OBJECTIVE:To synthesise and quantify the association between household food insecurity (HFI) and various forms of malnutrition that include stunting, wasting, underweight, overnutrition and anaemia among Indonesian children under 5 years of age. DESIGN:A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. The study included literature search, screening, data extraction, quality assessment using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tools and meta-analysis using Review Manager 5.4. SETTING:Studies conducted in Indonesia, covering urban, rural and mixed settings across multiple provinces. PARTICIPANTS:Children under 5 years of age residing in Indonesia, from households assessed for food insecurity using validated tools. RESULTS:A total of thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria, of which twenty-six were eligible for meta-analysis. HFI was significantly associated with higher odds of stunting (case-control: OR = 4·66; 95 % CI: 3·39, 6·40; P < 0·001; cross-sectional: OR = 4·61; 95 % CI: 4·17, 5·11; P < 0·001), wasting (OR = 1·92; 95 % CI: 1·60, 2·32; P < 0·001), underweight (OR = 5·26; 95 % CI: 2·12, 13·04; P < 0·001) and overnutrition (OR = 1·66; 95 % CI: 1·49, 1·85; P < 0·001). Children in food-secure households had significantly lower odds of anaemia (OR = 0·41; 95 % CI: 0·30, 0·58; P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS:HFI is strongly associated with multiple forms of malnutrition among Indonesian children under 5 years of age. These findings highlight the urgent need for integrated, nutrition-sensitive strategies that address food security to improve child health and reduce malnutrition in Indonesia.

Dietary fibre improves metabolic health, yet comparative evidence across different fibre sources remains unclear. This systematic review evaluates metabolic effects of oat β-glucan, rice bran, and unripe banana flour in adults, assessing glycaemic, lipid, and mechanistic effects, synthesising their physiological pathways across distinct fibre types (viscosity-driven, phytochemical-mediated, and resistant starch fermentation mechanisms). Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched up to June 2025. A total of 602 records were identified, and after removing 146 duplicates, 456 were screened. Forty-four full texts were assessed, and 15 studies were included. Risk of bias was evaluated using RoB 2.0 and Newcastle-Ottawa. Outcomes included glycaemic markers, insulin response, lipid profile, blood pressure, body composition, and mechanistic biomarkers. Studies (n = 15; sample sizes 10-154; durations 3 days-12 weeks) demonstrated heterogeneous dosing and formulations. Oat β-glucan consistently improved postprandial glucose, insulin AUC, and LDL-C, with modest effects on waist circumference and blood pressure. Rice bran improved blood lipids consistently, while glycaemic effects were mixed. UBF resistant starch was associated with reduction in fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, and body weight, although findings are based on small, short-duration trials. However, variability in study design and limited mechanistic assessments restricted cross-fibre synthesis. The available evidence suggests modest improvements in glycaemic and lipid outcomes. Differences in responsiveness likely reflect variations in fibre structure, viscosity, and fermentability, suggesting complementary physiological pathways. Standardised dosing, longer interventions, and mechanistic biomarkers - including SCFA profiles, incretin response, and bile acid signalling - are needed to clarify inter-individual variability and guide fibre-based interventions.

Stunting remains a major public health problem in many developing countries, primarily due to inadequate nutrition. Nutrition education has been widely implemented; however, comparative evidence on the effectiveness of different communication pathways and educational media in promoting sustained maternal behavioral change remains limited. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of communication pathways and educational media in supporting behavior changes related to toddler nutrition. Studies were identified using the PICO framework through searches in PubMed and Scopus, following PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion criteria were open-access articles published between 2020 and 2025 that assessed behavioral outcomes and evaluated communication pathways or educational media. The methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools. Of the 2,500 articles identified, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results indicate that interpersonal communication provides the most consistent evidence to support sustained nutrition-related behavioral change through personalized two-way interactions. Community and mass communication pathways mainly improve awareness and attitudes, with less consistent effects on long-term behavior. Educational media, particularly video-based media, enhance engagement and comprehension but are most effective when integrated into interactive communication pathways. Combining communication pathways with educational media appears to be the most effective approach for improving maternal feeding practices.

