The southeastern United States is among the most productive forested areas in the world. Four endemic southern pine species - loblolly, longleaf, shortleaf, and slash contribute significantly to the economic and ecological values in the region. A recently described phenomenon known as Southern Pine Decline (SPD) has been reported as having widespread impact in the southern pine region, particularly on loblolly pine. Root-feeding weevils and their associated fungi have been suggested as causal agents, even though literature and empirical research suggests that they are secondary insects colonizing weakened trees. Further, no published information exists about whether their associated fungi can cause mortality of mature trees in the southeastern U.S. Since there are significant management implications for pine health, we reviewed and critically examined the SPD phenomena on the southern landscape. Our regional analyses of USDA Forest Inventory and Analysis data show no discernable patterns related to pine growth or mortality, especially as related to topographic factors. There are no large-scale patterns related to pine mortality suggesting multiple interacting factors impacting tree health at stand-level. As such, the hypothesis that SPD is a regionally important decline syndrome and labeling declining southern pine stands as SPD is not supported. Instead, we discuss many abiotic (soil types, climate) and biotic (insects, pathogens, genetics) factors that may be interacting with each other and affecting southern pine health. Finally, we suggest management recommendations for landowners with pine health issues. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The non-native redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), has recently emerged as a significant pest of southeastern U.S. coastal forests. Specifically, a fungal symbiont (Raffaelea sp.) of X. glabratus has caused mortality of redbay (Persea borbonia) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum) trees in the region; several other Lauraceae species also seem susceptible. Although the range of X. glabratus continues to expand rapidly, little is known about the species' biology and behavior. In turn, there has been no broad-scale assessment of the threat it poses to eastern U.S. forests. To provide a basic information framework, we performed analyses exploiting relevant spatio-temporal data available for X. glabratus. First, we mapped the densities of redbay and sassafras from forest inventory data. Second, we used climate matching to delineate potential geographic limits for X. glabratus. Third, we used county infestation data to estimate the rate of spread and modeled spread through time, incorporating host density as a weighting factor. Our results suggest that (1) key areas with high concentrations of redbay have yet to be invaded, but some are immediately threatened; (2) climatic conditions may serve to constrain X. glabratus to the southeastern U.S. coastal region; and (3) if unchecked, X. glabratus may spread throughout the range of redbay in <40 yr. Disruption of anthropogenic, long-distance dispersal could reduce the likelihood of this outcome.

Being‐in‐Christ and Putting Death in Its Place: An Anthropologist's Account of Christian Performance in Spanish America and the American South. Miles Richardson. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003. 414 pp.

Addendum: The supplementary documents referenced in this manuscript are posted on the Web site https://www.fia.fs.fed.us/library/sampling/index.phpThis chapter outlines prescribed core procedures for deriving population estimates from attributes measured in conjunction with the Phase 1 and Phase 2 samples. These estimation procedures also apply to those Phase 3 attributes in common with Phase 2. Given the sampling frame and plot design described in the previous two chapters, many estimation approaches can be applied. In fact, one goal of the overall design is to maximize flexibility, so Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data can be used to address a variety of analytical needs.

The Forest Health Monitoring Program’s annual national reports present results from forest health data analyses focusing on a national perspective. The Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests are used as a reporting framework. This report has five main sections. The first contains introductory material. The next three sections, “Landscape Structure,” “Abiotic and Biotic Factors,” and “Forest Conditions,” contain results of data analyses. Some of the indicators discussed use data collected from ground plots. These include ozone bioindicator plants; changes in trees (crown condition, mortality, and stand age); and soils (forest floor depth). Other indicators or indicator groups use data about insects and diseases, and remotely sensed or ground-based data about distance to roads, forest edge, interior forest, drought, fire, and air pollution (sulfates, nitrates, and ozone). Identifying patterns and observing possible relationships is an important part of national level analysis and reporting. The fifth section “Integrated Look at Forest Health Indicators” presents results of analyses designed to evaluate whether or not individual indicators or linear combinations of indicators discriminate between crowns in poor condition and crowns not in poor condition.

