Lavender essential oil (LEO) possesses broad therapeutic potential, yet translating empirical knowledge into evidence-based medicine is hindered by the descriptive literature that conflates isolated monoterpene mechanisms with whole-oil efficacy. Addressing these critical shortcomings, this review presents a target-centric synthesis that explicitly delineates the molecular pathways of pure constituents (e.g., linalool, linalyl acetate) versus intact LEO matrices and standardized oral preparations (Silexan™). We systematically integrate LEO’s multi-target signaling networks across neuroregulatory, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and skin-regenerative domains, while critically examining how genetic taxonomy, environmental stress, and green extraction technologies dictate chemotype diversity. Furthermore, we candidly address current evidence limitations, including pre-clinical predominance, publication bias, and clinical trial narrowness. Finally, we outline actionable translational strategies centered on chemotype-driven standardization, smart delivery systems, and a dual pharmacological paradigm that valorizes non-volatile processing byproducts. This synthesis establishes a rigorous theoretical foundation for LEO’s clinical translation and pharmaceutical standardization.

ABSTRACT Streptococcus mutans is considered to be an important cariogenic organism. Cinnamon and clove essential oil (EOs) have excellent antimicrobial activity against S. mutans , and whether the combination of these EOs can enhance antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and improve cell biocompatibility has not yet been studied. This study optimized the ratio and concentration of the mixed EOs, which are composed of Cinnamomum burmanii essential oil (CBEO), Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil (CZEO) and Syzygium aromaticum essential oil (SEO), based on an analysis of their constituent compounds and antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial activity and underlying mechanisms of the combination EO were subsequently investigated. The antimicrobial activity of the EOs was ranked as follows: CBEO > SEO > CZEO, compared to the positive control of 1% Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX). The inhibitory effects of SEO and CBEO blended at volume ratios of 1:1, 2:3 and 1:4 were significantly superior to other blends and exhibited synergistic potentiation. The mixed EO (SEO:CBEO = 1:4) demonstrated the greatest inhibitory efficacy against biofilm formation and acid production, as well as the highest cell bio‐compatibility. The mixed EO (SEO:CBEO = 1:4), at concentrations of 1/8 MIC and above, significantly suppressed the expression of virulence factors associated with sugar metabolism ( gtfB , gtfC , gtfD ), biofilm formation ( gbpB , vicR/vicK , spaP ) and acid production ( brpA , relA ) in S. mutans . Cinnamaldehyde and eugenol are the main active constituents of the combination EOs. This study demonstrates that the mixed EOs of S. aromaticum EOand C. burmanii EO exhibit synergistic antimicrobial effects against S. mutans , presenting them as potential antimicrobial agents for the prevention of dental caries.

Neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders share overlapping molecular mechanisms, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotransmitter dysregulation. Essential oils from Lavandula angustifolia (TLEO) and Rosa rugosa (PREO) contain neuroactive compounds with therapeutic potential, but their mechanisms remain poorly defined. This study aimed to elucidate the shared and distinct molecular targets and pathways of TLEO and PREO using a multi-scale computational strategy. Compounds identified by GC-MS were evaluated through ADMET profiling, target prediction, and disease-target intersection analysis. Enrichment, network, docking, and dynamics analyses were performed on shared protein-coding targets between essential oils and twelve brain disorders, including seven neurodegenerative conditions (Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich ataxia, Huntington's disease, Lewy body disease, Parkinson's disease, spinal muscular atrophy) and five psychiatric disorders (autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia). A total of 110 compounds yielded 252 common targets, with CHRM2 (GPCR) and NR1H3 (non-GPCR) identified as key hubs. Docking suggested strong binding affinities for caryophyllene oxide at CHRM2 (-7.3 kcal/mol) and α-himachalene at NR1H3 (-8.5 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed stable, compact complexes with low RMSD and SASA values. MM/PBSA free energy calculations quantitatively validated these interactions, revealing favorable binding energetics driven predominantly by van der Waals and hydrophobic contributions, consistent with the terpenoid chemical profiles. Functional enrichment highlighted involvement in cholinergic signaling, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory regulation. This study demonstrates that PREO and TLEO can modulate multiple targets relevant to brain disorders through both GPCR and non-GPCR mechanisms. These findings provide a computationally inferred mechanistic framework for the potential neuroprotective synergy of these oils and highlight essential oil-derived compounds as promising leads for further experimental investigation.

