Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is a promising scheme for co-producing hydrogen and carbon monoxide from greenhouse gases. However, catalyst deactivation, especially at elevated temperatures, hinders its industrial implementation. This study reports a highly stable Ni/MgAl2O4 catalyst, wherein the MgAl2O4 has been treated with nitric acid, for DRM. The optimized catalyst exhibits outstanding DRM performance, affording CH4 and CO2 conversions both exceeding 92% at 800 °C, while demonstrating excellent stability over 87 h at a high gas hourly space velocity of 1,200,000 mL·g−1·h−1. Comprehensive characterizations reveal the formation of abundant oxygen vacancies (Vo) as a result of nitric acid treatment. These oxygen vacancies facilitate the activation of CO2 and enable dynamic removal of carbon deposits, thus ensuring long-term stability. This work demonstrates a viable and robust strategy for preparing durable and efficient catalysts for DRM by incorporating an effective carbon removal functionality via oxygen vacancy engineering.

Antibiotic contamination in aquatic environments poses serious risks to ecosystems and public health, necessitating the development of effective removal technologies. In this study, a novel biochar-supported ferric oxyhydroxide (FeOOH/BC) composite catalyst was developed for the activation of peracetic acid (PAA) to degrade cefapirin (CFP), a widely used and persistent cephalosporin antibiotic. The catalyst featured highly dispersed FeOOH nanoparticles and enhanced interfacial electron transfer, enabling efficient activation of PAA through dual pathways involving both radical and non-radical species. FeOOH/BC-1 exhibited the highest catalytic activity, where high-valent iron, singlet oxygen, and surface-bound reactive species played the primary roles in CFP degradation. Fe(III) active sites generate high-valent iron oxo, while N active sites in biochar accounted for the direct electron transfer. This work provides a new approach for activating PAA in the degradation of emerging contaminants and offers a feasible method for catalyst regeneration in wastewater treatment applications. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.

Peracetic acid (PAA) oxidation activated by manganese oxides is a promising approach for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The crystal structure of manganese oxides strongly influences their catalytic activity, but rationally tuning the exposed active facets remains challenging. Here, we synthesized MOC(130) with enhanced exposure of highly active facets by controlling the growth of manganese dioxide (MnO2) crystals on carbon fibers. The catalytic activity of MOC(130) is 7.1-fold higher than that of MOC(100) due to the (130) facet exposes a higher density of Mn atoms with unsaturated coordination. The degradation kinetics of MnO2/PAA system exhibited two distinct phases due to coexisting hydrogen peroxide (H2O2): an initial slow-rate phase (0.048 min−1) followed by a subsequent rapid phase (0.118 min−1). The key oxidative mechanism involves the complexation of free alkoxy (CH3C(=O)O−) with manganese centers, followed by the cleavage of OO bond. Because of differences in surface atomic arrangement, PAA adsorption and interfacial electron transfer occur more readily on (130) facet, whereas (100) facet preferentially promotes competing side reactions involving H2O2. Therefore, the superior catalytic performance of the MOC(130) is the enhanced electron transfer and the selective activation of PAA. This work provides a viable strategy for efficient water purification with PAA oxidation by modulating the crystal structure of manganese-based catalysts.

The extensive use of antibiotics has caused significant environmental problems, necessitating the development of advanced water treatment technologies. In this study, a composite catalyst, CQDs@KTNTs, was prepared by integrating carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with potassium titanate nanotubes (KTNTs) and employed for the heterogeneous activation of peracetic acid (PAA) to degrade the antibiotic pefloxacin (PEF). The CQDs@KTNTs/ PAA system exhibited significantly enhanced degradation performance, achieving 91.7 % removal of PEF within 30 min. Its degradation efficiency was markedly superior to that of the CQDs/PAA and KTNTs/PAA systems, confirming a distinct synergistic effect. Mechanistic analysis revealed that singlet oxygen (1O2) and acetylperoxyl radicals (CH3C(--O)OO center dot) were the dominant reactive species, and the composite structure significantly promoted their generation. Key reactive sites on PEF were identified through combined density functional theory (DFT) calculations and intermediate analysis, and primary degradation pathways, including piperazine ring cleavage, quinoline group transformation, and dealkylation, were elucidated. Notably, the ecological toxicity of the transformation products was significantly reduced compared to the parent PEF. This study provides in-depth insights into the cooperative radical and non-radical degradation mechanism driven by the integration of CQDs and KTNTs in a heterogeneous PAA system, offering a feasible technological strategy for the remediation of antibiotic-contaminated water.

