生物经济对践行人类命运共同体理念、促进生态文明建设具有重要作用,对于可持续发展的重塑、人与自然关系的构建具有深远意义.新时代生物经济的功能价值包括:产业与经济功能,绿色制造与环保功能,民生与社会功能,生物安全与生态功能.生物经济时代的"万物共生"是与"万物互联"相对应的绿色发展观,符合"自然、健康、可持续"的生物经济特质与生物科技发展趋势,以及人类命运共同体理念;同时契合创新、协调、绿色等发展理念、生态发展观以及创新驱动发展战略.

生物经济正在重塑生物质相关产业,并重新定义农业.在生物经济时代,农业具有生物经济的"双基础"地位,即农业是可再生生物质的基础,生物质是可持续生物经济的基础.未来产业发展,既是融合发展也将是体系化发展.对此,我们应当从整体与变化的视角,运用系统与跨学科研究的方法,促进生物质产业及其相关传统产业特别是农业的绿色转型,促使未来产业发展与绿色转型向体系化方向前进.

基于政策文本分析法,在分析国际生物经济战略政策格局、驱动类型和动力机制的基础上,系统探讨生物经济战略政策发展的四大趋势:生物经济将深入推进当代可持续发展;政策研究将进入定量、标准研究与产品认证阶段;生物化将超越数字化成为未来时代经济发展的主流;全球疫情凸显健康医疗在生物经济发展中的先导性.生物经济是可持续的发展方式,能从本质上促进产业融合与绿色转型,但其推进需要绿色政策的配套与协同.在这一趋势下,为加快发展生物经济,我国应创新发展理念和生产方式,实施与生物经济相配套的绿色政策;有序开发利用生物质,推进化石资源替代战略;加强国际合作与协同,完善健康医疗体系;倡导绿色消费,鼓励使用生物基产品.

食品及营养、健康医疗、环境及气候变化、能源、生态等相关的全球性问题关系到人类经济社会与环境的可持续发展.在可持续发展问题导向与生物经济正在兴起的背景下,生物经济的可持续性受到国际产业界和学术界越来越广泛的关注.研究生物经济的可持续性,对于促进经济、社会与环境的可持续发展具有现实意义和前瞻性理论意义.生物质产业链的实证归纳及文献研究表明:生物经济可望发展成为可持续未来的综合平台,赋予可持续发展以新的含义;生物经济是当代可持续发展的拓展和深化;是循环经济的绿色核心,且从内涵上超越循环经济范畴.为充分发挥生物经济可持续性的潜力,需要政策引导及其国际、国家和地区各个层面的协同.

"五轮模型"是生物经济与农业发展相结合的由生物质涉农企业实践"第一次飞跃"归纳而来的新模型.采用比较研究法和案例分析法,研究"五轮模型"与"钻石模型"的异同点,对芬欧汇川(UPM)进行农业绿色化因素分析.研究及分析表明:"五轮模型"与"钻石模型"具有可比性,由此为"五轮模型"的应用提供了借鉴与启发;运用"五轮模型"分析生物质涉农企业,能够揭示该企业的绿色比较优势与绿色化水平;通过"第二次飞跃",将"五轮模型"发展成为某一生物质涉农企业乃至某一区域农业的绿色化分析框架,对于农业绿色化分析及其指标体系的构建具有探索与实证意义.在此基础上,讨论并综合提出"生物经济是农业经济更高层次上的回归"新论点.

运用问卷调查与SPSS分析的方法,对北京市超市消费者进行调查分析.结果表明:当前北京市超市消费者对于转基因食品标识的认知较为匮乏;消费者对于转基因食品的购买意愿和购买频率均较低.我国应建立客观、全面的转基因食品宣传渠道、机制,以及循序渐进的转基因食品标识制度.

本文采用问卷调查与常规统计分析相结合并辅以重点访谈的方法,研究了转基因食品的标识与认知度的关系.研究发现:职业群体对转基因食品的了解程度依然偏低,在标识方式和标识态度上总体呈现"对转基因食品越了解,对标识要求则相对宽松"状态;超过90％的被调查者认为转基因食品需要强制标识或定量标识;标识成本态度与转基因食品认知度的关系不显著;被调查者对转基因食品标识要求普遍严苛于国际通行做法.鉴此,提出了转基因食品标识方式"从定性强制到定量强制,再到自愿"的过渡性政策启示.

Two basic problems about bioeconomy are often encountered as: what is bioeconomy? which contents are included in bioeconomy? The first one concerns the concept of bioeconomy, and the second relates to the fields of bioeconomy. Literature review in this paper indicates that the concept of bioeconomy and its definition are evolving, and common features of bioeconomy during evolutionary process have been formed gradually as below: research and innovation, biomass as underpinning resource, green transformation and green growth, health and sustainability. Eight major fields have been formed gradually during evolutionary process, which included agriculture and food, biopharmaceutics and health, biomanufacturing, bioenergy, biomaterials, enzymes, biochemicals, environment and ecological services. Identifying two basic problems of the bioeconomy has a reference meaning and value for green transformation of economic-society and the development of strategic emerging industries of China.

一、生物经济发展的时代机遇 生 物 经 济(bioeconomy, BE)是利用可再生生物资源(生物质)生产食品、饲料、能源、纤维、健康医疗以及其他工业产品和服务的经济活动,是一个与农业经济、工业经济、信息经济相对应的综合经济形态.

