目的 肠道菌群与营养性肥胖关系密切,但多数研究集中在大肠粪菌,小肠作为吸收的主要场所,其菌群还缺乏研究,本文通过微生物多样性分析,探索回肠与结肠菌群差异及营养性肥胖相关菌群.方法 混合喂养法建立营养性肥胖SD大鼠模型,chow继续喂养60 d消除HFD的影响,提取回肠、结肠内容物总DNA,PCR扩增16S rRNA基因V3+V4区并测序,建立OTUs,通过Silva数据库进行注释和分类学分析.结果 (1)alpha分析显示回肠菌群数量高于结肠(chao1、ace),而多样性低于结肠(simpson、shannon)(P<0.05);(2)beta分析显示回肠与结肠以及回肠样本间物种相似度较低;(3)OTUs注释及聚类分析显示回肠与结肠优势菌(丰度排名top 10)的类型和丰度分布重叠性较低(属水平);(4)HFD-OR大鼠回肠Rothia丰度增加,而Romboutsia丰度降低.结论 回肠与结肠具有不同的菌群多样性;Rothia菌和Romboutsia菌可能是参与肥胖发生的关键回肠菌群.

通过为期三月的教学观摩,对美国UCLA本科生阶段、医学院阶段、博士生阶段的医学教育理念及教学设计进行分析.美国的医学教育具有很扎实的前期基础,医学生的专业教育专注于培养学生自主学习的能力,使学生尽早进入临床角色.师资团队主要来自于一线的临床医生,结合临床实际,开展从基础到临床的系统性教学.PhD教学以专题的形式进行,Lecture结合文献阅读,使研究生很快进入科研实践中.这些特征对我国医学教育的现代化改革具有较大的指导意义.

目的:探索Wnt3a、β-catenin基因在系统性红斑狼疮小鼠(MRL/lpr小鼠)狼疮性肾炎肾脏组织中的表达.方法:购买6周龄MRL/lpr小鼠15只作为模型组,C57BL/6雌性小鼠15只作为对照组,两组小鼠16周龄后,用代谢笼法收集小鼠24 h尿,在麻醉下,摘眼处死小鼠,留取小鼠血,用酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)小鼠血液中抗核抗体(antinuclear antibody,ANA)、抗双链DNA抗体(anti-double strandedDNA,dsDNA)浓度,应用生化仪测定小鼠24尿蛋白.取肾脏组织行HE染色、PASM染色、Masson染色,观察两组小鼠肾脏组织病理改变,免疫荧光法观察两组小鼠肾脏组织中免疫复合物IgG的沉积.运用实时定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qPCR)技术测定模型组和对照组小鼠肾脏组织中Wnt3a及β-catenin基因的表达情况.结果:与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肾脏组织中肾小球系膜细胞增生、炎症细胞浸润,肾小球中可见免疫复合物IgG沉积,Wnt3a及β-catenin基因表达升高(P<0.05).结论:狼疮肾炎小鼠组织中Wnt/β-catenin信号通路可能处于异常活化状态,Wnt/β-catenin信号通路可能参与了狼疮肾炎的发生发展.

The liver possesses an extraordinary ability to regenerate after injury. Hepatocyte-driven liver regeneration is the default pathway in response to mild-to-moderate acute liver damage. When replication of mature hepatocytes is blocked, facultative hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), also referred to as oval cells (OCs) in rodents, are activated. HPC/OCs have the ability to proliferate clonogenically and differentiate into several lineages including hepatocytes and bile ductal epithelia. This is a conserved liver injury response that has been studied in many species ranging from mammals (rat, mouse, and human) to fish. In addition, improper HPC/OC activation is closely associated with fibrotic responses, characterized by myofibroblast activation and extracellular matrix production, in many chronic liver diseases. Matrix remodeling and metalloprotease activities play an important role in the regulation of HPC/OC proliferation and fibrosis progression. Thus, understanding molecular mechanisms underlying HPC/OC activation has therapeutic implications for rational design of anti-fibrotic therapies.