Although biochar (BC) is widely used as a catalyst support, the mechanisms by which it modulates redox cycles at transition metal centers remain insufficiently understood. Herein, a cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4)-BC composite was synthesized to activate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for norfloxacin (NOR) degradation. The CoFe2O4-BC/PMS system achieved efficient NOR removal at near-neutral pH with negligible metal leaching (Fe < 0.01 mg/L; Co < 0.20 mg/L). Electrochemical analyses demonstrate that the CoFe2O4-BC composite synergistically enhances both charge transfer kinetics and mass transport. Mechanistic analysis identified BC as a critical electron shuttle, accelerating the rate-limiting Fe(II)/Fe(III) and Co(II)/Co(III) redox cycles to sustain Fenton-like reactions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that hydroxyl radical (OH) and sulfate radical (SO4-) primarily attack the piperazine and benzene rings of NOR. Degradation proceeded via carbonyl addition and piperazine ring cleavage, yielding partial mineralization to fluoride (18.6%) and nitrate (2.93%). Validated in natural water matrices, the system demonstrated excellent stability and adaptability. Ultimately, this work offers a robust strategy for antibiotic remediation and provides theoretical insights into unlocking the full potential of heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysis.

While extensive efforts have been devoted to enhancing electron transfer efficiency through metal valence cycling in heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions, the potential catalytic improvement induced by dynamic structural stretching remain unexplored. Here, we introduce a homointerpenetrated Fe-based metal‒organic framework (BUC-95) featuring a dynamic stretchable structure that significantly boosts the heterogeneous Fenton-like catalytic performance. BUC-95’s unique stretchable structure achieved effective peroxydisulfate activation for degrading various micropollutants via Fe(IV) = O species, facilitated by a reduced energy barrier for Fe(IV) = O formation through modulation of the electron density at Fe sites. DFT calculations suggest that, compared with the isostructural analogue with hydrogen bond-restricted stretching, the flexible dynamic stretching in BUC-95 overcomes the inherent electron transfer limitations from Fe sites to peroxydisulfate, enhancing the ofloxacin degradation performance. Practically, BUC-95 demonstrated effective continuous-flow degradation and detoxification of micropollutants. This work establishes dynamic stretching as a crucial design principle for advancing environmental remediation materials and technologies. BUC-95’s unique stretchable structure overcomes the inherent electron transfer limitations from Fe sites to peroxydisulfate and achieves the formation of Fe(IV) = O species, enhancing the ofloxacin degradation performance.

Selective chemiluminescence sensing systems face challenges due to poor specificity of radical pathways in aqueous environments. To address this issue, axially coordinated Fe single-atom catalysts (Fe-SACs) with asymmetric high-spin N-FeN4 sites were synthesized via one-step calcination, enabling selective reactive iron species (RFeS) generation under neutral conditions. In situ x-ray absorption fine structure and the density functional theory analyses revealed that the axial N-coordination stabilizes high-spin states, reduces orbital splitting energy, and enhances d-p hybridization with peroxymonosulfate (PMS), thereby lowering the formation energy of RFeS by 42%. Concurrently, it modulates dx 2-y 2 and dxy orbitals to weaken oxygen binding and promote electron delocalization. This dual modulation achieves > 99% RFeS selectivity, suppressing non-selective radicals. The Fe-SACs/PMS/luminol system exhibits 826-fold signal amplification and < 5.8% interferent-induced signal variation, enabling ultrasensitive evaluation of total phenolics (using phenol as a model) in complex water with < 8.3% deviation from high-performance liquid chromatography. This work establishes axial-coordination-directed electronic modulation as a universal design principle for selective catalysis.