Glutinous rice huangjiu, a non-distilled wine variety unique to China, is rich in nutrients. However, systematic research on the differences in its non-volatile functional components remains scarce, despite these variations being key factors influencing its antioxidant effects. This study employed non-targeted metabolomics to systematically analyze the non-volatile metabolite profiles of 16 glutinous rice huangjiu brands, identifying 1450 metabolites. An alcohol-induced hepatocyte injury model was established, combining cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level assays to screen for samples (G10 and G11) exhibiting significant efficacy across varying alcohol concentrations. Differential metabolite analysis further identified key bioactive compounds including L-proline, dihydroferulic acid, chalcones, and multiple phenolic derivatives. Using molecular docking technology, we preliminarily revealed that these components may exert antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects either by directly scavenging free radicals or indirectly through mechanisms such as participating in glutathione metabolism and regulating the KEAP1-Nrf2 signaling pathway. This study elucidates the differences among glutinous rice huangjiu at the metabolomic and cellular model levels, providing a scientific basis for evaluating the health benefits and developing new products of huangjiu.

Pingyin rose essential oil (PREO) is extracted from fresh petals exclusively cultivated in Shandong Province. This PREO has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for decades to treat skin issues like excessive oxidative stress and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of PREO on the inflammatory pathway in HaCaT cells produced by LPS. In vitro methods were used to ascertain the expression of inflammatory proteins, and network pharmacological analysis was employed to predict the signaling pathway. According to our findings, PREO significantly reduced LPS-induced oxidative stress, decreasing nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by 42% and 38%, respectively, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 35%, while enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity by 28% (p < 0.01). PREO treatment (0.1%, 18 h) markedly suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, with mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 reduced by 52%, 47%, 45%, and 40%, respectively. Mechanistically, PREO inhibited the TLR4-NF-κB pathway, downregulating MyD88 and TRIF expression by 60% and 55%, and reducing NF-κB p65 and IκB-α phosphorylation by 50% and 48%. Network pharmacology and molecular docking identified Citronellol (54.37% of PREO) as the major bioactive component, exhibiting strong binding affinities with IKKβ (-5.7 kcal/moL) and MyD88 (-4.5 kcal/moL). This research, distinct from previous investigations on Rosa rugosa polyphenols, provides a novel mechanistic link between PREO's traditional use and its observed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in keratinocytes, specifically through inhibition of the TLR4-NF-κB pathway.

Growing demand for sustainable meat preservation requires solutions addressing microbial spoilage, lipid oxidation, and plastic pollution. This study developed gelatin/hyaluronic acid films incorporating carvacrol-loaded beta-cyclodextrin microcapsules (CAR@beta-CD films incorporating carvacrol-loaded solutions addressing microbial spoilage, lipid oxidation, and plastic pollution) and UV-blocking capacity (<20% transmittance at 275 nm), with sustained CAR release over 24 h. Antimicrobial activity against E. coli (87.3%) and S. aureus (91.5%) was higher than that of free CAR, while DPPH scavenging reached 32.1%. In pork preservation tests, coated samples maintained pH below 6.3 (vs. 6.7 in control) on day 9, reduced weight loss by 52.8% (4.2% vs. 8.9%), and lowered TBARS values by 57.1% (1.2 vs. 2.8 mg MDA/kg). Total viable counts remained below freshness thresholds for 7 days. These biodegradable films demonstrate multifunctional packaging potential aligned with green development strategies.

Dental caries, a prevalent global health issue, arises from ecological dysbiosis of the oral biofilm, with Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) being a primary cariogenic pathogen. Although Cinnamomum burmani essential oil (CBEO) possesses strong antimicrobial properties, its clinical utility is constrained by irritancy and cytotoxicity. This study therefore aimed to enhance antibacterial efficacy against S. mutans and reduce cytotoxicity by combining CBEO with three Cymbopogon spp. essential oils: C. nardus (CNEO), C. citratus (CCEO), and C. khasans (CKEO). The chemical compositions of the essential oils were characterised by GC-MS. Optimal combination ratios were screened via the agar diffusion method, and the minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) were determined using the microbroth dilution method. Antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and acid-production-inhibiting effects were evaluated through time-kill assays, biofilm staining, and pH measurements, respectively. Virulence gene expression was assessed by qRT-PCR, and cytotoxicity was determined via MTT assay on RAW 264.7 cells. GC-MS analysis revealed distinct chemical profiles: CBEO was predominantly (E)-cinnamaldehyde (60.98%), whereas CNEO, CCEO and CKEO were rich in citronellal, alpha-citral and geraniol, respectively. Synergistic antibacterial effects were observed for the combinations CNEO:CBEO (2:3), CCEO:CBEO (1:1), and CKEO:CBEO (1:4). At sub-inhibitory concentrations, these combinations dose-dependently inhibited biofilm formation (73.25%-91.25%), maintained a near-neutral pH, and downregulated the expression of key virulence genes associated with adhesion (gbpB, spaP), exopolysaccharide synthesis (gtfB, gtfC, gtfD), acid tolerance (brpA, relA) and global regulation (vicR). Furthermore, the combination formulas significantly reduced cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells compared to CBEO alone. In conclusion, the combination of Cymbopogon spp. essential oils with CBEO demonstrates a multitargeted synergistic effect against S. mutans and is associated with reduced cytotoxicity at the tested concentrations, suggesting potential for improved biosafety. These findings provide preliminary evidence for a promising formulation strategy, warranting further investigation to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and confirm safety in more complex models.