目的:观察葛根素对早期2型糖尿病(T2DM)大鼠胃血管病变的影响及与胃动力的关系.方法:制备T2DM大鼠模型按随机数字表法分为正常对照组(NC组)、葛根素干预正常组(NP组)、糖尿病对照组(DC组)、葛根素干预糖尿病组(DP组).5周后测定各组胃丰排时间(TIME l/2)、胃排空速率(RATE)、血可溶性内皮细胞蛋白C受体(sEPCR)、胃一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD).检测胃内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)及CD34的表达,观察电镜下胃微血管超微结构改变.结果:与NC组比较,DC组血sEPCR、胃MDA升高,胃SOD、NO、eNOS及CD34表达下降,TIME 1/2缩短、RATE加快,胃微血管超微结构受损.而与DC组比较,DP组的这些指标呈相反变化,相关分析显示与TIME 1/2最相关的是eNOS.结论:葛根素可以改善早期2型糖尿病大鼠的胃动力异常、胃微血管损伤以及胃组织氧化应激,胃血管内皮损伤可能是胃动力障碍的始动因素.

心脏的形成是非常复杂的过程,涉及多个基因及信号通路的时空表达.Nodal信号在心脏发育中发挥极其重要的作用,研究证实,信号通路中主要成员的变异参与多种先天性心脏病的发生.另外还发现,Nodal纤毛在心脏左右不对称形态的发生中发挥关键作用,部分是通过调控Nodal信号来诱导,Nodal纤毛的异常可引起一系列纤毛相关性先天性心脏病.本文阐述了Nodal信号通路、Nodal纤毛与先天性心脏病发病之间的关系.

There is evidence suggesting that genetic variants of Nodal signaling may be associated with risk of congenital heart diseases (CHDs), in which several polymorphisms, such as Nodal rs1904589, have been considered to be implicated in the accumulation of the genetic burden of CHD risk with interacting genes. We hypothesized that genetic variants of GDF1, a protein that heterodimerizes with Nodal, may be related to increased CHD susceptibility. In this study, four tagSNPs of GDF1 were genotyped in 310 non-syndromic CHD patients and 320 healthy controls by using PCR-based DHPLC and RFLP. The results showed no statistically significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies between CHDs and controls with any of the analyzed variants of GDF1. However, a weak statistical association existed between GDF1 rs4808870 and conotruncal defects (CTDs) (uncorrected P = 0.027). Further stratified analysis for subtype revealed the SNP AA genotype and A allele have statistical significance in pulmonary atresia (PA) (corrected P = 1.01 × 10−3 and 0.015, respectively), especially in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA + IVS) (corrected P = 1.67 × 10−3 and 0.034, respectively). Furthermore, two haplotypes, TGGT and CAGT, were found to be significantly associated with increased CHD susceptibility (corrected P = 3.20 × 10−3 and 2.73 × 10−7, respectively). In summary, our results provide evidence that genetic variations of the Nodal-like factor, GDF1 may be associated with CHD risk, and these variations contribute at least in part to the development of some subtypes of CTD in the Chinese Han population.

Objective To observe the changes of nitric oxide,endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS) in gastric antrum tissue and soluble endothelial cell protein C receptor(sEPCR) in the serum in the diabetic rats,and to investigate the relationship of the gastric motility change and gastric vasculopathy in the early stages of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods A total of 25 male SPF SD rats were first divided random in two groups: control group(NC,n=10) and diabetic mellitus group(DM,n=15).The rats in the DM group were fed with fat-and caloric-rich diet and induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ).After the induction,13 rats were finally identified as DM rats.At 12 weeks,gastric emptying(GET1/2) and gastric emptying rate were measured in NC groups and DM groups by single photo emission computed tomography(SPECT).Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to examine the serum level of sEPCR.NO in gastric antrum tissue was detected by nitrate reductase,and eNOS observation in the gastric tissue was measured by immunohistochemical assay.Results The gastric emptying,gastric NO content,and mean density of eNOS were significantly lower in DM group(30.82±12.56 min,30.82±12.56 μmol/L and 0.36±0.15,respectively) than in NC group(P<0.05).While the serum level of sEPCR was significantly higher in DM group(129.45±4.83 μg/L) than in NC group(P<0.01).Conclusion Our results indicate that gastric emptying is accelerated in the early stages of DM.In this stage,vascular endothelium is impaired,and thus results in gastric motility disorders.

