Achieving long-term stability and consistent capacity in lithium (Li) metal batteries with sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) cathodes requires precisely engineered electrolytes to optimize interphase formation and redox reversibility. This study presents 1,1-difluoro-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane (DFE)-based localized high-concentration electrolytes (LHCEs), incorporating fluorinated components such as salt, solvating solvent, and diluent for improved electrode stability. Molecular dynamics simulations and surface analyses reveal that the DFE-LHCE with 1,2-bis(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)ethane (BTFEE) diluent produces uniform and robust interphase layers on both cathode and anode, enriched with inorganic species like LiF and Li2O. These properties lead to prolonged redox reversibility of the SPAN cathode, suppressed side reactions, and extended cycle life for Li||SPAN cells. Remarkably, DFE-BTFEE-LHCE enables Li||SPAN coin cells with an areal capacity of similar to 7 mAh cm-2 for SPAN to retain 81.3% capacity after 200 cycles and pouch cells of 0.12 Ah with 8 mAh cm-2 of SPAN and lean electrolyte to maintain 96.4% capacity over 80 cycles. These findings pave the way for advancing Li||SPAN battery technologies.

To break through the bottlenecks of traditional implantable medical devices, which rely on limited-life batteries and lack intelligent analysis capabilities. This research has developed an innovative solution that combines self-powered with intelligent monitoring. Distinct from existing biocompatible TENGs, this work features a unique design of the polyethylene oxide/BaTiO3/Fe3O4 (PBF) composite film. In this design, Polyethylene oxide served as the biocompatible matrix, BaTiO3 acted as the triboelectric performance enhancer, and Fe3O4 functioned as the magnetic functional component. This rational combination overcame the inherent defects of a single material and achieved a synergistic effect of biocompatibility, high triboelectric performance, and macroscopic magnetism. Based on the potential of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) in self-powered sensing and the utilization of endogenous mechanical energy in the human body (e.g. heartbeat and breathing), this research synthesized a biocompatible PBF composite film. This film effectively enhances its triboelectric properties and endows the material with macroscopic magnetism by introducing functional components. After assembly with the silicone triboelectric layer, a biocompatible implantable TENG (BI-TENG) was constructed. The electrical output performance of this BI-TENG is outstanding, featuring an open-circuit voltage of 286.1 V, a short-circuit current of 19.3 µA, and a peak output power density reaching 951.2 mW·m− 2. Furthermore, this research also constructed a BI-TENG-machine learning (ML) collaborative intelligent system. A key contribution of this work is the validation that the BI-TENG-ML system can not only utilize BI-TENG to monitor motion signals in real time but also conduct accurate intelligent analysis of these high-dimensional and nonlinear signals through ML technology, overcoming the limitation of traditional threshold-based signal interpretation. It aims to achieve more intelligent and proactive health monitoring and disease management, laying the foundation for the next generation of permanent self-powered intelligent implantable systems.

The rise of data science and decades of accumulated battery research have paved the way for the general use of computing in research. Here, the largest experimental coulombic efficiency (CE) dataset curated from over 100 scientific articles under strict selection criteria was analyzed to extract insights that would have been difficult to achieve through traditional scientific methods alone. By splitting the dataset according to CE measured using the Aurbach or cycle methods, normalizing electrolyte formulations by mass, and utilizing advanced data analytics coupled with physically informed feature engineering, we discovered that higher sF, lower sC, and sO values, influenced by fluorination degree, carbon chain length, and oxygen amount, respectively, contribute to improved CE. Surprisingly, boiling becomes a governing factor when all other features are identical, with lower boiling corresponding to higher CE. By leveraging insights gained and the model's accurate CE prediction (R2 = 0.85), a new electrolyte enabled a high CE of 99.57% in Li||Cu cells, excellent oxidative stability of ∼4.8 V versus Li+/Li, and 80% of capacity retention after more than 700 cycles in Li||NMC811 cells. The versatile machine learning workflow and the crafted features presented in this work can inspire the design of liquid electrolytes for other battery chemistries.

