Nitrates are the primary anion resulting in soil secondary salinization. However, microbial denitrification is limited in soil remediation due to its slow removal rate, production of toxic by-products, and nitrogen loss. In this study, we first found that fucoidan significantly enhanced the growth and nitrate removal efficiency of Stutzerimonas frequens S4 as an exogenous nutrient stimulant. Compared to the control group, the nitrate removal efficiency increased by 58.62% and the removal rate increased from 28.64 mg/L/h to 48.42 mg/L/h from 9 to 18 h. The mechanism research found that the increase in removal rate was closely related to enhancement of electron transfer activity promoted by fucoidan, while the upregulation of metabolic pathways such as purine, nucleic acid, and cofactor production provided energy for microbial growth and denitrification. Additionally, fucoidan could regulate the nitrate conversion pathway, increasing the ratio of nitrate assimilation which leads to reduced emissions of nitrite and gases, and elevated levels of organic and intracellular nitrogen. Transcriptomic studies have shown that fucoidan achieves these effects by significantly inhibiting denitrification genes and upregulating assimilation-related genes. This study elucidates how fucoidan enhances microbial nitrate removal, offering new insights for its application in remediating secondary salinization soil.

Endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) plays pivotal role in protein homeostasis and quality control in normal and cancer cells, yet the regulatory mechanism of ERAD remains elusive, especially regarding its ubiquitination function mediated by hydroxymethylglutaryl reductase degradation protein 1 (HRD1). Here, we report that Sel-1 Suppressor of Lin-12-Like 3 (SEL1L3) protein resided on the ER membrane can effectively prevent HRD1-mediated ERAD process via dual mechanisms: SEL1L3 disrupts SEL1L-HRD1 complex by mutually exclusively interacting with SEL1L and HRD1 respectively, resulting in concomitant prevention of substrate degradation; on the other hand, SEL1L3 can accelerate HRD1 protein degradation. Biologically, SEL1L3 inhibits colorectal cancer (CRC) cell growth and migration, which counteracts the oncogenic activity of HRD1; moreover, we identify STING as a HRD1 substrate and a critical downstream effector mediating tumor suppression activity of SEL1L3. Collectively, these data demonstrate that SEL1L3 is a critical regulator of ERAD and exerts a potent tumor-suppressing function, and that the SEL1L3/HRD1/STING axis plays a crucial role in CRC growth and migration.

Enteromorpha prolifera, a widely distributed marine alga in the Yellow Seas, has caused severe environmental and economic problems due to its bloom-induced green tides. Consequently, the efficient development and utilization of Enteromorpha prolifera hold significant importance. Recent studies have shown that Enteromorpha prolifera is abundant in bioactive substances, especially polysaccharides, which have been proven to possess antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that seaweed polysaccharides show great potential in improving intestinal health, and the intestinal microbiota has emerged as a promising target for seaweed polysaccharides to exert their efficacy. However, a comprehensive summary of the interactions between Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharides (EP) and the gut remained limited. This review aimed to fill this gap by summarizing the latest studies of EP on gut health and their mechanisms from maintaining the integrity of intestinal structure and morphology, regulating the diversity and abundance of the intestinal microbiota and modulating intestinal immune response. By systematically synthesizing existing research, this review provided a robust theoretical foundation for the development of EP as a functional food and therapeutic agent, thereby broadening its potential applications in the health domain.

Soda saline-alkali soil, as a kind of saline soil, damages soil physicochemical properties agricultural production. Therefore, the restoration of soda saline-alkali soil is of great significance to maintain food supply and ecological security. Among the restoration methods of soda saline-alkali soil, microbial remediation is favored due to its environmental friendliness. However, it is mostly associated with problems such as difficulty in colonization and low efficiency due to nutritional deficiency of soda saline-alkali soil. In this study seaweed polysaccharide was used as an inducer to investigate whether and how it affected screened bacteria from the sea mud to remediate soda saline-alkali soil. The results showed seaweed polysaccharides can promote the growth of salt-tolerant bacteria which made pH lower for the culture process. This was mainly because the seaweed polysaccharides especially Grateloupia filicina polysaccharide could promote the secretion of more organic acids such as citrulline, phenylpyruvic acid and D-phenyl lactic acid by salt-tolerant bacteria, and up-regulate the metabolic pathways such as phenylalanine metabolism, purine metabolism and so on, which can stimulate salt-tolerant bacteria to reduce the pH in the environment. Additionally, Grateloupia filicina polysaccharide could improve the biodiversity of microbial community, change the structure of microbial communities. This study provided a new efficient and eco-friendly method to better restore soda saline-alkali soil.