Background: Food and nutrition literacy constitutes an essential component of health literacy, encompassing an individual's capacity to access, interpret, evaluate, and apply information pertaining to food and nutrition. Enhanced literacy levels are hypothesized to influence dietary behaviors, and subsequently, to affect an individual's nutritional status. Aims: This systematic review aims to examine the association between food and nutrition literacy and nutritional status across diverse populations. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed across four electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Articles eligible for inclusion were those published within the preceding ten years, written in either English or Indonesia, employing quantitative research designs, and available in full text. Results: An initial search yielded 252 articles, of which 27 met the predefined inclusion criteria following a rigorous screening process and were subsequently included in the final analysis. The reviewed studies demonstrated that food and nutrition literacy could be assessed through a variety of validated instruments and that its relationship with nutritional status was evident across different population groups, health conditions, and age categories. Conclusions: The association between food and nutrition literacy and nutritional status appears to be modulated by several intervening variables including age, health status, and socio-cultural factors. While numerous studies have reported a positive correlation between higher literacy levels and improved nutritional outcomes, others have observed no significant association. Furthermore, literacy-based educational interventions have demonstrated efficacy in mitigating risks associated with anemia, stunting, and obesity. Keywords: Food Literacy; Nutrition Literacy; Nutritional Status.

Background: Obesity is a global health problem that continues to increase and is closely related to gut microbiota imbalance and metabolic dysfunction. This study aims to evaluate different interventions for treating obesity in a rat model using both non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches, including brown rice, meal replacement, and Thiazolidinedione. Methods: This study was an in vivo laboratory experiment on Sprague Dawley rats with a post-test only controlled group design. A negative control group was given a standard diet, and four experimental groups were subjected to a High-Fat High-Fructose (HFHF) diet during the initial phase. Subsequently, the experimental groups would receive interventions in the form of Brown Rice (BR), Thiazolidinedione (TZD), and Meal Replacement (MR) to assess their respective effects. Results: A balanced ratio (~1 or eubiosis) indicated that the number of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the gut microbiota was relatively equal. This study presented that the MR group had a balanced Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio compared to other intervention groups. MR group had the highest fiber content among the other groups (5.74±0.22 g, P=0.018). The addition of MR to the diet increased the fiber content in the feed, leading to a decrease in Firmicutes and an increase in Bacteroidetes. The highest PPARγ expression was observed in the TZD group (4.97±2.88, P=0.360). Conclusions: The high fiber content contributed to the balance of the F/B ratio in the MR group, while in terms of PPARγ expression, the TZD group remains the most effective due to its direct activation of PPARγ

