As the primary barrier between the human body and the external environment, skin is susceptible to damage from multiple factors, making wound healing management a significant clinical challenge. Traditional wound care approaches mainly rely on passive dressings or mechanical closure devices, which lack the ability to dynamically monitor the wound microenvironment or regulate therapeutic interventions. In recent years, smart microneedle (MN) systems have emerged as a novel platform for advanced wound management because they provide minimally invasive access to the wound microenvironment while enabling localized drug delivery and biochemical sensing. However, the effective integration of sensing, therapy, and intelligent decision-making remains a critical challenge. In this review, we summarize recent advances in AI-assisted smart MN systems for advanced wound management from four interconnected perspectives: material innovation, MN structural engineering, fabrication technologies, and multifunctional integration. We further highlight emerging applications including therapeutic drug delivery, antibacterial intervention, wearable sensing platforms, and AI-driven closed-loop regulation. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities toward intelligent, personalized, and data-driven advanced wound management are highlighted.

Smart gloves have recently emerged as key platforms for health monitoring, human-computer interaction, and intelligent sensing. Thanks to advancements in emerging nanomaterials, advanced Microfabrication technologies, and integrated wireless communication technologies, smart gloves have evolved into highly sensitive, multifunctional, stretchable, and skin-fitting real-time non-invasive physiological analysis platforms. This article provides a systematic review of the research progress on AI-enabled next-generation smart gloves. First, this article outlines their sensing mechanisms, functional materials, actuation strategies, and cross-scale system integration technologies, clarifying the relationship between materials, structure, and performance. Second, it details the realization of key functions such as multimodal sensing, actuation-sensor integration, self-powered operation, and haptic feedback, as well as the enabling role of AI, and summarizes their typical applications in rehabilitation medicine, precise human-computer interaction, and virtual/augmented reality. Finally, it summarizes the core challenges such as system integration, long-term stability, and clinical translation, and looks forward to the development trend of AI-driven autonomous intelligence and human-machine collaboration. Unlike traditional reviews of wearable sensors, this article constructs a review framework covering the entire chain of smart glove materials, actuation, sensing, and artificial intelligence, providing a systematic reference for research on flexible human-computer interaction and high-end intelligent wearable devices.

Nanomaterial-based fast and high-throughput fluorescence biodetection has been widely used over the past decades for biomarker detection and disease diagnosis. To obtain high performance of biosensing, ZnO nanomaterials-based fluorescence biodetection has been demonstrated to enable effective and sensitive detection of cancer biomarkers due to their excellent biocompatibility and unique fluorescence enhancement properties. For applications in high-throughput detection, ZnO nanomaterial synthesis within a confined environment offers a powerful strategy for the flexible and controllable production of various nanostructures, providing nanomaterial-based spots used as sensing substrates. However, morphology regulation and the elucidation of their growth mechanism under a confined microenvironment for high-throughput detection still remain key challenges. Here, we demonstrate the in situ growth of ZnO nanorods within a simple polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip featuring an array of microwells. By varying the height of the microwells and the growth time of the nanorods, this confined geometry provides an efficient method to regulate mass transfer, thereby controlling the diameter, length, and density of the resulting ZnO nanorods. This controlled synthesis helps to explore the growth mechanism under a geometry-confined environment. The results reveal that the growth is diffusion-limited during the initial hour. For longer durations, the growth regime transitions from reaction-limited to diffusion-limited as the surface coverage rate increases. This patterned growth of ZnO nanorods enables facile routine operation and is successfully applied to the fluorescence detection of FITC-conjugated antibovine IgG. The demonstration of biodetection showed a wide dynamic range for 10 orders of magnitude from 10 fg/mL to 10 mu g/mL along with a low limit of detection, providing a simple and versatile platform for practical applications.

Conventional sutures provide passive mechanical closure but lack active therapeutic functions, often resulting in delayed healing and excessive scarring. Here, we report a bioresorbable living electronic suture that integrates mechanically robust spider silk protein (spidroin) with liquid metal, enabling near-infrared-triggered contractile actuation, triboelectric energy harvesting, and microfluidic-guided drug delivery within a single filament. Mechanical training during post-spinning processing enhances tensile strength (>115 MPa) and structural stability, while surface microcolumn imprinting improves interfacial conductivity and programs directional capillary transport. The resulting fiber converts tissue motion into localized electric fields for real-time wound sensing, and surface microstructures enable programmable microfluidic transport and drug delivery. Owing to the intrinsic biodegradability and biocompatibility of spidroin, the suture gradually resorbs during tissue regeneration. In vivo murine studies demonstrate accelerated and higher quality wound repair, with scar area reduced by 58.3% compared with commercial sutures. Collectively, this work establishes a scalable strategy for converting structural protein fibers into multifunctional bioelectronic sutures, advancing next-generation smart wound care.