Species of the genus Cyaforma Wang are reviewed. One new species, C. chayuica Chen from Xizang, China is described and illustrated. C. tonkinensis (Zia) is newly recorded from China. The males of C. macula (Wang) and C. tonkinensis are described for the first time. A key to the known species of this genus is provided. Additionally, biological notes on the genus are reported.

Environmentally friendly and efficient biodegradation with chitosanase for degrading chitosan to oligosaccharide has been gaining more importance. Here, we studied a chitosanase from Aspergillus fumigatus with potential for production, but does not have the ideal thermal stability. The structure predicted by the Alphafold2 model, especially the binding site and two catalytic residues, has been found to have a high similarity with the experimental structure of the chitosanase V-CSN from the same family. The effects of temperature on structure and function were studied by dynamic simulation and the results showed that the binding site had high flexibility. After heating up from 300 K to 350 K, the RMSD and RMSF of the binding site increased significantly, in particular, the downward shift of loop6 closed the binding site, resulting in the spatial hindrance of binding. The time proportions of important hydrogen bonds at the binding site decreased sharply, indicating that serious disruption of hydrogen bonds should be the main interaction factor for conformational changes. The residues contributing energetically to binding were also revealed to be in the highly flexible region, which inevitably leads to the decrease in the activity stability at high temperature. These findings provide directions for the modification of thermal stability and perspectives on the research of proteins without experimental structures.

In this study, a new low molecular weight floridean starch was isolated and purified from Grateloupia filicina. The chemical structure was characterized, and the immunomodulatory activity and in vitro digestibility were determined. The molecular weight (MW) of the floridean starch was 2918 Da and the main links of the floridean starch were alpha-1, 4-glycosidic link or alpha-1, 6-glycosidic link. The floridean starch was C-type crystalline and mainly in flat disk and other irregular shapes. The immunomodulatory determination results showed that it can significantly activated macrophages release of NO and rapidly increased the secretion amount of IL-6. In addi-tion, it was more easily digested compared with other traditional starches such as rice starch, wheat starch, and corn starch, because the glucose amount was highest during the entire determination process, which agreed with the quantity of starch that was digested in the first 20 min of pancreatic digestion phase (RDS, 40.43 %). Therefore, it is a good choice for hypoglycemic patients.

Monkfish (Lophius litulon) is a nutritious marine product that has attracted increasing attention. In this study, we demonstrated that the monkfish protein hydrolysate (MPH) administration could significantly prolonged the exhaustive swimming time of mice, and increased the hepatic glycogen (HG) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxides (GSH-PX) activities; in addition, markedly decreased the blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood lactic acid (BLA), malonaldehyde (MDA) levels and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Furthermore, the MPH administration also enhanced the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and the activity of natural killer (NK) cells in mice. Besides, 43 peptides from MPH that rich in Phe, His, Ile, Leu and Thr were identified. Finally, 1245 of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in NC vs MPH-H groups were obtained by transcriptome analysis, and GO classification and enrichment of KEGG pathway were studied. In conclusion, MPH treatment had the anti-fatigue and immunological effects in mice.

Species of stalk‐eyed fruit flies, in the genera Pelmatops Enderlein and Pseudopelmatops Shiraki, have a distinct head structure with eyes located at the ends of stalks, setting them apart from other tephritids. Despite their unique morphology, the intraspecific variation of morphological and behavioural traits in these flies is still not well‐studied, leaving some questions about species definition unresolved. To address this, we conducted a study combining morphological evidence, behavioural studies, and molecular analyses. Our findings revealed male polymorphism in stalk‐eyed fruit flies for the first time, with four morphotypes observed in Pe. fukienensis and three in Pe. ichneumoneus and Ps. angustifasciatus . These morphotypes differ in eyestalk length, wing pattern, and the presence of projections or spikes at the ends of the compound eye. We also propose phylogenetic and phylogeographic implications for the group based on new molecular evidence, along with our observations of courtship and mating behaviours between previously recognized different species. Our study examined four nominal species ( Pe. ichneumoneus and Pe. tangliangi , Ps. angustifasciatus and Ps. continentalis ) and revealed rich evolutionary interactions within this group. Based on the results, we propose the synonymy of Pe. tangliangi Chen with Pe. ichneumoneus (Westwood) and Ps. continentalis Zia & Chen with Ps. angustifasciatus Zia & Chen.

In recent decades, natural products from marine organisms have been widely studied for the treatment of various breast cancers. Among them, polysaccharides have been favored by researchers because of their good effects and safety. In this review, polysaccharides from marine algae including macroalgae and microalgae, chitosan, microorganisms such as marine bacteria and fungi, and starfish are addressed. Their anticancer activities on different breast cancers and action mechanisms are discussed in detail. In general, polysaccharides from marine organisms are potential sources of low side-effect and high efficiency anticancer drugs for development. However, further research on animals and clinical research are needed.