This study evaluated whether the volatile profile of methyl linoleate (MLO) can predict its pro-inflammatory capacity. MLO was subjected to two oxidation conditions simulating ambient storage and high-temperature frying. Free radicals, volatile compounds, and aldehydes were quantified using ESR, HS-SPME-GC-MS, and UPLC-MS/MS. Oxidized MLO was applied to RAW264.7 macrophages to evaluate inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress responses, and PLSR models were developed to predict cellular outcomes based on volatile fingerprints. Both oxidation conditions induced substantial increases in short-chain and unsaturated aldehydes, with high-temperature oxidation generating markedly higher levels of key volatiles. Oxidized MLO significantly elevated TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, ROS, NO, and MDA while reducing SOD activity (p < 0.05), demonstrating strong pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant effects. Volatile-based PLSR models achieved high predictive performance, with cross-validated and external R2 values approaching 0.9 and RPD values exceeding 2. These findings show that volatile oxidation products reliably reflect the pro-inflammatory potency of oxidized lipids and can support the ranking of oxidized oils and lipid-rich foods, as well as guide processing and dietary strategies.

DHA with varying degrees of oxidation was obtained by the Schaal oven acceleration method. Then, the temporal changes in free radicals, volatile compounds, and carbonyl compounds in oxidized DHA was analyzed using HSSPME-GC-MS, the content of which were increased with the oxidation time. RAW264.7 macrophages were used to evaluate the effects of DHA oxidation products on the oxidative stress, gene and protein expression of inflammatory factors at different oxidation times. With the increase of oxidation time, oxidized DHA stimulated cells with significantly higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly inhibited. It also stimulated a significant increase in the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL-1 beta) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which exacerbated the cellular inflammatory response. Data on DHA oxidation products were analyzed using OPLS-DA. The compound (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal was identified as a potential differential metabolite capable of distinguishing among six oxidation time points. Furthermore, the pro-inflammatory effects of oxidized DHA were accurately predicted using partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector regression (SVR) models. This study established a correlation between volatile oxidation products and their potential pro-inflammatory effects, which were readily detectable through high-throughput assays. It thereby provided a rapid and reliable method for assessing the predicted bioactivity of DHA at varying levels of oxidation.

To develop a wound dressing with effective antibacterial and biodegradable properties, polylysine (PL), nano‑silver (AgNP), and silver oxide (Ag₂O) were incorporated into polylactic acid/silk fibroin (PLA/SF) nanofibers to enhance their antibacterial activity. PLA/SF drug-loaded nanofiber films were fabricated through electrospinning, utilizing PL, AgNP, and Ag₂O as antibacterial agents. The results indicated that the inclusion of these additives improved the mobility of the molecular chains and increased crystallinity by 32.57 %. The porosity of the film decreased from 89 % to 87 %, while the liquid absorption rate and air permeability also diminished. Additionally, the contact angle increased from 78° to 92°, and water resistance improved. The film maintained adequate mechanical properties and in vitro degradation rates, which are crucial for wound dressing applications. Notably, PLA/SF nanofiber films demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity, underscoring their potential for use in the medical field. This study offers a promising approach for designing multifunctional wound dressings with enhanced antibacterial and biodegradable properties.