Latar belakang: Pandemi COVID-19 menyebabkan gangguan serius pada sistem pangan global, termasuk di Indonesia. Namun bukti pada tingkat provinsi masih terbatas, sedangkan variasi regional dapat memengaruhi kerentanan dan kapasitas pemulihan pangan wilayah. Tujuan: Menganalisis perubahan Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU), kualitas pangan melalui skor Pola Pangan Harapan (PPH); ketersediaan dan konsumsi energi serta protein, serta menilai kapasitas pemulihan menggunakan Recovery Gap Index (RGI) di provinsi Indonesia sebelum (2019) dan selama pandemi COVID-19 (2020–2021). Metode: Studi kuantitatif dengan data sekunder 34 provinsi dari Badan Pangan Nasional (2019–2021). Variabel konsumsi dianalisis menggunakan RM-ANOVA, sedangkan PoU dan ketersediaan menggunakan uji Friedman dengan uji lanjut Wilcoxon. RGI dihitung sebagai selisih indikator 2021 dibandingkan 2019. Tingkat signifikansi ditetapkan pada p-value<0,05. Hasil: PoU meningkat signifikan (p-value<0,001) antar tahun. PPH ketersediaan berbeda antar tahun (p-value=0,009), perbedaan signifikan terjadi pada tahun 2020 dengan 2021 namun perbandingan berpasangan ini menjadi tidak signifikan setelah dilakukan koreksi. PPH konsumsi, ketersediaan energi dan protein serta konsumsi protein stabil dengan nilai p-value>0,05 (0,752; 0,482; 0,552; 0,667), sedangkan konsumsi energi meningkat signifikan dari 2020 ke 2021 (+29,7 kkal/kapita/hari; p-value=0,010). Analisis RGI menunjukkan bahwa 32% hingga 74% provinsi mengalami penurunan kondisi dibandingkan pra-pandemi, terutama pada PoU Kesimpulan: Pandemi COVID-19 meningkatkan indikator PoU dan menurunkan kualitas pangan. Meskipun konsumsi energi mengalami peningkatan namun tidak merata pada semua provinsi. Temuan ini menegaskan perlunya kebijakan perbaikan PoU dan kualitas pangan yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi masing-masing provinsi agar kesenjangan antarwilayah berkurang.

Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation. While pharmacological treatments are essential, their adverse effects have prompted growing interest in complementary nutritional strategies. This systematic review explored the impact of key nutritional components and dietary interventions on the inflammatory processes in lupus and identified traditional and culturally relevant foods as potential sources of anti-inflammatory nutrients. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus for studies published between 2013 and 2023 to examine the relationship between nutrition and lupus. Outcomes were assessed based on both inflammatory biomarkers and clinical disease activity scores. In addition, traditional and culturally relevant food sources containing these nutrients were identified to support culturally adapted dietary strategies. Results: A total of 25 studies were included: six randomised controlled trials, three nonrandomised trials, and 16 observational studies. Intervention studies examined vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, and probiotics on markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukins, and disease activity scores. Observational studies assessed links between dietary quality, micronutrient status, and disease progression. Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent and associated with increased inflammation, while supplementation improved immune function. Omega-3 fatty acids and probiotics showed benefits, although dosage variation limited comparability. Locally available fish and other marine products, leafy greens, nutrient-dense legumes, and traditional fermented foods were recognised as culturally relevant dietary sources of these nutrients. Conclusion: Nutritional interventions demonstrated potential in improving outcomes, but heterogeneity across studies limits firm conclusions. Future culturally adapted trials are needed to validate long-term efficacy.

Proper nutrition education is essential for improving pregnant women's knowledge, awareness, and dietary practices. Digital platforms offer a promising alternative for antenatal nutrition education, particularly when traditional methods are insufficient. This study explored the readiness of pregnant women, their families, and healthcare professionals in Malang City, Indonesia, to utilize digital media for delivering and accessing antenatal nutrition education. A qualitative study using in-depth interviews was conducted with eleven pregnant women, six family members, and five healthcare professionals in October 2023 and September 2024. The qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that inadequate nutrition education was a significant concern, with many women reporting a lack of direct guidance from healthcare professionals and limited use of existing educational platforms. Pregnant women often turned to digital media for nutrition information, but their concerns about the accuracy and reliability of online content remained. While digital platforms offer valuable opportunities to increase accessibility to nutrition education, challenges such as low interactivity and delayed response times limit their effectiveness. The study suggests enhancing digital education platforms by improving accessibility, providing personalized and scientifically accurate content, and integrating interactive features such as real-time consultations and peer support networks. These improvements could significantly enhance the impact of digital nutrition education, ultimately improving maternal health outcomes. In conclusion, addressing the gaps in digital nutrition education could lead to more effective support for pregnant women, improving their health and well-being during pregnancy.