肾小球肾炎(Glomerulonephritis)是严重损害肾脏功能的一种常见病和多发病.其治疗的难点不仅在于缺乏足够有效的药物控制病情,而且在于病理变化的复杂性和特殊性.常规的病理方法很难为其做出全面的诊断,必须综合判断,甚至建立一支技术过硬的专门队伍[1],其中超微病理变化对全面正确认识病变具有十分重要的作用.作者对本教研室自2001年以来肾穿刺标本的超微病变进行总结分析.

AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effects of Zhuyejiao tablets (Tab.ZYJ) on chronic pelvic inflammation (CPI) induced by coliform in rats. METHODS: The CPI model was made by injecting coliform O-B_4 standard strains in the uterus of rat. Animals were randomly divided into six groups and drugs were administered for 21 days, bid, respectively. The immune function of animals was measured and the uterus was pathologically observed. RESULTS: The level of serum agglutinin and lymphocyte transformation index markedly increased in all ZYJ groups. Morphological investigation also revealed the alleviation of inflammation in ZYJ groups. CONCLUTION: ZYJ has therapeutic effects on chronic pelvic inflammation in rats.

脊髓海绵状血管瘤(Cavernous angioma)发病率很低,随着MRI的应用,近来报道也有逐渐增多的趋势.但文献更多集中于临床特征、临床经过和治疗等方面,而对其病理方面则少有深入探讨.本文综合近年来相关文献,对其发生发展规律进行病理学分析,以便更好理解进而指导临床治疗.

毛乳头细胞的体外培养是深入研究毛囊生物学、真表皮相互作用机制、毛发形成/重建过程、临床各种与毛发相关的功能代谢失调疾病的关键环节和基础.但由于其位置特殊,获得困难,贴壁困难,细胞数量少,而不同的培养条件又会影响毛乳头细胞的功能,从而使这种细胞的培养很难建立.本研究利用显微分离法获得毛乳头,MCDB153培养液+10%胎牛血清作为培养介质,成功建立了毛乳头细胞培养方法,并系统观察了毛乳头细胞在此培养条件下某些特殊生长特性.

胎儿男性,胎龄5个月.其母腰痛半天行人工流产.彩超提示脑血管血流流向异常,产程中手先露,经内倒转,双足及躯干娩出后,头嵌宫口半小时,其母痛不能忍,毁颅助娩.低置胎盘.

法医学是应用医学知识解决法律问题,依照法律程序将医学理论知识和技术用于侦察犯罪,为立法提供医学资料的科学.法医学教学工作的得失直接关系到法医学的发展、法医专业人才的培养,以及医学生的就业方向等问题.在当前形势下,法医学教学呈现出明显的滞后性.

血小板源性生长因子(Platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF)是一种重要的促间质细胞分裂增生的肽类调节因子,在组织修复、胚胎发育、免疫应答、肿瘤细胞增殖中起重要作用.近年来,PDGF参与器官纤维化过程并发挥关键作用备受人们关注.肺间质纤维化是间质性肺疾病的一大类型,其病因、发病机理较复杂,对PDGF等细胞因子的深入研究为阐明肺间质纤维化的发病机理提供了一条很重要的线索,并且为肺间质纤维化的治疗展示了一个美好前景.本文就PDGF与肺间质纤维化的关系作一综述.

2000年8月,教育部下发<新世纪高等教育教学改革工程>;同年,教育部批准了34门医学网络课程建设项目,其目的在于促进高等医学教育在教学"数字化"和远程教育方面运用信息技术手段的工作上取得大的发展.

目的:探讨肺泡巨噬细胞在纤维性间质性肺病胶原纤维异常沉积中的作用.方法:应用HE染色、Masson三色染色和免疫组织化学染色.结果:在纤维性间质性肺病组和疾病对照组之间,肺泡巨噬细胞TGF-β1和bFGF阳性表达率差异均有显著性(P<0.05);肺泡巨噬细胞PDGF-α受体阳性率差异亦有显著性(P<0.05).在增生性肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞 ,PDGF-α受体阳性表达率,无胶原沉积组高于胶原沉积组(P<0.05);而TGF-β1阳性表达率胶原沉积组高于无胶原沉积组(P=0.01).结论:肺泡巨噬细胞参与了纤维性间质性肺病及其胶原纤维异常沉积的发生发展过程.