Flexible sensors are critical for wearable devices, smart infrastructure, and the Internet of Things (IoT) owing to their adaptability to irregular surfaces. However, their widespread use is limited by distributed power supply and multimodal integration challenges. Herein, a multimodal sensing electronic tag based on the triboelectric sensing is developed to meet the stringent requirements of industrial safety monitoring. The PAA­[EMIM]BF₄ thermochromic eutectic gel, synthesized using a choline chloride–ethylene glycol (ChCl-EG) deep eutectic solvent (DES), exhibits excellent mechanical properties (131.50 kPa stress at 250.63% strain), high ionic conductivity (0.10 ± 0.01 S/m), strong adhesion, and a wide working temperature range. A flexible single-electrode eutectic gel-based triboelectric nanogenerator (EuG-TENG) is constructed, employing PDMS-encapsulated eutectic gel as the electrode and a nylon film as the triboelectric layer. The EuG-TENG achieves a maximum instantaneous power density of 4.89 mW/m² and an average power density of 0.53 mW/m², providing the foundation for self-powered sensing. Based on this EuG-TENG, a multimodal sensing electronic tag is realized, enabling non-contact distance sensing from 0 mm to 30 mm (with a 30 mm threshold for triggering alarms), which meets personnel safety protection requirements in industrial scenarios. In the range of 20 °C to 100 °C, the temperature anomaly can be visualized and located through the change of thermochromic color and voltage signal. In addition, the humidity sensing (10% RH-70% RH) can further expand its range of monitoring of industrial environments. This work provides an innovative solution for self-powered sensing, visualization, and intelligent safety monitoring, offering great potential for hazard detection in chemical fluid transportation and other industrial safety applications.

Abstract This work examines how elevated temperature affects interphase stability and calendar aging in silicon (Si)-based lithium (Li)-ion batteries (Si-LIBs) using a LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 cathode and an electrolyte without fluorine ethylene carbonate. Cells stored for 180 days at 25−47.5 °C show stable impedance, good capacity retention, and robust inorganic-rich interphases that preserve cathode structure. At 55 °C, however, rapid impedance rise and severe capacity loss occur within 90 days due to particle cracking, lithium depletion, and transition-metal migration. These findings show that controlling storage temperature and optimizing electrolyte chemistry are essential strategies to extend the calendar life of Si-LIBs.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are promising for harvesting droplet mechanical energy, yet their practical use is limited by low surface charge density and weak charge retention. Herein, we fabricate a high-performance negative triboelectric layer named PDMS@PTFE@MXene (PPM) using PDMS, PTFE nanoparticles, and high-permittivity MXene nanosheets. The ternary synergy improves the film’s hydrophobicity, charge trapping ability and dielectric constant, effectively optimizing TENG energy-harvesting performance. Compared with a pure PDMS-based TENG, the PPM device delivers 5 times higher open-circuit voltage and 3.6 times larger short-circuit current. At a droplet dropping height of 10cm, it outputs 26V voltage, 5 μA current and 73 μW maximum power. Furthermore, this TENG serves as a self-powered sensor for smart irrigation monitoring. It can monitor single-crop water consumption and timely detect irrigation emitter clogging, which avoids uneven water supply and crop yield loss in arid areas. This work proves the great application potential of PPM composite films in agricultural intelligent water management.