Conventional carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) capture systems are constrained by limited uptake capacity and energy-intensive regeneration. Here, we formulate a microporous carbon capture solution (MCCS) by dispersing a permanent-porosity framework (ZIF-67) in a liquid absorbent, coupling solvent-excluded physisorption with chemical uptake and boosting the CO 2 capture capacity by ∼45%. Instead of bulk thermal stripping, we implement interfacial, microbubble-activated regeneration (MAR) with a decreased monoethanolamine (MEA) loss rate by ∼38%. Microbubble activation refreshes gas-liquid-solid contact to liberate 100% physiosorbed CO 2 , whereas microbubble-collapse events that mechanically trigger contact electrocatalysis (CEC), enabling interfacial hydroxyl radicals (•OH) that cleave carbamates under mild conditions and regenerates a substantial additional 37 to 55% of chemically absorbed CO 2 . Theoretical analyses reveal that •OH is the key species governing CO 2 regeneration in the CEC-MAR process through oxidative carbon-nitrogen bond cleavage, followed by •H-assisted intermediate reduction to regenerate the amine. To approach engineering relevance, we realize kilogram-scale zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) synthesis under ambient conditions using simple mechanical stirring, providing scalable MCCS inventory to enable (i) continuous delivery of high-purity CO 2 (1437 millimoles over 200 minutes) from a laboratory-scale integrated system and (ii) direct electroreduction to carbon monoxide (CO) with a faradaic efficiency (FE CO ) of 51% without CO 2 supply. More broadly, it establishes a porous-liquid, interfacial-regeneration paradigm that decouples capacity from stoichiometry and enables electrified, continuous CO 2 capture, regeneration, and utilization under scalable, low-temperature conditions.

Although photocatalytic selective oxidation presents a compelling strategy for promoting green organic synthesis and sustainable chemical industry, it still encounters inadequate charge separation capabilities and a shortage of reaction active sites. To address these issues, bimetallic Pd-Bi nanoparticles anchored on Bi4TaO8Cl perovskite nanosheets (Pd-Bi-BTC) were synthesized and developed as a surface functionalized photocatalyst for selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Experimental and theoretical results demonstrated that Pd-Bi dual active sites effectively facilitated the construction of an interfacial channel at the atomic level, significantly reducing the charge transfer energy barrier. Remarkably, electron-rich Pd sites promote C-H bond activation via electronic polarization, while Bi centers serve as electron-deficient anchoring sites that facilitate O-H bond cleavage. These findings are robustly corroborated by differential charge density mapping, in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) analysis, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Benefiting from this cooperative architecture, the Pd-Bi-BTC-3 manifested 86.88 % conversion for selection oxidation of benzyl alcohol under visible light, which was 3.4 and 2.1 times higher than pristine Bi4TaO8Cl and Bi-BTC. This study presents novel opportunities for designing and developing catalysts with multiple active sites, specifically tailored for the oxidation of organic compounds.

Improving the reactivity of Fe(III) is the bottleneck in the catalytic activity of persulfate-based Fenton-like chemistry. In this study, the Fe(III)-PA catalyst was prepared for the activation of persulfate (PMS) by co-precipitation of phytate with iron ions. In particular, the Fe(III)-PA/PMS system achieved efficient degradation of the target pollutant TCH under a wide range of pH conditions from 3.0 to 9.0. In the Fe(III) PA/PMS/TCH system, the oxidative degradation of TCH was mainly via the direct electron transfer pathway. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the mechanism of PMS activation potentiation, that is, phytate reduced the adsorption energy of the catalyst for PMS from-0.43 eV to-2.72 eV by coordination with the ferrihydrite. Moreover, Fe(III)-PA functions as an electron shuttle and accelerates the electron transfer process between TCH and PMS. The removal of TCH under the electron transfer process (ETP) mediated by Fe(III)-PA was selective, thereby demonstrating less sensitivity to the presence of coexisting ions and natural organic matter (NOMs). This work provides a viable case for ligand-enhanced Fe(III) activation of PMS and reveals the critical role of direct electron transfer in pollutant elimination. (c) 2026 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.

To address the limitations of peroxymonosulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PMS-AOPs)-specifically, the susceptibility of radical pathways to interference from aqueous matrices and the limited oxidation capacity of non-radical pathways. A heterojunction material composed of N-doped graphite carbon and Co3O4 to successfully establishing a synergistic radical/non-radical oxidation system. Characterization and density functional therapy results indicated that the heterojunction structure and N-doping effectively promote charge redistribution on the catalyst surface and enhance charge transfer between PMS and the catalyst, thereby improving PMS activation efficiency. Quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance analysis, and probe tests elucidated that the system operates via a synergistic mechanism involving O2 center dot-, 1O2, and Co(IV)=O species as the primary reactive oxygen species. Under optimal conditions, over 90% of bisphenol A was degraded within 10 min. The system also demonstrated excellent salt tolerance and stability. LC-MS/MS and gel permeation chromatography analysis revealed multiple degradation pathways of bisphenol A via oxidation and oligomerization. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis further confirmed the critical role of the single-electron oxidation potential in pollutant degradation and mineralization. Overall, this study proposes a novel strategy for constructing a radical/non-radical synergistic system, providing a theoretical foundation and methodological reference for the efficient removal of organic pollutants from complex water environments.

Ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)) is an environmentally benign oxidant for water treatment, yet its inherently sluggish kinetics under neutral-to-alkaline conditions critically limit its practical application and necessitate effective activation strategies. While carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have shown promise in activating Fe(VI), the specific active sites and the underlying mechanism remain poorly defined, frustrating the rational design of high-performance carbon-based activators. This study demonstrates that CNTs-mediated Fe(VI) activation proceeds through a nonradical pathway governed by in situ generated high-valent Fe(IV)/Fe(V) intermediates, delivering near-complete 6-methylquinoline removal with a rate constant 3.8-fold higher than Fe(VI) oxidation alone. The activation initiates through the formation of metastable CNTs−Fe(VI)* surface complexes via interfacial interaction. A key mechanistic advance lies in deconvoluting the antagonistic roles of carbon surface chemistry and lattice architecture. Carbonyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl functionalities serve as critical active sites responsible for anchoring Fe(VI) and triggering the formation of CNTs−Fe(VI)*, from which electron transfer from the intact sp2 framework generates Fe(IV)/Fe(V) species. In contrast, excessive structural defects disrupt π-electron delocalization and suppress interfacial electron transfer, thereby inhibiting the generation of Fe(IV)/Fe(V). The Fe(VI)/CNTs process achieves over 95% removal of structurally diverse micropollutants, sustains its performance in real water matrices and in the presence of co-existing anions, and yields transformation products with substantially reduced ecotoxicity. This work resolves the previously obscured structure-function relationship in carbon-mediated Fe(VI) activation, and establishes a clear design paradigm, i.e., enriching active oxygen functionalities while preserving graphitic sp2 carbon integrity, for advancing metal-free catalytic Fe(VI) activation toward water decontamination.

Harnessing sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce two-carbon products is promising but constrained by sluggish kinetics and high carbon–carbon coupling barriers. Here, we report Ni single-atom anchored twisted SnS2 (Ni-TSnS2) for ethane (C2H6) photosynthesis. In-situ electron paramagnetic resonance was developed to observe spin-orbit coupling in Ni-TSnS2. Spontaneous long-range spin-momentum locking originated from spin-orbit coupling enables magnetic-field-free long-range spin pinning. Topological protection inherent to long-range spin-momentum locking enhances its stability and ensures spin-polarized electron supply for charge separation. In-situ electron paramagnetic resonance further revealed single-electron transfer at Ni sites during CO2 reduction. Single-electron transfer raised from spin-orbit coupling induces surface-adsorbed methyl intermediate to form methyl radicals (·CH3). ·CH3-to-C2H6 chain reaction pathway enhances C2H6 photosynthesis and selectivity. Consequently, Ni-TSnS2 achieves a C2H6 production rate of 139.58 ± 5.14 μmol g-1 h-1 with 89.41 ± 4.43

Oxygen vacancies serve as potential sites for the adsorption, activation, and incorporation of O2 into the catalyst lattice and are closely linked to the activation of lattice oxygen for the generation of singlet oxygen (O-1(2)). The O-1(2) is critical for efficient catalytic degradation of pollutants in water, while its source and reaction mechanism remain elusive. Herein, an oxygen-enriched NiCu-LDH catalyst was constructed via Cu(II) ions doping, and enabling the generation of abundant O-1(2) in catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) system continuously at normal temperature and pressure conditions for efficient tetracycline degradation. The O-18 isotope-labeling technique revealed that O-1(2) was predominantly derived from lattice oxygen (OL) through the pathway of OL -> superoxide radical (center dot O-2(-)) -> O-1(2), only a minor fraction originated from O-2 in air. Interestingly, without external O-2 supply, depletion of lattice oxygen significantly weakened catalytic activity and eventually led to deactivation, with the tetracycline degradation efficiency decreased to 42.2% after three cycles. Upon reintroduction of O-2, the degradation efficiency recovered to 72.9% rapidly, demonstrating that O-2 was dissociated and replenished oxygen vacancies to regenerate lattice oxygen, thereby sustaining continuous O-1(2) generation. Additionally, although the mineralization rate was not very high (55.9%) and some intermediates with relatively low ecotoxicity were produced, the NiCu-LDH/CWAO system exhibited excellent applicability for tetracycline degradation. These findings provide direct evidence for lattice oxygen-driven O-1(2) formation and highlight the essential role of lattice oxygen regeneration in maintaining long-term catalytic activity for effective antibiotics degradation under normal temperature and pressure CWAO conditions.

Catalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and PMS-based advanced oxidation processes have been widely employed for degradation of persistent organic pollutants. However, information has been very limited on the roles of chloride (Cl−), which are ubiquitous in both fresh and saline waters. In this work, we tested the effects of Cl− in a heterogenous catalyst system consisting of aminated multiwall carbon nanotubes (NH2/MWCNT) and PMS for degradation of a suite of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs). The system was able to nearly completely remove eight SAs in water within 20 min. The presence of 1 mM Cl− boosted the reaction rate by 278%. Based on degradation data, material characterization, and density functional theory calculations, we found that in addition to the conventional reaction pathways involving hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2), a distinct non-radical pathway was enabled by in-situ generated HClO in the presence of Cl−. Unlike in homogeneous systems where HClO acts as a direct oxidant, HClO in the NH₂/MWCNT/PMS system preferentially complexed with nitrogen vacancies on the catalyst surface, thereby accelerating interfacial electron transfer and transformation/polymerization of SAs. Further mechanistic studies revealed that HClO promotes generation of aniline radicals, which undergo intramolecular hydrogen transfer and radical coupling reactions to form polymeric products. The polymers can be removed by methanol, which also regenerates the catalyst. This study provides new insights into chloride-enhanced catalytic polymerization and presents an effective strategy for enhanced removal of SAs while enabling recovery of sulfonamide-derived polymeric products. These findings have important implications for treatment of SAs in saline waters.

Carbamazepine (CBZ) and its metabolites are persistent contaminants in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that pose significant ecological risks. This study systematically investigated the transformation dynamics and ecological risks of CBZ and its metabolites in two municipal WWTPs in Zhuhai, China, using computational chemistry predictions, targeted wastewater monitoring, and ecological risk assessment. The computational analysis identified the olefinic double bond in CBZ as the primary reactive site, leading to the formation of key metabolites including carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (EP-CBZ), 10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine (10-OH-CBZ), and dihydroxycarbamazepine (DiOH-CBZ). Field monitoring confirmed that DiOH-CBZ was the dominant metabolite, with measured influent concentrations agreeing with consumption-based predictions within 1.4-fold. A membrane bioreactor (MBR) achieved a clear net reduction of CBZ-related compounds (-47 ± 10%), whereas the conventional anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2O) process showed no statistically meaningful net change in total mass. This apparent stability of the A2O total balance masked substantial compound-specific within-train transformations - DiOH-CBZ rebound across the secondary clarifier via deconjugation, OXZ regeneration via retro-reduction of 10-OH-CBZ in the aerobic tank, and EP-CBZ accumulation through aerobic side-chain oxidation - that were 3-16 times larger than the propagated measurement uncertainty. Ecological risk assessment revealed elevated developmental toxicity for certain metabolites (e.g., 10-OH-CBZ), indicating previously underestimated ecological risks. These findings underscore the superiority of MBR over A2O for pharmaceutical removal, demonstrate that aggregate mass-balance metrics can hide critical mechanistic information, and emphasize the need for compound-specific tracking and metabolite-inclusive treatment and risk assessment strategies.

Although Ti3AlC2 has shown potential as a catalyst support, its intrinsic catalytic activity has not been fully realized, and its surface electronic structure requires further optimization for efficient peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. In this study, Ti3AlC2 was effectively modified via a heteroatom doping strategy to construct Co-N/ Ti3AlC2, which exhibits enhanced performance for PMS activation. Under optimized conditions, the Co-N/ Ti3AlC2 + PMS system achieved a removal efficiency of 98.6% for 10 mg L-1 sulfafurazole (SIZ) within 30 min, with a reaction rate constant of 0.1539 min-1, markedly outperforming Co/Ti3AlC2 + PMS and N/Ti3AlC2 + PMS. The enhanced performance is attributed to the formation of Co-N coordination structures, which modulate the electronic environment of Co active sites and promote electron transfer, reflecting a synergistic interaction between Co and N species. Meanwhile, the catalyst exhibited an effective suppression of Co leaching, with the dissolved Co concentration as low as 0.69 mg L-1 after the reaction. The system exhibits robust performance under a wide range of reaction conditions and maintains high degradation efficiency toward various pollutants. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the degradation process involves synergistic oxidation pathways, contributing to efficient pollutant removal. In addition, the transformation of SIZ leads to a notable reduction in the ecological toxicity of the resulting intermediates. Overall, this study offers a feasible strategy for the rational design and performance optimization of Ti3AlC2-based catalysts and highlights their potential for the efficient removal of persistent organic pollutants.