Chitin is a valuable and renewable carbohydrate. It is the second abundant but underexploited carbohydrate polymer. Its monomers, glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG), are widely used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical fields owing to their high biocompatibility and other properties. Therefore, conversion of chitin to highly hydrophilic and active GlcN and NAG can enhance its utility. In this review, we summarize the design strategies, reaction conditions for the preparation of GlcN and NAG from chitin and the synthesis of derivatives from GlcN/NAG. Moreover, we discuss the advantages of physicochemical properties and active advantages of GlcN derivatives formed by active compounds when they are conjugated with GlcN/NAG. Based on these experiences, we finally proposed a novel strategy for GlcN derivatization, which is expected to yield highly active GlcN derivatives that can be applied in pharmaceutical or food fields.

One new tephritid species, Sapadrama nigra sp. nov., from China is described and illustrated. In addition, the genus, Sapadrama Hancock & Marshall, 2012 and the species, Sapadrama citrina Hancock & Marshall, 2012 are reported from China for the first time. A key to the known species of this genus is provided, and the relationship of Sapadrama with Cyaforma Wang, 1989 and Ortalotrypeta Hendel, 1927 is briefly discussed. Moreover, some biological notes of this genus are reported.

In this study, we discussed the relationship between Entermorpha linza polysaccharide (EP) and Bacillus subtilis, which can transform nitrate. A sole carbon source experiment showed that Bacillus subtilis could utilize EP, and the bacterial density was maximally increased by 54.43% in the EP groups. The results of reducing sugar determination proved the secretion of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the EP groups had fewer spores and shrunken bacteria, indicating that EP could improve the growth environment and maintain bacterial integrity. Additionally, the ratios of periplasmic nitrate reductase (NAP), nitrite reductase (NIR), and dissimilatory nitrate reductase (D-NRase) in the EP groups were maximally increased by 107.22%, 84.70% and 36.10%, respectively. Transcriptome analysis further confirmed the above mentioned results. For example, the high expression of quorum sensing genes indicated that EP groups had higher bacterial density. Moreover, the high expression of antioxidant genes in the EP groups may be related to morphological integrity. Our study provides a basis for further discussion of the mechanism.

实蝇作为一类十分重要的经济类昆虫,其快速和准确鉴定一直是困惑各国植检,以及农林等部门的重要难题."世界有害实蝇自动识别系统2.0"(AFIS2.0),针对实蝇科8属83种,基于深度学习框架,利用Mask-R-CNN模型对图像分割校准,根据Discriminative Deep Metric Learning原理,对预训练的AlexNet模型进行微调提取分割后特征,采用模板匹配法对图像分类鉴别;基于内嵌BLAST+程序及外源BOLD链接进行分子序列比对;依据固定比例权重融合图像及分子识别结果,构建集成镶嵌翅、胸、腹及分子信息的在线实蝇科自动识别系统.其主要包括数据输入、预处理、自动识别、结果显示及物种复核五模块.此外,本文还对"世界有害实蝇自动识别系统2.0"的主界面、功能菜单、主操作流程及一些其它功能进行了介绍,讨论了影响AFIS2.0识别准确度的因素,总结了主要特点,展望了未来应用和发展前景.经检测翅图像最佳识别率(识别结果列表中的Topl物种)达90％,翅、中胸背板和腹部背面图像的Top5平均识别率为94％.初步应用结果表明,可一定程度减少有害实蝇鉴定所需的搜索范围和鉴定时间,部分解决口岸及农林部门有害实蝇物种的自动鉴定和识别问题.

The significance of research on public opinion monitoring of social network emergencies is becoming increasingly important. As a platform for users to communicate and share information online, social networks are often the source of public opinion about emergencies. Considering the relevance and transmissibility of the same event in different social networks, this paper takes the COVID-19 outbreak as the background and selects the platforms Weibo and TikTok as the research objects. In this paper, first, we use the transfer learning model to apply the knowledge obtained in the source domain of Weibo to the target domain of TikTok. From the perspective of text information, we propose an improved TC-LDA model to measure the similarity between the two domains, including temporal similarity and conceptual similarity, which effectively improves the learning effect of instance transfer and makes up for the problem of insufficient sample data in the target domain. Then, based on the results of transfer learning, we use the improved single-pass incremental clustering algorithm to discover and filter popular topics in streaming data of social networks. Finally, we build a topic knowledge graph using the Neo4j graph database and conduct experiments to predict the evolution of popular topics in new emergencies. Our research results can provide a reference for public opinion monitoring and early warning of emergencies in government departments.