Obesity is a global public health issue with a steadily increasing prevalence. Based on the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey, the prevalence of obesity among adults (>18 years old) increased from 21.8% in 2018 to 23.4% in 2023. Globally, the World Obesity Atlas 2023 reported that 38% of the world's population is overweight or obese, and this figure is projected to reach 51% by 2035. Obesity contributes to various metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and inflammation. Nutritional interventions that can modulate these metabolic pathways, particularly those involving functional foods, are important strategies for managing obesity. This literature review aims to examine the potential of bioactive compounds in brown rice in regulating lipid metabolism and adipogenesis as a preventive and therapeutic strategy against obesity. This study employed a systematic literature review method by analyzing original experimental studies (in vitro and in vivo) published between 2020 and 2024. Articles were selected from reputable databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus using keywords related to brown rice bioactive compounds (eg, gamma-oryzanol, GABA, tocopherol, ferulic acid, phytosterols, polyphenols) and their roles in lipid metabolism and adipogenesis. Inclusion criteria focused on full-text, peer-reviewed studies examining the metabolic effects of these compounds on obesity-related parameters. Several bioactive compounds in brown rice-including gamma-oryzanol, GABA, ferulic acid, phytosterols, and polyphenols-show anti-obesity potential through multiple mechanisms, such as inhibiting lipogenesis, enhancing lipolysis, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenesis, improving insulin sensitivity, and reducing chronic inflammation in adipose tissue. Germination and other processing methods have also been shown to increase the concentration and bioavailability of these compounds. Brown rice is a promising functional food rich in bioactive compounds with potential anti-obesity effects. These compounds play crucial roles in modulating lipid metabolism, reducing adipose tissue inflammation, and supporting metabolic health. The development of brown rice-based dietary interventions could serve as an effective, evidence-based strategy for obesity prevention and management.

Objective To explore caregivers’ perspectives on complementary feeding in rural and urban areas of Central Java, Indonesia. Design A qualitative comparative study using in-depth interviews. We applied thematic analysis to identify themes and subthemes and presented representative quotes. Setting Rural and urban villages in Central Java Province, Indonesia. Participants 46 mothers and grandmothers of 6- to 23-month-old children. Findings We identified five themes: 1) timing of food introduction, 2) types of complementary foods, 3) meal preparations, 4) complementary food benefits, and 5) expectations toward complementary foods. While caregivers in urban areas had more favourable perceptions of complementary feeding, some misperceptions existed regarding complementary feeding in both areas. These misconceptions included the age of complementary food introduction, the delay in introducing animal-source foods, and the emphasis on any food the child preferred as long as they ate rather than on healthy food choices. Key conclusions There were similarities and differences in complementary feeding perspectives between caregivers in rural and urban areas. Therefore, policymakers and public health workers should design interventions to enhance complementary feeding practices by addressing the contextual issues in specific settings.

Ensuring proper nutrition during pregnancy is essential for fetal development and maternal well-being. The aim of this community service is to provide an integrated nutrition education guide for health workers and pregnant women, along with interesting and accurate nutrition education media for pregnant women. This community service activity is carried out through several stages, including: 1) Situation analysis; 2) Development of educational materials such as an integrated nutrition education guide for health workers, a balanced nutrition guide for pregnant women, and nutrition education videos; 3) Delivery of nutrition education through classes for pregnant women, home visits, and YouTube videos. The results of this community service activity include 1) Preparation of an integrated nutrition education guide module; 2) Preparation of a nutrition guide for pregnant women; 3) Creation of a video series on nutrition education for pregnant women; 4) Implementation of nutrition education for pregnant women; 5) Increasing the knowledge of pregnant women regarding nutrition. Furthermore, this community service activity is integrated into the Nutrition Evaluation, Intervention, and Monitoring course, providing an off-campus experience for students. By using an integrated nutrition education model that combines various approaches and communication channels, it is hoped to increase the reach of nutrition education. This will ultimately enhance the knowledge, awareness, and eating habits of pregnant women to ensure optimal maternal and fetal health. In conclusion, by using an integrated nutrition education model that combines various approaches and communication channels, it is hoped that it can increase the reach of nutrition education, which ultimately increases the knowledge, awareness and eating habits of pregnant women to ensure optimal maternal and fetal health.