Triboelectric nanogenerators translate contact, separation and sliding into electrical signals by creating interfacial charge and then converting its motion into current. Lignocellulosic biomass is often presented as a green replacement for synthetic triboelectric polymers, but this view is too narrow. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin do not simply provide renewable surfaces; they reshape the charging interface itself. Hydroxyl-rich chains promote electron donation and hydrogen-bond-assisted contact, aromatic lignin domains introduce chargetrapping and polarization sites, and fibre pores enlarge the real contact area. Yet the same chemistry and hierarchy also open pathways for failure. Water absorbed by hydroxyl groups screens surface charge, mobile ions accelerate charge relaxation, pores that increase contact also transport moisture, and biodegradability that benefits end-of-life design can shorten device lifetime. Biomass triboelectrics are therefore governed by a competition between charge creation, charge storage and charge loss across chemically active, water-sensitive interfaces. This Perspective proposes design principles for circular lignocellulosic triboelectric systems. We argue that performance must be defined not by peak voltage alone, but by the coupled evolution of output, humidity stability, mechanical durability, recyclability and biodegradability. This shift reframes biomass-derived TENGs from green substitutes into circular interfacial systems whose value depends on how well they work, survive and return.

Conventional triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) often suffer from limited charge transfer efficiency, restricting their practical integration into self-powered systems and on-demand energy storage units. To address this, we design a high-performance TENG based on an Ecoflex/GO-ZIF-8@ZIF-67 composite film (ZE-TENG), where core-shell ZIF-8@ZIF-67 metal-organic frameworks anchored on graphene oxide serve as multifunctional fillers. This structure synergistically enhances interfacial polarization, introduces hierarchical charge trapping sites, and elevates surface roughness, collectively improving charge separation and accumulation. Under optimized conditions (1.5 wt % filler, 3 Hz), the ZE-TENG delivers an exceptional output of 327.7 V, 47.8 μA, and a maximum power density of 5.75 W·m-2 at 8 MΩ, with a 183.3% enhancement in short-circuit current over the pure Ecoflex-based device. Moreover, the composite film exhibits remarkable flexibility (up to 1450% tensile strain), high-temperature endurance (200 °C), and excellent acid/alkali resistance, ensuring reliable operation under harsh conditions. These features underscore its strong potential as a sustainable energy source for powering smart wearables, industrial sensors, and other electronics in conjunction with energy storage components.

Advanced wearable systems demand integrative materials capable of energy harvesting, adaptive regulation, and intelligent sensing. This work presents a multifunctional Janus carbon cloth (CC) engineered through flame-assisted thermal treating of dip-coated polydimethylsiloxane-ZnO nanocomposite and hydrothermal growth of MIL-100(Fe), resulting in asymmetric superhydrophobic-superhydrophilic surfaces with hierarchical micro/ nano-porosity. Beyond exceptional mechanical flexibility and interfacial stability, the Janus CC exhibits rapid and uniform Joule heating under low-voltage input, enabling efficient de-icing with complete ice removal within 60 s, and demonstrates electro-responsive moisture transport, where the triboelectric field accelerates evaporation and enhances directional vapor transmission. Constructed as a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), the device delivers 104.1 V and 176.1 mW & sdot;m-2 power density, maintaining robust performance across repeated mechanical and thermal cycles. The material achieves antibacterial inhibition efficiencies exceeding 99% under triboelectric stimulation and functions as a highly sensitive piezoresistive sensor capable of detecting subtle human motions (wrist bending, respiration, and finger bending) as well as spatially resolved pressure distributions in array configurations. By unifying triboelectric energy harvesting, thermo-electro-responsive wettability, and multi-modal sensing, this Janus CC platform offers a scalable and integrative strategy for future on-skin electronics and self-powered health monitoring systems.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) hold great promise for sustainable micro/nano energy harvesting in the Internet of Things (IoT); however, conventional multilayer architectures are plagued by inevitable interfacial degradation and mechanical failure. Herein, we propose a single-layer integrated TENG based on a polycaprolactone/graphene nanoplatelet (PCL/GNPs) composite film, which eliminates the need for a separate metal electrode by forming a continuous conductive network within the triboelectric layer. This innovative design fundamentally circumvents interfacial delamination and addresses a persistent issue in conventional devices. At an optimal GNPs loading of 7.5 wt%, the device delivers an open-circuit voltage of 310 V and a peak power density of 6.284 W·m-2. Leveraging the intrinsic thermoplasticity of PCL, the composite film exhibits rapid self-healing of structural cracks and conductive network reconstruction at 60 °C, recovering approximately 85% of its initial output after five cutting–hot-pressing cycles. Moreover, the material maintains over 90% of its original voltage after four dissolution–recasting recycling cycles, enabling closed-loop material sustainability. As a proof of concept, we construct a 2×2 smart sensor array using the PCL/GNPs film as the positive triboelectric layer paired with four commercial polymers of distinct electron affinities. Combined with a dynamic peak-valley difference algorithm, this system was successfully demonstrated as a self-powered smart password lock with high reliability. This work establishes a structural engineering paradigm for achieving durable, self-healing, and sustainable TENGs toward next-generation smart IoT terminals.