Abstract Fenton-like reaction of heterogeneous periodate (PI) activation exhibits high efficiency for emerging contaminants degradation due to the production of iodine-centered radicals, and single-atom metal catalysts demonstrate high activity. However, precisely controlling the radical production pathway during catalysis remains a great challenge. Herein, we design three zeolitic imidazolate framework-derived single-atom catalysts with different cobalt active centers, i.e., symmetric Co–N4 sites (Co–N–C (P)), distorted Co–N2O2 sites (Co–N–C (A)), and highly asymmetric Co–N3O1 sites (Co–N–C (L)). Advanced synchrotron spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations collectively reveal the geometric and electronic symmetry of the Co–N4 configuration in Co–N–C (P), which enables π-electron delocalization from the low-spin d7 state of the Co center, maintaining high-energy orbitals partially occupied or vacant for PI activation. The unique electronic structure drives selective PI activation to generate IO3• while effectively suppressing other competing pathways, thereby achieving superior degradation performance for chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC). Practical evaluation confirms the consistent performance of Co–N–C (P) in continuous-flow operation with strong resistance to water-matrix interference. These findings elucidate the mechanistic understanding of catalytic PI activation at the molecular level and guide the rational design of efficient catalysts.

Micro/nano plastics as an emerging contaminant have attracted the attention of researchers worldwide. However, a variety of detection methods have been derived based on the properties of micro/nano plastics, such as micro-infrared spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry, optical-photothermal infrared. Compared with spectroscopy and mass spectrometry detection methods, many new detection methods have emerged with the advantages of low cost, high speed, and high sensitivity. But the detection process often only reflects part of the properties of micro/nano plastics, which limits our comprehensive understanding of the environmental behaviors of micro/nano plastics such as carrying contamination and interfacial properties. In this review, we critically summarize the existing literature on traditional and rapid detection methods, focusing on their current research status, applicability conditions, detection limits, and mechanisms. We emphasize that weathering behavior, migration behavior, deposition, adhesion, and adsorption of micro/nano plastics in the environment will change the physicochemical properties of micro/nano plastics, which will have an impact on current rapid detection and analysis methods. Rapid detection and analysis methods require consideration of the interfacial evolution behavior of micro/nano plastics in the environment to enhance the universality of their application. In addition, rapid detection methods are complementary to traditional standardized detection methods. After understanding the types of micro/nano plastics, we are more concerned about the quantity, dispersion behavior, carrying contamination, and interfacial properties in the environment. These properties are crucial for the environmental assessment and prevention of micro/nano plastics. It is recommended that further comprehensive research be conducted based on the optical and interfacial properties of micro/nano plastics, combined with machine learning and computer modeling, to provide a reliable basis for micro/nano plastic research.

Postharvest fungal infections cause substantial economic losses and food safety concerns globally. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), which generates reactive species and electric fields, has shown promising potential as a green fungicide alternative. This study combined experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate the mechanism of fungal cell membrane disruption by CAP. Experimental results demonstrated that CAP significantly inhibited Penicillium expansum spore germination and colony formation, induced leakage of nucleic acids and proteins, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and caused severe membrane damage. To unravel the atomic-scale process, a fungal-specific membrane model composed of POPC and ergosterol was constructed. Simulations revealed that oxidation of POPC and ergosterol significantly reduced membrane order, increased potential and density. The coexistence of POPC-ALC and EEP exhibited a strong synergistic effect, leading to the highest membrane instability. Under an external electric field (0.6 V/nm), oxidized membranes showed markedly accelerated electroporation kinetics. Additionally, the distribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the membrane was significantly altered, indicating enhanced penetration. This work provides systematic atomic-scale insight into the CAP-induced disruption of fungal membranes via synergistic oxidative and electric field effects, revealing the electroporation mechanism at the plasma-bioelectrochemical interface and offering a theoretical basis for developing membrane-targeted antifungal strategies.