Recently, residual pollutants in the environment have posed a serious threat to ecosystems. Therefore, it is crucial to establish effective environmental pollutant detection strategies. Nanozymes are widely favored in the field of sensing due to their enzyme-like activity, adjustable activity and high stability. Meanwhile, the design of sensors is increasingly emphasizing features such as ease operation and high-throughput recognition. Compared with traditional sensors, sensor arrays have become a research hotspot in sensor due to their advantages. At present, colorimetric sensor arrays constructed based on nanozymes have been widely studied. They overcome the limitations of traditional sensors and are gradually being applied to the precise detection of various environmental pollutants. In this work, we briefly discuss the characteristics of nanozymes, systematically reviews the principles and methods of sensor arrays based on nanozyme, and focuses on analyzing the practical application of sensor arrays. Finally, we put forward the current challenges and future development trends to promote the in-depth development of sensors. The array sensing method based on nanozymes construction has demonstrated significant application value and development potential in the field of environmental monitoring.

ABSTRACT Conventional medical device manufacturing is hindered by high costs, lengthy production cycles, and dependence on specialized infrastructure, while clinical needs increasingly prioritize personalization, functional integration, and accessibility. To address this gap and clarify the field, this review systematically summarizes key advances in low‐cost fabrication technologies, including 3D printing and laser processing. It further explores functional materials and devices inspired by everyday items such as LEGO blocks and origami, alongside metamaterials with a negative Poisson's ratio and diverse bioinspired architectures mimicking natural structures. Artificial intelligence also plays a critical supporting role in structural design, driving cost reduction, improved efficiency, and intelligent manufacturing. By integrating fabrication strategies, structural innovation, intelligent algorithms, and real‐world applications, this work reveals mechanisms for cost control and performance improvement, directly advancing low‐cost, high‐performance, multifunctional biomedical devices. It offers valuable guidance for clinical translation and industrial upgrading of next‐generation affordable medical technologies.

The lack of spatiotemporal precision in conventional physiological monitoring and agrochemical application hinders real-time plant intervention. Plant microneedles serve as a minimally invasive biointerface capable of fluid sampling, in situ sensing, and targeted delivery, offering a transformative strategy to overcome these persistent limitations. Microneedle (MN) technology has emerged as a promising minimally invasive interface platform that enables interstitial fluid sampling, in situ sensing, and targeted substance delivery within plant tissues. Despite its growing potential in agriculture and plant science, plant MN systems still encounter challenges in interfacial stability, multifunctional integration, rational design optimization, and scalable manufacturing. Herein, this review provides an interface-engineering perspective on plant MN technologies, encompassing material systems, structural configurations, fabrication strategies, sensing mechanisms, and agricultural applications. Beyond summarizing recent advances, we further highlight the emerging role of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted and data-driven modeling in accelerating material selection, structural refinement, and process optimization. The integration of predictive analytics with interface engineering offers a new paradigm for rational design and closed-loop plant monitoring, advancing MN platforms toward intelligent and adaptive precision agriculture.

RuO₂ was initially proposed as an altermagnet, but this view is now contested and no longer widely accepted. In this work, we have designed and investigated a series of rutile (RuO2)m/(TiO2)nsuperlattices stacked in the (001) direction using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our calculations reveal that altermagnetism emerges in the two-dimensional (2D) RuO2layers when isolated by sufficiently thick TiO2spacers. Spin-real-space symmetry in even-numbered Ru layers drives this altermagnetism. The magnetic moments of Ru ions are relatively large at the interfacial layers (up to 0.8μB), primarily induced by interface effects, but decline to ∼0.1μBin the central regions of the 2D RuO2slab. This pronounced layer-dependent moment reduction and electronic structure variation are attributed to quantum confinement effects, demonstrating a significant difference compared to the bulk RuO2. Furthermore, by accounting for electronic correlation effects (DFT +U), we observe not only an enhancement of the Ru magnetic moments to ∼1.4μB, but also thickness-driven phase transitions: insulating states dominate in thinner 2D RuO2(m⩽ 6), while metallic behavior emerges in thicker cases (m> 8). Thus, the (RuO2)m/(TiO2)nsuperlattices are tunable platforms for engineering 2D altermagnetism, providing new insights into altermagnetic spintronics.