Beberapa praktikum di Program Studi Teknologi Rekayasa Pangan memerlukan enzim sebagai bahannya. Selama ini, enzim didapatkan dari nanas untuk bromelin dan kentang untuk katalase. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memperbanyak jenis enzim yang digunakan untuk praktikum. Enzim yang ingin dicari adalah amilase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu inkubasi bakteri terhadap aktivitas amilase yang dihasilkan. Tiga isolat yang diuji yaitu A3-04, A3-02 dan G1-01 menunjukkan ketiganya memiliki aktivitas amilase. Zona bening yang dimiliki A3-04 terlihat memiliki ukuran yang paling besar dibandingkan dengan A3-02 dan G1-01, diduga A3-04 memiliki aktivitas amilase paling tinggi. Metode DNS (Dinitro salicylic acid) dilakukan untuk menentukan aktivitas amilase. Pengaruh suhu dan waktu inkubasi bakteri pada aktivitas amilase ditentukan dengan menumbuhkan kultur bakteri pada suhu 30, 35 dan 40oC. Sampel diambil pada waktu inkubasi 15, 16 dan 17 jam untuk dilakukan pengukuran aktivitas amilase. Selain aktivitas amilase, dilakukan juga pengukuran kepadatan sel bakteri dengan spektrofotometer pada panjang gelombang 600 nm. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, aktivitas amilase tertinggi terjadi pada inkubasi bakteri A3-04 pada suhu 35oC selama 17 jam. Dari hasil ini, rekomendasi yang dapat diberikan untuk memproduksi amilase adalah melakukan inkubasi bakteri A3-04 pada suhu 35oC selama 17 jam. Hasil identifikasi bakteri secara molekuler isolat A3-04 adalah Bacillus flexus strain Xh8 dengan tingkat kesamaan 100,00%. Kata kunci — Amilase, Bacillus flexus, suhu, kepadatan sel, waktu inkubasi

Mikroorganisme atau mikroba perlu dipelajari di Program Studi Teknologi Rekayasa Pangan (TRP). Salah satu manfaatnya adalah dalam melakukan pengendalian mikroba yang merugikan. Tidak hanya itu, penggunaan mikroba yang bermanfaat, terutama pada makanan juga dapat digali. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan isolat bakteri Bacillaceae untuk melengkapi bahan praktikum di Laboratorium TRP. Ada dua sampel yang digunakan untuk isolasi yaitu sampel tanah dan susu. Isolasi dilakukan dengan metode sebar pada media nutrient agar (NA), kemudian koloni tunggal yang tumbuh ditumbuhkan kembali dengan metode gores. Pewarnaan gram dilakukan pada kultur murni yang didapatkan. Kemudian, isolat yang yang berbentuk batang dan gram positif dilakukan pengamatan morfologi koloni di NA miring, uji katalase dan hidrolisis pati serta diidentifikasi secara molekuler. Hasilnya, hanya isolat D4-02 yang berbentuk batang dan gram positif. Isolat tersebut berasal dari sampel tanah. Kemampuan dalam hidrolisis pati dan penguraian hidrogen peroksida dimiliki oleh D4-02. Hasil identifikasi secara molekuler menunjukkan bahwa D4-02 memiliki kesamaan dengan Priestia megaterium NBRC 15308 dengan presentase kemiripan sebesar 99,93%. Isolat ini dapat digunakan untuk kegiatan praktikum di Laboratorium seperti saat melakukan pengamatan morfologi mikroskopis mikroba sebagai contoh bakteri gram positif berbentuk batang