This study investigates the synergistic effects of the incorporation of salicylic acid (SA) and nano-zinc oxide (ZnO) on the physicochemical and antibacterial properties of polylactic acid (PLA)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-based nanofiber membranes fabricated via electrospinning. The results indicate that the introduction of SA significantly enhances the solution conductivity and thermal stability of the nanofiber membranes, while effectively promoting the uniform distribution of ZnO nanoparticles within the fiber matrix. On the other hand, the addition of ZnO increases the solution viscosity, elevates the thermal decomposition activation energy, boosts the residual carbon content, and modulates the release rate of SA, achieving approximately 90

Phytic acid (PA) in soy foods acts as an antinutrient through chelate minerals and proteins, yet it may also contribute to system stability. To improve mineral bioaccessibility and balancing physical stability, soymilk with varied PA levels was fabricated by modulating phytase treatment (0-15 U/g). The physical properties, mineral bioaccessibility, and microrheology of soymilk were investigated. Results showed that moderate enzymolysis (retaining 65.17 % PA) increased bioaccessible calcium content by 28.61 % without stability loss, whereas complete PA removal maximized iron and zinc bioaccessibility by 43.21 % and 74.01 % but induced instability. Furthermore, PA degradation increased particle mobility in soymilk and the soluble content of α subunits and basic peptide. Spatial distribution analysis demonstrated preferential hydrolysis of free/soluble PA promoted mineral release. Negative correlations between PA distribution and bioaccessible mineral contents were established. These findings emphasise PA's dual role in balancing mineral bioaccessibility and colloidal stability, providing formulation strategies for high nutritional plant-based products.

With growing consumer demand for functional dairy products, developing yogurts enriched with natural bioactive ingredients has become a research focus. Millet, a traditional cereal rich in polyphenols and dietary fiber, remains understudied in fermented dairy applications. This study evaluated the physicochemical properties, sensory quality, and functional activities of yogurt co-fermented with millet. Millet liquid, pre-treated through gelatinization and α-amylase liquefaction, was co-fermented with milk at addition ratios of 40% and 60% (w/w). The results indicated that millet liquid increased Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus viability (8.55–8.58 log CFU/g vs. 8.26 log CFU/g in the control), improved viscosity (up to 1.0–1.6-fold higher than the control), enhanced texture properties (51–65-fold increase in springiness, 4.3–4.6-fold higher chewiness), and reduced syneresis (18.6–49.2% lower than the control). Sensory evaluation revealed superior flavor and sweetness in millet-enriched yogurt, achieving significantly higher scores than plain yogurt (p < 0.05). Functionally, the 60% millet yogurt showed 77.8% and 84.3% higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacities, respectively. Additionally, it suppressed DSS-induced inflammatory cytokine secretion in Caco-2 cells (27.2–69.7% inhibition of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β). The improved antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities may be attributed to polyphenol release from millet. This work highlights the potential of millet–milk co-fermentation for developing yogurts with enhanced texture, sensory appeal, and bioactive properties.

Globally, according to WHO estimates, severe periodontitis affects over 1 billion people. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a keystone pathogen in the development of chronic periodontitis. Although two commercial essential oils (EOs) derived from Satureja montana L. (EO1) and Leptospermum scoparium J.R.Forst. G.Forst. (EO2) have demonstrated promising antibacterial potential, their mechanisms against P. gingivalis and the influence of their distinct metabolite profiles remain unclear. EO metabolite profiles were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and bacterial growth curves. Their effects on hemagglutination, hemolytic, black pigmentation formation, autoaggregation, hydrophobicity, biofilm formation and virulence gene expression were evaluated. Molecular docking simulated interactions between metabolites and the virulence proteins. Cytotoxicity at MIC was tested in RAW264.7 cells using MTT assays. EO1 showed stronger antibacterial effects than EO2, with inhibition zone diameters (42.06 ± 1.62 versus 40.36 ± 0.47 mm), lower MIC (71.33 versus 305.00 µg/mL), and MBC (142.66 µg/mL versus 1220.00 µg/mL). The bacterial growth curves demonstrated sustained inhibition. EO1 can inhibit P. gingivalis hemagglutination, hemolysis (p < 0.05), and heme accumulation at 1/8 − 1/2 MIC, while EO2 only affected heme accumulation. Both EOs reduced P. gingivalis hydrophobicity levels below 50

Acerola cherry has been acknowledged as the best source of natural vitamin C supplements, while the antiinflammatory effect of acerola (ACC) is still unclear. Component analysis showed that the contents of vitamin C and flavonoids reached 18 % and 2.98 %, respectively. To explore the potential mechanism of ACC on LPSinduced RAW264.7 inflammation, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and protein were assessed. ACC inhibited the activation of the iNOS, NF-kappa B, JAK-STAT3 and MAPK pathways, thus reducing the levels of NO, TNF-alpha, IL-1(3 and IL-6. Additionally, ACC exhibited better anti-inflammatory activity than Vc alone. Vc and flavonoids in ACC inhibited xylene-induced ear edema via hindering the generation of TNF-alpha, IL-1(3 and inflammatory mediator PGE2. Middle and high doses of Vc and flavonoids were beneficial to alleviate ear inflammation in mice. Significantly, the ear weight and thickness variation were only 16.16 % and 14.91 % under ACC administration, which were the lowest.