Abstract RuO₂ was initially proposed as an altermagnet, but this view is now contested and no longer widely accepted. In this work, we have designed and investigated a series of rutile (RuO 2 ) m /(TiO 2 ) n superlattices stacked in the (001) direction using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our calculations reveal that altermagnetism emerges in the two-dimensional (2D) RuO 2 layers when isolated by sufficiently thick TiO 2 spacers. Spin-real-space symmetry in even-numbered Ru layers drives this altermagnetism. The magnetic moments of Ru ions are relatively large at the interfacial layers (up to 0.8 μ B ), primarily induced by interface effects, but decline to ∼0.1 μ B in the central regions of the 2D RuO 2 slab. This pronounced layer-dependent moment reduction and electronic structure variation are attributed to quantum confinement effects, demonstrating a significant difference compared to the bulk RuO 2 . Furthermore, by accounting for electronic correlation effects (DFT + U ), we observe not only an enhancement of the Ru magnetic moments to ∼1.4 μ B , but also thickness-driven phase transitions: insulating states dominate in thinner 2D RuO 2 ( m ⩽ 6), while metallic behavior emerges in thicker cases ( m > 8). Thus, the (RuO 2 ) m /(TiO 2 ) n superlattices are tunable platforms for engineering 2D altermagnetism, providing new insights into altermagnetic spintronics.

Ordered micro-nano-superstructures are hierarchical assemblies composed of micro- and nanoscale building blocks that integrate multiple functions, in which individual components retain their intrinsic structural features while collectively generating emergent properties that cannot be achieved by single-scale structures alone. For example, the combination of microneedles and photonic crystals forms a superstructure in which the microscale needles provide mechanical penetration and biochemical sampling, while the nanoscale photonic crystals enable optical signal transduction, resulting in a unified system with synergistic capabilities. Microneedles (MNs) and photonic crystals (PCs) have attracted considerable attention for their applications in transdermal drug delivery and optical sensing, respectively. However, despite significant advancements, the field remains fragmented, with much of the research focused on isolated systems, often overlooking the complex relationships between structure, material properties, fabrication methods, and functional outcomes. Integrating these systems into multifunctional platforms remains challenging due to material compatibility, fabrication complexity, and functional tuning requirements. This review summarizes recent advances in ordered micro-nano-structured systems, focusing on MNs and PCs, and discusses their functions, biomedical applications, and prospects for hybridization.

RuO2 was initially proposed as an altermagnet, but this view is now contested and no longer widely accepted. In this work, we have designed and investigated a series of rutile (RuO2)(m)/(TiO2)(n) superlattices stacked in the (001) direction using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our calculations reveal that altermagnetism emerges in the two-dimensional (2D) RuO2 layers when isolated by sufficiently thick TiO2 spacers. Spin-real-space symmetry in even-numbered Ru layers drives this altermagnetism. The magnetic moments of Ru ions are relatively large at the interfacial layers (up to 0.8 mu(B)), primarily induced by interface effects, but decline to similar to 0.1 mu(B) in the central regions of the 2D RuO2 slab. This pronounced layer-dependent moment reduction and electronic structure variation are attributed to quantum confinement effects, demonstrating a significant difference compared to the bulk RuO2. Furthermore, by accounting for electronic correlation effects (DFT + U), we observe not only an enhancement of the Ru magnetic moments to similar to 1.4 mu(B), but also thickness-driven phase transitions: insulating states dominate in thinner 2D RuO2 (m <= 6), while metallic behavior emerges in thicker cases (m > 8). Thus, the (RuO2)(m)/(TiO2)(n) superlattices are tunable platforms for engineering 2D altermagnetism, providing new insights into altermagnetic spintronics.