Stunting is a child development disorder characterized by a lack of optimal height due to malnutrition or recurrent infections. Stunting can have short and long-term impacts, including the disturbance of health problems, intelligence, risk of chronic disease, and decreased productivity. The purpose of the project: 1) Explore the problem of stunting, its causes and efforts to improve it in the activity area; 2) Increase the knowledge and skills of cadres related to early detection and management of stunting by cadres, maternal and child health, the practice of making MP-ASI B2SA, 3) Improve the completeness of POSYANDU’s equipment, and 4) Increase motivation, self-confidence, and cooperation of cadres. This activity involved 38 cadres from 7 POSYANDU and one regional midwife. The results of the FGD found cadres' understanding of stunting, 8 factors that cause it, and 5 efforts to prevent and overcome it. The results of the cadre training showed a significant increase in cadre knowledge scores of stunting prevention. The result of the practice of making MP-ASI B2SA is the cadres can make menus with attractive appearance and good taste. Fulfilment of Posyandu completeness, motivation, self-confidence, and cadre cooperation has been carried out, hope that in the future they can carry out their duties better. It can be concluded that the role of POSYANDU cadres plays an important role in preventing stunting in Sidomulyo Village, Pronojiwo Subdistrict, Lumajang Regency.

Kalianyar, Kalirejo and Pacul villages were three villages in the Bojonegoro Regency that have tourism and creative economy potential. Kalianyar Village had Mumbul Park tourist destination, while Kalirejo and Pacul Villages have the potential in the form of community fishponds which can become tourist destinations and producers of catfish. This Strategic Community Service Activity aimed to strengthen facilities and improve community skills in utilising their potential. These community service activities included: 1) Revitalization of Mumbul Park; 2) Training on making souvenirs; 3) Improvement of fish pond and foodstalls facilities; 4) Training on catfish feed from Moringa leaves; 5) Training on making flossed catfish; 6) Improvement of catfish pond facilities and installation of biopores; 7) Catfish cultivation in buckets training; 8) Training on making catfish nuggets and chicken dimsum; 9) Socialization of food diversification and fish-eating movement; 10) Socialization of applications for halal certification.

Background: Early lifestyle intervention, including antenatal nutrition education, is required to reduce the triple burden of malnutrition. Understanding healthcare professionals’ views and experiences is essential for improving future nutrition education programmes for Indonesian pregnant women. This study aimed to investigate the views of Indonesian antenatal healthcare professionals regarding nutrition education for pregnant women and the improvements required to provide more effective antenatal nutrition education. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study involved semi-structured interviews was conducted with 24 healthcare professionals, including nutritionists ( n = 10), midwives ( n = 9) and obstetricians ( n = 5) in Malang, Indonesia, between December 2018 and January 2019. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: The study identified four main themes. First, healthcare professionals were aware of the importance of providing antenatal nutrition education, which included supporting its targeted delivery. Second, there were differing views on who should provide nutrition education. Most midwives and obstetricians viewed nutritionists as the prime nutrition education provider. Nutritionists were confident in their capability to provide nutrition education. However, some nutritionists reported that only a few women visited primary health centres and received nutrition counselling via this pathway. Third, healthcare professionals revealed some barriers in providing education for women. These barriers included a limited number of nutritionists, lack of consistent guidelines, lack of healthcare professionals’ nutrition knowledge and lack of time during antenatal care services. Fourth, participants expressed the need to strengthen some system elements, including reinforcing collaboration, developing guidelines, and enhancing capacity building to improve future antenatal nutrition education. Conclusions: Healthcare professionals play a central role in the provision of antenatal nutrition education. This study highlighted the importance of educational models that incorporate various antenatal nutrition education delivery strategies. These methods include maximizing referral systems and optimizing education through multiple delivery methods, from digital modes to traditional face-to-face nutrition education in pregnancy classes and community-based health services.