Severe periodontitis has impacted upwards of 1 billion people worldwide, posing a public health challenge. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a keystone pathogen implicated in periodontal dysbiosis and disease progression. Lemongrass essential oil (LEO), extracted from Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, has shown clinical benefits in periodontitis management, yet its mechanisms remain poorly understood. Antibacterial and bactericidal activities of LEO against P. gingivalis were evaluated, along with its effects on heme uptake and storage, early biofilm-related phenotypes, mature biofilm development, and transcriptional regulation of virulence-associated genes. Docking simulations were performed to predict interactions between metabolites identified via GC-MS and virulence-related proteins. LEO’s effects on oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine secretion, and ferroptosis-related gene expression were also evaluated in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. The antibacterial efficacy of LEO against P. gingivalis was evidenced by a 51.10 ± 2.17 mm inhibition zone, along with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 34.06 and 68.13 µg/mL, respectively. Growth curve analysis showed sustained suppression over 30 h. At 1/4 − 1/2 MIC, LEO inhibited P. gingivalis hemagglutination, hemolysis (p < 0.05), and heme accumulation. Moreover, biofilm formation was significantly reduced by over 85

Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a pivotal role in host–microbe communication. Akkermansia muciniphila, a symbiotic bacterium essential for intestinal health, is hypothesized to exert its effects via EVs. Here, we successfully isolated and characterized EVs derived from A. muciniphila (Am-EVs) using ultracentrifugation. Am-EVs exhibited a double-membrane structure, with an average diameter of 92.48 ± 0.28 nm and a proteomic profile comprising 850 proteins. In an in vitro model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2), treatment with both 25 and 50 μg/mL Am-EVs significantly reduced oxidative stress markers, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA), while restoring catalase activity (CAT). Am-EVs also suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Subsequent transcriptomic sequencing and Western blot experiments revealed that Am-EVs attenuate the MAPK signaling pathway by downregulating TRIF, MyD88, p38 MAPK, and FOS while upregulating TGFBR2. These findings suggest that Am-EVs mediate anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of MAPK signaling, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents in intestinal inflammation.

Background Oral mucosa is susceptible to pathological changes, including burning sensation, erythema, and inflammation, when exposed to thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli. These changes significantly impact oral comfort and health. To address the need for oral cooling agents, this study targets both TRPM8 and TRPA1 channels. We established a “computation-screening-validation” system using homology modeling and virtual screening to identify potential cooling agents from 555 natural flavorings approved for food use in China. Results High-quality homology models of TRPM8 and TRPA1 were constructed. Multi-stage virtual screening was then performed using molecular docking. This process incorporated pharmacokinetic properties, key physicochemical properties (water solubility and lipophilicity), and Protox3.0 toxicity predictions. The structural stability of promising ligand-target complexes was further evaluated via molecular dynamics simulations. The screening identified α-Terpineol, cis-Jasmone, and Benzyl Salicylate as promising candidates. These compounds demonstrated superior predicted binding affinities for both targets compared to other screened compounds and favorable safety profiles. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed stable binding and structural compactness of these compounds within the TRPM8 and TRPA1 binding sites. Conclusions This dual-target in silico approach offers an efficient, systematic way to identify safe and effective cooling agents. It provides valuable insights for the development of temperature-sensing modulators by highlighting compounds that can simultaneously activate TRPM8 and TRPA1.

Traditional dressings have shortcomings such as poor moisture absorption and easy to adhere, making the development of new dressings crucial. In this work, a PLA/PVP crosslinked drug-loaded nanofiber membrane was prepared through electrospinning and ultraviolet crosslinking, with poly (lactic acid) (PLA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and salicylic acid (SA) as starting materials. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of PVP notably boosted the viscosity and conductivity of the blend spinning solution. The roughness of the fabricated fiber was elevated, and the diameter of the fibers was more uniform. Additionally, the incorporation of PVP not only enhanced the porosity of the fiber membrane but also effectively decreased its contact angle. Notably, when the PVP content reached 40 %, the contact angle underwent a substantial reduction, decreasing significantly from 125.4° to 82.2°. The SA drug-loaded fiber membrane exhibited a notable bacteriostatic effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with its release behavior adhering to Fick's diffusion law. In the cell viability experiment, the cell proliferation rate increased from 94 % to 129 % after 3 days. This shows that the prepared membrane has good antibacterial effect and cell compatibility, which provides a theoretical basis for the construction of a new medical dressing.