The development of multifunctional, sustainable material platforms that simultaneously deliver high performance, environmental adaptability, and integrated functionality remains a grand challenge in wearable electronics. Herein, we report a fully biomass-enhanced conductive hydrogel engineered via a synergistic interplay between lignosulfonate (LS) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) within a poly(AAm-co-DMC) network. This design leverages a hierarchical architecture of covalent cross-linking and dynamic noncovalent interactions (electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and pi-pi stacking) to decouple the classic trade-offs between mechanical robustness, functional versatility, and sustainability. The resultant material exhibits an exceptional combination of properties: remarkable mechanical robustness, rapid self-healing, strong adhesion, and all-weather operational stability enabled by an anti-freezing ionic matrix. More importantly, this integrated functionality enables the hydrogel to serve as a unified, all-in-one platform capable of functioning as an ultra-wide-range strain sensor, a high-fidelity electrode for electrophysiological monitoring, a high-output triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), and a stable supercapacitor (SC) electrolyte. Furthermore, an intelligent gesture recognition platform based on the collected electromyography signals, empowered by advanced machine learning algorithms, was developed to facilitate barrier-free communication. This work establishes a sustainable design paradigm, demonstrating that the synergistic use of natural polymers can pave the way for next-generation, energy-autonomous wearable systems that are both high-performing and environmentally benign.

Lithium metal is regarded as the ideal anode material for rechargeable batteries due to its exceptionally high theoretical capacity and low redox potential. Electrolytes combining imide salts and ethers have been extensively studied for their high reduction stability and ability to form robust protective films on Li-metal surfaces. Despite these advantages, concerns over safety and possible corrosion of battery components may severely limit industrial adoption. A major breakthrough would be the utilization of the well-established LiPF6 salt; however, its chemical instability and tendency to polymerize ether solvents present challenges. Herein, we report LiPF6/ether-based electrolytes that effectively suppress ether polymerization and form highly functional inorganic-organic bilayer films on Li. Consequently, a Coulombic efficiency of 99.5%, which is comparable to those of state-of-the-art imide-based systems, was achieved without using fluorinated solvents or additives. This marks a step forward in advancing LiPF6-based electrolytes for future rechargeable batteries.

The pursuit of high-performance yet fully degradable electronics remains a formidable challenge, as these two attributes are often mutually exclusive in conventional material designs. Here, we propose and demonstrate a generalizable bond-level heterogeneity strategy to fundamentally reconcile this conflict, using Fe2+/Fe3+ mixed-valence dynamic networks as a paradigm. We engineer a chitosan-based hydrogel wherein robust Fe3+ crosslinks constitute a static skeleton for mechanical and electronic stability, while labile Fe2+ bonds serve as dynamic hinges enabling autonomous self-healing (5 min) and programmable degradation. This synergistic "rigid-flexible" duality triggers a cooperative polarization effect, yielding an exceptional triboelectric output of 115 V and 45.5 mW/m(2). Notably, this performance is achieved within a material that concurrently exhibits wide-temperature operability (-20 degrees C to 80 degrees C), rapid self-healing (5 min), inherent antibacterial efficacy (>99.8%), and most importantly, a fully validated closed-loop lifecycle-a combination of attributes previously unreported in sustainable triboelectric materials. Crucially, we validate this lifecycle: the hydrogel undergoes controllable degradation over four months, and the resulting residues are directly upcycled into new devices that retain >95% of the original performance. This work transcends a single-material advance by establishing a bond-level design paradigm that intrinsically unites high performance with circularity, providing a blueprint for sustainable electronics with built-in end-of-life valorization.