BACKGROUND:Cluster of differentiation 123 (CD123) prominently overexpress in various hematological malignancies and plays a crucial role in diagnosis and prognosis of leukemia. Clinical studies have demonstrated that cell-free CD123 levels also significantly influence leukemia immunotherapy outcomes. The development of novel electrochemical immunosensors addresses the need for point-of-care detection tools, thereby facilitating advancements in clinical monitoring technologies. METHODS:This study presented a practical electrochemical immunosensor constructed using sandwich strategy for CD123 detection based on the modification of gold nanoparticles and poly (2-aminoterephthalic acid). Common proteins and tumor-related biomarkers found in human were selected as interference factors to evaluate the detection specificity of the electrochemical immunosensor. Further, the electrochemical immunosensor was utilized to directly detect CD123 in bone marrow supernatant from leukemia patients. RESULTS:The constructed electrochemical immunosensor exhibited good linearity for CD123 detection over a range of 0.02 to 2.5 µg/mL, with a detection limit of 12.8 ng/mL, alongside satisfactory specificity and repeatability. Furthermore, the immunosensor was successfully employed to detect CD123 levels in the bone marrow supernatant of leukemia patients, demonstrating results that were highly consistent with those obtained via ELISA. CONCLUSIONS:The developed approach is anticipated to provide robust technical support for the long-term monitoring of leukemia patients during their diagnosis and treatment.

Addressing the challenges of pressure control and in ultrathin lithium foil (<20 mu m) prelithiation processing, this study proposes an electrolyte-assisted weak-pressure strategy. The evolution of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) characteristics, including chemical composition, thickness, and interfacial impedance, demonstrates a pronounced correlation with applied mechanical pressure. Applying a weak pressure (235 mN) via a thick lithium sheet on silicon/carbon/graphite anodes (SCG), the effect of surface roughness is mitigated and the prelithiated anode (dSCG@235) exhibits exceptional cycling stability with an initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 98.07 % and specific capacity of 874.7 mAh g(-1). Under the electrolyte environment, precise regulation of SEI quality and thickness is achieved under weak pressure. Remarkably, dSCG@235 exhibits 98.41 % capacity retention after cycling at 1.5 A g(-1), exceeding that of the SCG by 4.46 percentage points. In full cells, ICE increases from 36.92 % to 67.70 %, confirming the influence of prelithiation on mitigating irreversible Li loss. The pressure application enables the formation of a uniform and compact SEI layer, thereby enhancing ion transfer and diffusion capabilities of the electrode, which results in superior rate performance. These results demonstrate electrolyte-assisted weak pressure regulation as an effective strategy for controlling SEI growth while enhancing Li+ diffusion coefficients, ultimately improving battery performance.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) has marked a shift from traditional materials to the era of smart materials. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with biomaterials is transforming the biosensing and biomedical fields. Although AI-assisted biomaterial manufacturing holds significant promise, the design and synthesis of smart materials remain in the early stages. To accelerate the implementation of AI-assisted biomaterials in fields such as biomedicine and biological intelligent systems, various algorithms have been developed to predict material properties, enable material de novo design, and establish a foundation for the development of next-generation multifunctional biomaterials. This review presents a comprehensive overview of AI-assisted biomaterial design, property prediction, fabrication, and potential biomedical applications. Recent advances in AI-driven protein engineering relevant to materials science are summarized, followed by an analysis of AI's role in designing, predicting, and optimizing next-generation biomaterials. The influence of AI-assisted systems on the structural and functional properties of biosmart materials is also explored. Applications such as therapeutic diagnostics, electronic skin (e-skin), biosensing, and other biomedical technologies are highlighted. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are discussed, with emphasis on the transformative potential of AI in advancing materials science and biomedicine, as well as its ability to address previously intractable problems.

Conventional photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors with a single recognition interface frequently exhibit limitations in delivering comprehensive concentration information for target analytes in multiplex detection systems. The present work leverages the triple allostery of single-stranded DNA conformation to construct a "signal-on" and "signal-off" switchable PEC sensing platform, thereby propelling the advancement of DNA logic gate-integrated PEC analytical systems toward precise quantification and multiplex qualitative analysis of viruses in aquatic environments. The engineered OR-type logic gate-integrated PEC platform, harnessing the dual metal ion enzyme-mediated cascade signal amplification system, exhibited superior quantitative performance for dual-virus detection with a wider linear range from 0.01 to 100 nM and a low detection limit of 69 fM for Norovirus (Nov) and 84 fM for Rotavirus (Rov). Practical validation studies demonstrated that the AND-type logic gate-empowered PEC system displays an accurate qualitative capability for multiple target viruses, thus highlighting its potential for complex environmental monitoring. This work, based on the signal probe conformational allosteric-assisted DNA logic gate-enabled PEC multiplex detection, is expected to provide novel insights into the transduction mechanisms of multiplex detection signals and offer new perspectives for advanced multiplex PEC sensor development.