Bullying adalah pola perilaku, bukan insiden yang terjadi sekali-kali. Anak-anak yang melakukan bullying biasanya berasal dari status sosial atau posisi kekuasaan yang lebih tinggi, seperti anak-anak yang lebih besar, lebih kuat, atau dianggap populer sehingga dapat menyalahgunakan posisinya. Anak-anak yang paling rentan menghadapi risiko lebih tinggi untuk di-bully sering kali adalah anak-anak yang berasal dari masyarakat yang terpinggirkan, anak-anak dari keluarga berpenghasilan rendah, anak-anak dengan penampilan atau ukuran tubuh yang berbeda, anak-anak penyandang di sabilitas, atau anak-anak migran dan pengungsi. Bullying dapat menimbulkan dampak yang berbahaya dan jangka panjang bagi anak-anak. Selain efek fisik dari bullying, anak-anak dapat mengalami masalah kesehatan mental dan emosional, termasuk depresi dan kecemasan, yang dapat menyebabkan penyalahgunaan narkoba dan penurunan prestasi di sekolah. Jika hal-hal ini terus dibiarkan dalam tatanan kehidupan mereka maka akan mengakibatkan pelaku tumbuh menjadi pelaku kriminal atau sosok penguasa yang tak punya empati terhadap orang lain. Pelaku bullying akan menganggap bahwa cara penyelesaian masalah yang paling baik adalah dengan cara-cara kekerasan atau pelaku beranggapan dengan mengintimidasi orang lain maka akan memenuhi keinginannya. Hal ini akan mendorong sifat premanisme yang akan terbawa hingga dewasa dan mengakibatkan ketidak nyamanan di masyarakat. Untuk itu pola asuh anak juga sangat mempengaruhi kepribadian anak. Pola asuh ini akan menentukan bagaimana anak berinteraksi dengan orang tuanya.

OBJECTIVE:Adequate and appropriate nutrition education is expected to contribute towards preventing risk of child stunting and maternal overweight/obesity. Understanding women's information-seeking behaviours is an important key step for health professionals and departments of health in order to improve the development of optimal and targeted nutrition education during pregnancy. This study investigated the experience of Indonesian women in seeking and receiving nutritional information during pregnancy and its relationship to women's socio-demographic and pregnancy characteristics. DESIGN:An online cross-sectional study. SETTING:Malang City, Indonesia. PARTICIPANTS:Women who had given birth within the past 2 years (n 335). RESULTS:All women in this study sought or received food and nutrition information from multiple sources, including social and health professional contacts and media sources. The women frequently discussed nutrition issues with their family, particularly their husband (98·2 %) and mother or mother-in-law (91·6 %). This study identified four groups of sources based on women's search habits. Women from high socio-economic strata were more likely to discuss food and nutrition issues or received nutrition information from obstetricians, their family or online sources (adjusted R2 = 26·3 %). Women from low socio-economic strata were more likely to receive nutrition information from midwives, health volunteers or Maternal and Child Health books (adjusted R2 = 14·5 %). CONCLUSIONS:A variety of nutrition information sources needs to be provided for women from different socio-economic strata. Involvement of family members in antenatal nutrition education may improve the communication and effectiveness of young mothers' dietary and nutrition education.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate Indonesian pregnant women's experiences in seeking and receiving nutrition information.DESIGN:Qualitative semi-structured interviews analysed with thematic analysis.SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:Twenty-three pregnant women in Malang City, Indonesia were interviewed between December 2018 and January 2019.FINDINGS:Four key themes emerged concerning pregnant women's nutrition information-seeking behaviour: (i) Most women passively received nutrition information rather than actively seeking it; (ii) Women sought and received nutrition information from multiple sources including health professionals, social networks and the Internet, with varying levels of trust; (iii) Health professionals, including doctors, midwives and nutritionists, did not provide consistent and timely information; and (iv) Most women could identify gaps between nutrition information provided by health professionals and their expectations.KEY CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:This study identified opportunities for Indonesian health authorities to enhance their nutrition education services. This study suggests improvements that could extend the systematic provision of nutrition education to meet the needs of pregnant women in developing countries.