreamers remains unsettled SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy one healthy volunteers (controls) and 81 frequent sexual dreamers (fsDreamers) were invited to answer the Sexual Dream Experience Questionnaire (SDEQ) and the Parker Personality Measure (PERM).RESULTS:Compared to controls, fsDreamers scored significantly higher on SDEQ Joyfulness, Familiarity, Bizarreness and the annual frequency, and on all PERM styles except Schizoid and Obsessive-Compulsive. Sexual dream contents were associated with Borderline, Histrionic and Narcissistic styles in controls, and with Paranoid, Schizotypal, Borderline, Histrionic, Avoidant, and Passive-Aggressive styles in fsDreamers.CONCLUSIONS:Personality involvement in etiology of sexual dreams has been illustrated by the elevated sexual experience and personality disorder functioning style scores and their prominent inter-correlations, especially in frequent sexual dreamers.

Objective: Family relationship affects personality development and emotional regulation, which might be more pronounced in generalized anxiety (GAD) and major depressive (MD) disorders. Method: Thirty patients with GAD, 31 MD, and 32 healthy volunteers answered the Family Relationship Questionnaire (FRQ), the Parker Personality Measure (PERM), and the Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Rating Scales. Results: Compared to healthy controls, both patient groups scored higher on FRQ Paternal Abuse and Paternal Dominance, and lower on Maternal Freedom Release; GAD in addition scored lower on Maternal Abuse and Maternal Dominance. All PERM scale scores except Narcissistic were higher in MD than those in GAD, and all scale scores except Schizotypal and Narcissistic were higher in MD than in controls. Maternal Encouragement was associated with the Paranoid and Schizotypal styles, and Maternal Freedom Release the Avoidant and Borderline in GAD; and Maternal Encouragement the Paranoid, Paternal Dominance the Avoidant, Paternal Freedom Release (-) and Maternal Freedom Release the anxiety, and the Dependent the depression in MD. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates different associations between family relationships and personality traits/ emotional states in MD and GAD, suggesting different forms of family therapy for the two disorders.

目的 分析盐酸右美托咪定目标浅镇静在ICU病房行机械通气患者中的应用效果.方法 将ICU病房的92例机械通气患者随机分为对照组和实验组两组,每组各46例,其中对照组予以常规镇静方案,实验组予以盐酸右美托咪定目标浅镇静方案.通过对比两组镇静指标评价两种镇静方案的优劣.结果 实验组舒芬太尼、丙泊酚用量明显少于对照组,组间差异显著(P＜0.05);两组目标镇静达成率无显著差异(P＞0.05).实验组相较于对照组,机械通气时间[(114.53 ±84.63)h vs(168.61 ±98.32)h]、浅镇静时间[(26.36 ±8.16)h vs(38.50 ±6.52)h]、停药后唤醒时间[(0.43 ±0.16)h vs(0.71 ±0.23)h]、ICU住院时间[(10.72±5.35)hvs(13.86±8.11)h]均明显减少(t=2.827、7.883、6.778、2.192,P=0.006、0.001、0.001、0.031).两组患者停药后48h的MMSE评分较用药前均无显著差异(P＞0.05),心率、平均动脉压较用药前均显著下降(P＜0.05);停药后48h,MMSE评分,心率和平均动脉压组间比较无明显差异(P＞0.05).实验组相较于对照组,谵妄(13.04％ vs 36.96％)、躁动(10.87％ vs 30.43％)发生率更低(x2=7.015、5.373,P=0.008、0.020).结论 对于ICU病房实施机械通气的患者而言,盐酸右美托咪定目标浅镇静模式,可获得较为显著的镇静与镇痛作用,还能降低谵妄、躁动等不良事件发生率,具有较高的临床应用价值.

BACKGROUND:Our Chinese-Hungarian crosscultural research aimed to apply a person-oriented approach on examining patterns of cultural, personality and affective disorder variables.SUBJECTS AND METHODS:Our sample consisted of 238 Chinese and 167 Hungarian university students under the age of 26 years old. 238 Chinese university students (112 males, 126 females; mean age: 19.55, SD: 1.60) and 167 Hungarian University students (65 males and 100 females; mean age: 20.47, SD: 1.83) participated in our research. All individuals were under 26 years old. No gender (χ2(df=1)=2.32, p=0.127)) and no age differences between countries were observed. We analyzed in person-oriented approach the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire, the universal values scale of Schwartz and three affective disorder questionnaires (Mood Disorder Questionnaire, Hypomania checklist, PVP Depression Scale).RESULTS:We applied model-based clustering that resulted in a model with five spherical, varying volume components. This meant that five clusters emerged, five typical patterns of the cultural, personality and affective variables. Significant cultural difference arose (χ2(df=4)=79.489, p<0.000)) in cluster proportions. In three clusters, proportion of Chinese was significantly higher than proportion (Overcontrolled: 82.6%, Reserved: 71.1%, Ordinary: 60.5%) of Hungarian. In the two remaining clusters, majority were Hungarian (Positive Sensation Seeker: 90.0%, Aggressive-Impulsive: 80.4%). Moreover, different psychiatric vulnerability emerge in relation to different profiles. Profiles that are more typical to Hungarians, have high sensation seeking level, and show vulnerability to hypomania, mood disorder and impulsive depression. On the other hand, typical Chinese profiles are linked to vulnerability of non-impulsive depression.CONCLUSIONS:In sum, culture and cultural values play an important role in the vulnerability of different affective disorders. These differences can be linked to different typical personality patterns.