Correction for ‘Emerging microelectronic microneedles (eMN) for biomedical applications’ by Shu Zhou et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024, 12, 9868–9887, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TC01576B.

Sensitive and selective detection of 2, 6-dipicolinic acid (DPA), a biomarker secreted by Bacillus anthracis spores, is crucial in ensuring food safety. The environmental friendliness of carbon dots (CDs), the excellent chemical and optical stability of lanthanide metals, and the ease of functionalization are increasingly emerging as key research focuses in the field. In this study, a ratiometric fluorescence probe was developed based on CDs functionalized with Eu3+ coordination for DPA detection. Upon the addition of DPA, the turquoise fluorescence of the probe was quenched, and a distinct red fluorescence attributed to the Eu3+ emerged due to the antenna effect, resulting in a dual-channel fluorescence response with high sensitivity and selectivity. Furthermore, a paper-based sensor was fabricated for the quantitative detection of DPA, utilizing a smartphone equipped with a color block recognition system, enabling on-site rapid detection of DPA in the range of 0-100 mu M. The design goal of a logic gate is to simplify sample analysis and detect the presence or absence of DPA using a smartphone. This finding establishes a practical approach for on-site detection of DPA in real-world settings.

Numerous studies on microneedles (MNs), an emerging noninvasive drug delivery technology, have been conducted to address the challenges associated with general medical devices that fail to combine comfort and performance. Owing to their high drug-loading capacity and innovative drug delivery mechanisms, self-responsive and sensing-integrated MN dressings show great promise in promoting the healing of various wounds, both superficial and deep. Unlike existing reviews on MN dressings, our focus is uniquely on the structural design strategies of MN bandages for improving wound sensing efficiency, which can promote personalized treatment and reduce costs. Additionally, we provide insights into biosensing and discuss the potential value of MNs with diverse structures and biosensing functionalities in wound healing, while also addressing future challenges and research directions.

Antibiotics, valued for their remarkable efficacy, are widely employed across diverse domains. However, their rampant overuse has precipitated severe environmental and health crises, necessitating the development of efficient techniques for rapid and selective antibiotic detection. Electrochemical detection has emerged as a highly promising approach, offering unmatched advantages such as cost-effectiveness, speed, and reliability. The field has witnessed significant advancements through the innovation of advanced electrode modification materials. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent progress in the development and application of modified materials for antibiotic detection. Furthermore, the increasing need for real-time monitoring has spurred the development of wearable electrochemical sensors, which are revolutionizing applications in human health and food safety. Looking ahead, future research is poised to focus on synthesizing nanocomposites with superior electrochemical properties and advancing the miniaturization of sensors, promising transformative practical applications in antibiotic detection.

Herein, a ternary supramolecular assembly (BPP-BQ⊂CB[8]-SCD) is successfully constructed by a bromophenylpyridine-tethered-bromoisoquinoline (BPP-BQ), cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) and sulfonated β-cyclodextrin (SCD) via successive assembling way, exhibiting progressively enhanced green room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP). The self-aggregates of BPP-BQ⊂CB[8]-SCD accommodate an energy acceptor rhodamine B (RhB) to form a light-harvesting system (BPP-BQ⊂CB[8]-SCD@RhB) with further enhanced yellow long-lifetime luminescence with large Stokes shift based on triplet-singlet Förster resonance energy transfer (TS-FRET). Crucially, the introduction of a photoactive diarylethene achieves the long-lived photoluminescence of BPP-BQ⊂CB[8]-SCD@RhB to be switched with the efficiency of up to 98% through logically ordered lowering/enhancing RTP performance of the energy donor and intercepting/restoring TS-FRET pathway, when stimulated by host-guest competition and light illumination in sequence. Moreover, BPP-BQ⊂CB[8]-SCD@RhB is evenly doped into polyvinyl alcohol or polyacrylamide to obtain high-performance luminescent films with long afterglow. The abovementioned logically ordered stimulus-switched long-lived emission enables the light-harvesting system in both solution and solid state to be applied in high-security-level information encryption and transformation, and anti-counterfeiting.