For purposes of sampling and estimation, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) subdivides the total land area of the United States into mutually exclusive populations and subpopulations. Populations are usually defined by county boundaries or by public ownerships that may or may not cross county boundaries (e.g., national forests). In cases where the sample size for individual counties is insufficient, groups of counties may be combined into a super-county to form a single population with adequate sample size. Based on user request, counties occasionally are split into subpopulations to accommodate enumerated (known) acreages supplied by public agencies (e.g., National Forest System and The Bureau of Land Management). This is done to ensure that FIA totals match the county-level acreages reported by the requesting agencies. Each FIA population and subpopulation has a known number of plots and a known area of land, obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, from which population estimates are derived. Each is sampled and processed as a separate entity, so estimates of grand totals and their variances for groups of populations and subpopulations are additive. For example, State-level estimates are obtained by totaling the estimates from all populations and subpopulations bounded by the State.

This chapter outlines prescribed core procedures for deriving population estimates from attributes measured in conjunction with the Phase 1 and Phase 2 samples. These estimation procedures also apply to those Phase 3 attributes in common with Phase 2. Given the sampling frame and plot design described in the previous two chapters, many estimation approaches can be applied. In fact, one goal of the overall design is to maximize flexibility, so Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data can be used to address a variety of analytical needs.

The national Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) program requires protocols for monitoring soil carbon contents. In a pilot study, 30 FHM plots loblolly/shortleaf (Pinus taeda L./Pinus echinata Mill.) pine forests across Georgia were sampled by horizon and by depth increments. For total soil carbon, approximately 40% of the variance was between plots, 40% between subplots and 20% within subplots. Results by depth differed from those obtained by horizon primarily due to the rapid changes in carbon content from the top to the bottom of the A horizon. Published soil survey information overestimated bulk densities for these forest sites. The measurement of forest floor depths as a substitute to sampling did not provide reliable estimates of forest floor carbon. Precision of replicate samples was approximately 10-30% for field duplicates and 5-10% for laboratory duplicates. Based on national indicator evaluation criteria, sampling by depth using bulk density core samplers has been recommended for national implementation. Additional procedures are needed when sampling organic soils or soils with a high percentage of large rock fragments. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

The national Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) program conducted a remeasurement study in 1999 to evaluate the usefulness and feasibility of collecting data needed for investigating carbon budgets in forests. This study indicated that FHM data are adequate for detecting a 20% change over 10 years (2% change per year) in percent total carbon and carbon content (MgC/ha) when sampling by horizon, with greater than 80% probability that a change in carbon content will be determined when a change has truly occurred (P < or = 0.33). The data were also useful in producing estimates of forest floor and soil carbon stocks by depth that were somewhat lower than literature values used for comparison. The scale at which the data were collected lends itself to producing standing stock estimates needed for carbon budget development and carbon cycle modeling. The availability of site-specific forest mensuration data enables the exploration of above ground and below ground linkages.

School Science and MathematicsVolume 78, Issue 5 p. 365-370 Make A Meter Tape William D. Smith, William D. Smith James Madison University Harrisonburg, Virginia 22801Search for more papers by this authorGarney L. Darrin, Garney L. Darrin James Madison University Harrisonburg, Virginia 22801Search for more papers by this author William D. Smith, William D. Smith James Madison University Harrisonburg, Virginia 22801Search for more papers by this authorGarney L. Darrin, Garney L. Darrin James Madison University Harrisonburg, Virginia 22801Search for more papers by this author First published: May‐June 1978 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.1978.tb09378.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume78, Issue5May‐June 1978Pages 365-370 RelatedInformation

A case of Gardner's syndrome is presented. A spontaneous mutation of a skipped generation must be postulated. The case demonstrates how the true diagnosis can be suspected long before the appearance of the colonic polyps. The presence of widely distributed epidermal inclusion cysts and osteomas should alert the physician to the possible eventual development of polyposis.

We have concluded that Keflordin has a wide margin of safety. There was only one slight skin reaction, and no renal complications. Compared with other broadspectrum antibiotic agents, it has a respectable range of effectiveness. We believe that it will be quite useful in dealing with infection after colon surgery.