High-temperature protective equipment is essential for ensuring the safety of firefighters during rescue operations; however, most existing protective systems primarily provide passive thermal shielding and lack real-time, self-sustained sensing and communication capabilities. Here, we report a self-powered intelligent fire-alarm system enabled by a carboxylated cellulose/hydroxylated carbon nanotube composite aerogel triboelectric nanogenerator (CCHA-TENG). The CCHA aerogel exhibits an interconnected three-dimensional porous architecture with excellent thermal insulation, achieving an ultralow radial thermal conductivity of 7.7 mW m-1 K-1. Under mechanical excitation at 3 Hz, the CCHA-TENG delivers an open-circuit voltage of 210 V, a short-circuit current of 30 & micro;A, a transferred charge of 80 nC, and a peak power density of 14.94 W m-2. When incorporated as a lightweight functional insert within the interlayer of protective clothing, the device converts simple tapping actions into distinct Morse-code signals, enabling wireless transmission of emergency signaling information over distances of similar to 10 m when coupled with a Bluetooth module. Owing to its self-powered operation, thermal stability, and intelligent signal-generation capability, this system provides a promising strategy for next-generation thermal-protective systems and self-powered safety-monitoring technologies.

Amidst growing demands for carbon-neutral energy solutions, conventional triboelectric materials face critical bottlenecks in environmental persistence and performance-cost balance. We demonstrate an eco-conscious strategy through molecular engineering of chitosan-gelatin-citric acid (CGC) ternary composites, achieving synergistic optimization of electron-donating capacity and biodegradation kinetics. The uniquely designed CGCTENG exhibits unprecedented dual-aspect performance: high triboelectric outputs (287.7 V, 28.1 mu A, 110.2 nC) exceeding most biopolymer-based counterparts, coupled with full biodegradation within 62 days -11.29 % faster than existing chitosan-based devices. A novel fabrication protocol ensures operational stability, and the voltage remains stable after approximately 2500 cycles. Beyond conventional energy harvesting, we also apply it to the IoT applications, including the application of CGC-TENG in adaptive anti-theft monitoring and multichannel optical communication based on programmable LED arrays.

The increasing demand for intelligent security technologies requires authentication platforms that are self-powered, robust, and resistant to spoofing. Here, a synergistic triboelectric-photovoltaic hybrid platform is constructed via energy-band engineering and interfacial charge coupling. InP/ZnSe quantum dots, Ga2O3/NiO heterostructured nanowires, and ZnS:Cu/PVDF luminescent films are integrated to form a multifunctional optoelectronic architecture with enhanced carrier separation and cooperative light-pressure energy harvesting, achieving a maximum photo-to-dark current ratio of 207.The luminescent piezoelectric films exhibit pressure-dependent electromechanical-optical responses, delivering output voltages from 30 to 48 V under 4-8 N stimuli, approximate to 40 V and approximate to 5.7 mu A with PTFE contact, and peak emission at approximate to 4 N. Benefiting from coupled charge modulation, the device generates stable and distinguishable triboelectric signals. Integrated with a long shortterm memory network, the system enables real-time gesture authentication with 100% classification accuracy for representative patterns. This work establishes a material-level strategy for multimodal energy coupling and provides a pathway toward intelligent self-powered security interfaces and advanced human-machine interaction systems.