The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personality Questionnaire shortened form (ZKA-PQ/SF) in 18 cultures and 13 languages of different African, American, Asian, and European cultures and languages. The results showed that the five-factor structure with 20 facets replicated well across cultures with a total congruence coefficient of .97. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) resulted in adequate fit indices for the five factors based on the comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker–Lewis index (TLI; >.90), and RMSEA (.031-.081). A series of CFA to assess measurement invariance across cultures resulted in adequate CFIs and TLIs for configural and metric invariance. However, factors did not show scalar invariance. Alpha internal consistencies of five factors ranged between .77 (Sensation Seeking) and .86 (Neuroticism). The average alpha of the 20 facets was .64 with a range from .43 (SS4) to .75 (AG1). Nevertheless, alpha reliabilities were lower in some facets and cultures, especially for Senegal and Togo. The average percentage of the variance explained based on the adjusted R2 was 2.9%, 1.7%, and 5.1% for age, sex, and, cultures, respectively. Finally, multidimensional scaling suggested that geographically or culturally close cultures share mean profile similarities.

In addition to sexual desire and knowledge, sexual morality, desire control, and attitude toward sex might contribute to the premarital sexual behaviors in young people, but were less studied. In 886 Chinese university students of Study 1, we have developed a Sexual Awareness and Coping Strategy Inventory (SACSI) with four domains of Personal release, Sexual knowledge, Traditional sexual morality and Negative attitude, which displayed satisfactory convergent and discriminant validities. In Study 2, we have invited 25 female students with (FS) and 50 without (FN), 50 male with (MS) and 97 without (MN) premarital sexual experience, to answer the SACSI, the sociodemographic and sexual risk behavior-related questions.

炎症因子被认为是童年期不良经历与身心健康关联中重要的影响因素,近年来众多研究结果表明,童年期不良经历与躯体慢性低度炎症相关,从而影响个体身心健康.本文就童年期不良经历与个体炎症反应以及健康问题的关联研究进行综述,为童年期不良经历相关研究的深入开展提供循证依据.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">目的:分析中学生非自杀性自伤行为（NSSI）的频率、方式和功能与自杀意念和自杀未遂的关联及性别差异。方法:采用分层整群抽样的方法,选取22 740名中学生进行问卷调查。比较不同人口学特征中学生NSSI、自杀意念和自杀未遂检出率的差异;采用多因素logistic回归模型分析NSSI频率、方式和功能与自杀意念和自杀未遂的关联,并比较性别差异。结果:中学生NSSI、自杀意念和自杀未遂的检出率分别是7.9%（1729/21831）、17.7%（3867/21831）和5.0%（1083/21831）。中学生自杀意念和自杀未遂检出率随NSSI频率和NSSI方式严重程度的递增而增高（P&lt;0.001）;各NSSI功能（除外"控制自己"条目）均是自杀意念和自杀未遂的独立危险因素（P&lt;0.01）。无明显组织损伤者中女生的NSSI与自杀未遂的关联强度高于男生（ROR=1.66,95%CI:1.10～2.51）。NSSI功能为"情绪表达"者中女生的NSSI与自杀意念关联强度高于男生（ROR=1.96,95%CI:1.29～2.98）。结论:中学生NSSI可能增加自杀意念和自杀未遂的风险,女生中的关联强度总体高于男生。</span>

目的 了解童年期虐待经历对中学生吸烟行为的影响,为中学生吸烟行为的防控提供参考.方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,选取深圳、郑州、南昌和贵阳4个地区14 500名在校中学生为研究对象,采用儿童期虐待问卷、青少年亚健康多维评定问卷进行问卷调查,并自我报告吸烟行为.结果 中学生吸烟行为报告率为3.6％,男生(5.8％)高于女生(1.4％),高中生(5.0％)高于初中生(2.3％),农村学生(6.0％)高于城市学生(2.8％),差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01).高水平各种类型童年期虐待经历中学生吸烟行为报告率均高于虐待低水平者.多因素Logistic回归模型显示,情感虐待(OR=1.69,95％CI=1.38～2.07)、躯体虐待(OR=2.17,95％CI=1.78～2.64)、性虐待(OR=2.56,95％CI=2.10～ 3.12)、情感忽视(OR=2.27,95％CI=1.89～2.74)、躯体忽视(OR=2.21,95％CI=1.83～2.67)、童年期虐待经历(OR=2.66,95％CI=2.21～3.21)与中学生吸烟行为均呈正性相关(P值均＜0.01).结论 童年期虐待与中学生吸烟行为呈正相关,加强对童年期虐待的重视和干预有益于中学生吸烟行为的防控.