The stalk-eyed fruit flies, with their eyes borne at the ends of long stalks, are distinctly different from all other members of the family Tephritidae (Diptera). They resemble stalk-eyed flies (Diptera, Diopsidae) but they are much larger and their antennae are located in the middle of the head instead of on the eye stalks. The stalk-eyed fruit flies are represented by two genera (Pelmatops Enderlein and Pseudopelmatops Shiraki) mainly found in the Oriental tropics and subtropics, but their basic biology remains poorly documented. Here, we describe the life history, reproductive biology, and host use patterns of Pelmatops spp. (mainly P. ichneumoneus (Westwood)). These flies used two local brambles, Rubus setchuenensis and R. multibracteatus (Rosales, Rosaceae), as hosts, with females laying eggs below the epidermal tissue. The larvae bore into the stem, where they feed, eventually dropping to the ground to pupate in the soil. We describe the pupal morphology and eclosion, including the elongation of their eye stalks, feeding, mating, and agonistic behavior in adults. We observed mating between female P. ichneumoneus and male P. tangliangi and tentatively suggest that the two species could be conspecific. Our work presents the first detailed report on the biology of stalk-eyed fruit flies and it lays a significant foundation for future studies on the ecology and evolution of this group.

BACKGROUND Images and DNA sequences are two important methods for identifying fruit fly species. In addition, the identification of insect species complexes is highly problematic when attempting to utilize automatic identification methods in an actual environment. We integrated the image and DNA sequence identification methods into a single system for the first time and explored an open interactive multi-image comparison function for solving the problem of species complexes. The Automated Fruit Fly Identification System 1.0 (AFIS1.0) was updated to AFIS2.0 by employing different models and developing the system under a novel framework. RESULTS AFIS2.0 was developed using 83 species belonging to eight genera in the Tephritidae, which includes most pests of this family. The system applies the Mask Region Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN) and discriminative deep metric learning (AlexNet based) methods for image identification, integrates Blast+ for DNA sequence comparison and specific weighting for the fusion result. At the species level, the best classification success rate for wing images (as the Top 1 species in the species list of outcomes) reached 90%, and the average classification success rate for wing, thorax, and abdomen images (as the Top 5 species in the species list of outcomes) was 94%. CONCLUSION AFIS2.0 is more accurate and convenient than AFIS1.0 and can be beneficial for users with or without specific expertise regarding Tephritidae. It also provides a more compact and fluent computer system for fruit fly identification, and can be easily applied in practice.

Plant fungal diseases can lead to yield reduction and quality degradation in crops, which usually cause serious economic losses. Additionally, chemical fungicides used in the prevention and control of plant diseases are increasingly restricted due to resistance development and high toxicity. Therefore, biogenic fungicides such as chitosan with low toxicity and good biocompatibility are receiving increasing attention. This study found that the acid swelling chitosan pretreatment method can accelerate the rate of the specific oxidation of chitosan catalyzed by the TEMPO-NaBr-NaOCl system. This study proved that OCTS induces plant disease resistance, and the control efficiencies achieved in protection and treatment experiments against Botrytis cinerea were 80.6 % and 83.4 %, respectively, at 400 mu g/mL OCTS. In addition, OCTS can promote plant growth and enhance plant defense enzyme activities. This research has realized a forward-looking exploration of the application of OCTS in the agricultural field.

Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) is an immunosuppressive virus which has caused heavy losses to the poultry breeding industry. Currently, there is no effective medicine to treat this virus. In our previous experiments, the low-molecular-weight Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharide (SFP) was proven to possess antiviral activity against ALV-J, but its function was limited to the virus adsorption stage. In order to improve the antiviral activity of the SFP, in this study, three new SFP long-chain alkyl group nanomicelles (SFP-C12M, SFP-C14M and SFP-C16M) were prepared. The nanomicelles were characterized according to their physical and chemical properties. The nanomicelles were characterized by particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, critical micelle concentration and morphology. The results showed the particle sizes of the three nanomicelles were all approximately 200 nm and SFP-C14M and SFP-C16M were more stable than SFP-C12M. The newly prepared nanomicelles exhibited a better anti-ALV-J activity than the SFP, with SFP-C16M exhibiting the best antiviral effects in both the virus adsorption stage and the replication stage. The results of the giant unilamellar vesicle exposure experiment demonstrated that the new virucidal effect of the nanomicelles might be caused by damage to the phospholipid membrane of ALV-J. This study provides a potential idea for ALV-J prevention and development of other antiviral drugs.