The rapid proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) and wearable electronics necessitates sustainable and autonomous energy solutions beyond conventional batteries. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as a promising technology for harvesting ambient mechanical energy, yet their practical deployment is often limited by insufficient power density, environmental instability, and material-driven performance constraints. This review provides a critical and timely analysis of the transformative role of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) in overcoming these barriers and advancing TENG technology toward self-powered intelligent systems. Unlike prior reviews that broadly survey (2D) materials, this work systematically examines the unique physicochemical properties of TMDs such as tunable bandgaps, exceptional electron affinity, superior charge trapping, mechanical flexibility, and environmental resilience that collectively enhance triboelectric output, durability, and functional versatility. We elucidate fundamental mechanisms underpinning performance enhancement, discuss scalable synthesis strategies, and highlight emerging applications in energy harvesting, self-powered sensing, human-machine interfaces (HMI), and biomedical devices. By consolidating recent progress and recognizing current obstacles, this review seeks to offer a comprehensive perspective on the capabilities of TMDs in the TENG domain and to stimulate future investigations toward creating advanced high-efficiency triboelectric electronics.

The damage caused by transportation to fresh agricultural products is a major challenge in the logistics field. The traditional packaging systems are passive and cannot provide real-time monitoring functions. Moreover, the acceleration and pressure sensors currently used for collision monitoring are facing issues such as power dependence, high costs, and environmental problems. Frictional electric nanogenerators (TENGs) can convert mechanical stimuli into electrical signals, providing an innovative approach for achieving self-powered and intelligent food packaging systems, with enhanced functionality, sustainability, and interactivity. Here, we prepared a chitosan-gelatin (Csgel)/CNC/MXene (CM) composite bio-film using cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)bridged MXene hybrid material as the functional filler and Csgel as the matrix. Based on this film, we further constructed a self-powered and environmentally friendly CM-TENG system to monitor the collisions of fruits during transportation packaging. The CM biofilm has broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, with an antibacterial rate of up to 99.99% against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Its antioxidant performance is up to 75.34%, and its UV shielding UPF value is up to 138.08, providing good preservation effects for strawberries. The device's electrical energy conversion efficiency (instantaneous area power density of 5.8 W m- 2 and force sensitivity (24.65 V & sdot;N-1)) makes CM-TENG a potential sensor for monitoring the collisions of fresh agricultural products in the packaging during logistics. CM-TENG collects mechanical vibrations during fruit transportation and converts them into real-time electrical signals. The simulation measurement of strawberry transportation indicates that the sensor's electrical output increases with the increase in impact force. This can remind drivers to reduce vibration and minimize mechanical damage to the fruits. Additionally, the characteristic electrical signals generated by different fruit impacts combined with convolutional neural networks (CNN) for recognition have an identification accuracy of up to 98.0% for 8 types of fruits. This study demonstrates that CM-TENG can effectively monitor collision damage during fruit transportation and can identify different fruit types, providing new ideas for intelligent food packaging systems.

Integrating stem cells into regenerative medicine has opened new frontiers in therapeutic intervention. Among different strategies, electrical stimulation (ES) has emerged as a key biophysical cue and non-pharmacological approach for modulating stem cell fate to enhance therapeutic efficacy. However, the widespread clinical adoption of ES devices is limited by high costs, dependence on external power sources, limited durability, and the need for frequent maintenance. These limitations reduce their suitability for wearable healthcare applications. The emergence of self-powered systems based on triboelectric, piezoelectric, thermoelectric, pyroelectric, biofuel and galvanic materials present a compelling solution to these challenges. This review highlights the mechanisms and effects of ES on stem cells and categorizes and analyzes various self-powered device platforms. The role of ES technologies on regulating stem cell behavior during tissue regeneration and functional rehabilitation are discussed. Finally, we examine the remaining challenges and potential opportunities, offering a forward looking perspective on the clinical translation of self-powered ES technologies.