人类经济社会面临的食品、营养、健康、资源、环境等全球性问题,促使现代农业绿色转型迫在眉捷.生物经济的发展与生物经济时代的来临,为农业变革与绿色转型带来新机遇.农业第二次绿色革命与农业发展范式转变,伴随农业发展理论突破.在系统讨论农业易相发展理论产生与成长的时代背景、动力机制、研究方法与基本内容基础上,重点研究其核心内容——农业拓展与易相发展的"五轮模型"及其功能."五轮模型"是关于农业拓展与形态演变的系统概括与抽象,对于农业变革与绿色转型具有指导、解释、预见、分析四大功能.

The emerging bioeconomy and upcoming bioeconomy era bring new opportunities to sustainable development of economic society.The Finnish bioeconomy strategy is analyzed from perspective of each strategic element which includes strategic environment and its background, guiding thought, objectives, contents and measures. According to the situation and strategy of Finnish bioeconomy, its actions and implementing measures, three characteristics of the bioeconomy development in Finland have been condensed as below: smart model of"whole of biomass" industry chain, ecology merging of forestry-related industries, innovation for the business model of chemical industry. Thus we can get four policy enlightements from Finnish bioeconomy for economic and social sustainability, with a hope of give a new concept and reference mode for China's exploitation and ultilization of bioenergy, biomaterials and so on.

农业第二次绿色革命将改变农业发展模式,并催生新的农业形态.文章在经济时代背景下,从宏观层面归纳农业形态演变趋势以及基本特征:集成最新技术;绿色环保与可持续发展;农业边界淡化;城乡协调发展;农业功能多元化;注重生活质量及人本化.以德青源生态农场为例,从微观层面归纳新型农业体系时代特征:绿色、可持续、可再生及生态循环、多功能性.通过宏观与微观层面上归纳与实证的相互印证,明确新型农业体系可成为农业形态演变与绿色转型的目标模式,由此称新型农业体系为“革命性未来农业”.

The relationship between cognition degree and purchase intentions towards genetically modified food(GM food),the impacts of different degrees of cognition on future expectation,labeling attitude and policy position of GM food are studied through methods of a combination of questionnaire survey and conventional statistical analysis,and in-depth interviews supplemented.The results show that the understanding to GM food is still relatively poorer even for the sample which have high educational level;the correlation between cognition degree and purchase intentions towards GM food is positive on the whole;the expectations to GM food are more optimistic with more increasing cognition;the demands for labeling of GM food from the sample are generally harsh.Compared with the same kind studied 5 years ago,the understanding to GM food from those with the same high educational level whom investigated is decrease.In the meantime,“support but should be strictly supervised”is still main attitude towards GM food,but the acceptance degree is dropping.With these views showed above,decision-making proposals for the industrialization of GM foods in China are recommended.

中国经济社会跨过温饱并进入中等收入阶段,现有粗放型增长方式与发展模式不可持续,农业可持续发展面临新的挑战.正在兴起的生物经济与即将到来的生物经济时代为农业发展带来新的机遇:农业将具有"双基础"地位;农业与生物相关产业互联大融合;第二次绿色革命的时机正在成熟.通过玉米产业链案例的实证与归纳,进一步验证生物经济通过生物质产业链对农业发展的影响,一是为农业可持续发展赋予新的内涵;二是为农业绿色转型提供新的发展观与技术平台.在讨论中,重点诠释了农业可持续发展需要适应生物经济时代的新型农业发展观的必要性及其理论意义.

Under the background that genetically modified foods(GM foods)have been highly controversial and even demonized at present in China,to know the transgenic process of agrobacterium tumefaciens is just like to find the key to understand transgenic technologies and GM foods fundamentally,which contributes to eliminate the mystery and people's fear of GM foods. The natural transgenic process of agrobacterium tumefaciens proves that DNA is really safe,transgenic technologies are not as terrible as some people thought,and GM foods have the substantial equivalence in security to the traditional foods.

在对欧盟生物经济概念演变进行梳理的基础上,从欧盟与成员国两个层面对欧盟生物经济的政策过程进行了系统考察,分析并归纳出欧盟生物经济政策的特点,包括:与产业绿色转型结合,多方位促进人类经济社会的可持续发展;与农业多功能性结合,促进地区农村和农业的发展;重视生物经济发展的政策与技术双平台系统建设.在相关讨论中,进一步阐明生物经济发展的动力机制、农业在生物经济中的基础作用、生物经济的平台价值及其时代意义.

Revolutionary change of agriculture needs two essential conditions: the ifrst is great threats and opportuni-ties happened to the development of agriculture; and the second is breakthroughs happened entirely to the development of science and technology. Advances in life sciences and biotechnology stimulate bio-economy development, thus promote the upcoming of the bio-economy era, and bring epochal opportunities to Second Green Revolution in agriculture. With philo-sophical relfections on future agriculture from the highest level of strategic issues of agriculture development, a new concept of changing-phase development of agriculture can be proposed. The changing-phase development of agriculture means expanding the traditional agriculture to a broader system, by which promoting agriculture through developing the “non-agri-culture”, till make both agriculture and the “non-agriculture” coexist, co-prosper and develop harmoniously. As a concept of harmonious and merging development between agriculture and the “non-agriculture”, the concept of changing-phase devel-opment of agriculture can be a guiding ideology to the construction of new agriculture system for meeting the bio-economy era.

生物经济是继农业经济、工业经济、信息经济之后，人类经济社会发展的第四次浪潮，这一观点已经得到越来越广泛的认同。

生命科学与生物技术的发展推动了“生物经济”概念的形成.在对生物经济概念的缘起和演变进行系统梳理的基础上,对国际生物经济战略与政策动态进行了全景式扫描和综合分析,归纳出生物经济战略所共有的主流特征.这些特征包括:生物经济发展领域涵盖广,多方位促进经济绿色转型；以可持续为指归,形成迈向可持续未来的综合平台；将生物质作为驱动生物经济的基础资源,重视加强创新技术的研发.